The original act was amended three times. The amendments of April 14, 1864, and July 23, 1866, extended to July 23, 1871, the time in which States could accept the provisions of the original act. The third amendment, March 3, 1883, permitted the investment of the capital derived from the sale of lands in a greater variety of stocks and bonds than was permitted by the original act.

The distribution of land was made in two ways. Those States that had public lands within their borders could locate and take up the actual acres. If the State had no lands within its borders subject to entry, then land scrip was issued to it; the land represented by such scrip could not be located by the State receiving it, but the act provided that the scrip be sold and that the individual purchaser might locate the lands in any State that had public land subject to entry.

In the management of their allotments great diversity was shown by the different States; some sacrificed their holdings for a very small price; others, by withholding them from sale for a time, ultimately obtained a fair value for them. New York adopted a unique plan which was immensely profitable, but whose history is too long for this article. A synopsis is given on page 35, under "New York." The States that located the actual acres also had varied experiences; some located lands that were held by the Federal Government at double minimum price and therefore received only 1 acre of land for 2 acres of the grant; other causes intervened in some cases to make the location of the exact amount of the grant impossible.

An attempt has been made here to give, from the mass of detailed and frequently conflicting information, a brief history of the management of the grant to each State and to show how each benefited from the act of July 2, 1862.

Alabama was entitled to 240,000 acres in land scrip. The State legislature accepted the provisions of the act on February 13, 1867, which acceptance was reaffirmed in the constitution of December 31, 1868. On June 17, 1871, the scrip had all been sold, bringing $216,000, which was invested in State bonds to the value of $253,500 bearing interest perpetually at 8 per cent. This yields a yearly income of $20,280 for the college.

But after accepting and disposing of the grant the establishment of the college continued to be a harassing question until the Methodist Church offered its college, Eastern Alabama Male College at Auburn, to the State for a foundation. This gift was accepted by the State, February 26, 1872, and the new college organized on March 20, under the title of "Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College." Later the name was changed by adding "and Polytechnic Institute." It receives all the income, $20,280, from the original land grant and also all Federal grants in aid of agricultural experiment st and

agricultural extension work within the State; it shares with the Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes the annual appropriation received by Alabama under the second Morrill Act and the Nelson amendment.

Arizona, under its State enabling act of June 20, 1910, received 150,000 acres in lieu of the grant under the act of 1862 for agricultural and mechanical colleges. This grant, together with all other State lands, is in the control of a State board of land commissioners, who are charged with the duty of locating and selling the lands. On June 30, 1914, all the agricultural college lands had not been located and confirmed, and none of them had been sold. A State law fixes a minimum price of $3 per acre.

In 1885 the Territorial legislature passed an act organizing a State university and establishing its location at Tucson. This institution opened in October, 1891. When the State was admitted to the Union and received the usual quota of lands for different purposes, the legislature wisely decided to center all its higher educational efforts in one institution, and accordingly conferred all its grants for higher education, including the grant for an agricultural college, upon the University of Arizona. By this means this institution is possessed of a magnificent potential endowment.

Arkansas received 150,000 acres in land scrip. On May 11, 1864, the State legislature accepted the land-grant act of 1862, but owing to the disturbed condition of the State because of the war another act of the legislature was necessary before the scrip could be issued; this was passed January 31, 1867. On March 27, 1871, the legislature again affirmed the acceptance of the conditions of the 1862 landgrant act, and by the same act organized a college to receive the benefit of the grant. This was called the Arkansas Industrial University, and was located at Fayetteville. On January 22, 1872, the institution opened its doors to students. Later its name was changed to the University of Arkansas.

On August 22, 1872, a tentative sale of the scrip was made to G. F. Lewis, representing the Ohio Land Co. (the same Lewis that appears in many of the purchases of State scrip), and $135,000 was realized. While the price was low, there was still some doubt whether or not the scrip would be issued, and Lewis took some chance, so that the transaction seems to have been warranted by all the conditions.

Of this principal, $11,000 was used to purchase the site for the university, $121,333.33 was invested in $130,000 worth of Fayetteville and Washington County bonds, and the balance remaining$2,666.67-was erroneously used for current expenses.

In 1902, Fayetteville and Washington Counties redeemed all of their bonds except $9,000, which was paid in 1907. In January, 1902,

the State legislature transferred $116,000 worth of 3 per cent State bonds to the University of Arkansas endowment fund, 1862 land grant, leaving $5,000 uninvested. As a result, on June 30, 1914, there was a considerable deficit in the amount that should have been paid to the university. In interest return there was a deficit of $33,436.53, while the capital of the fund, instead of being $132,666.67 at 5 per cent, was as follows:

$116,000 invested at 3 per cent since January, 1902.

$2,666.67 improperly dissipated in 1872 and not replaced. $5,000 uninvested since 1902.

$9,000 uninvested since 1907.

California was entitled to 150,000 acres of land in place. The State legislature accepted the grant on March 31, 1866, and provided for the establishment of an agricultural, mining, and mechanical college to receive the benefit of the fund. Nothing further toward a real college was done until two years later, when the trustees of the College of California formally presented their site and property at Berkeley to the State on condition that a university be established there; accordingly, the University of California was organized by the legislature on March 23, 1868, and endowed with the property of the former College of California as well as all the lands granted to the State for college purposes.

After vain efforts to sell the land warrants without locating the land at $5 per acre, California obtained from Congress on March 5, 1871, an act giving special concessions. The lands could be located from any open lands within the State without restrictions on the character selected; selections could be made in the smallest subdivisions recognized, 40-acre plats; and other privileges of value to purchasers were given. A demand for the land now arose. Sales were made on time payments, the purchasers locating their selections in the name of the University of California; some of the purchasers defaulted their payments and the lands reverted to the university for resale. A complete history is too long for this article but can be found in the yearly reports of the university land agent. The net result was that on June 30, 1914, the fund from the land grant of 1862 had in its principal $732,233.14, with 1,402 acres unsold. The income from investments, rentals, and all sources was $42,374.07 for the year. The capital, $732,233.14, is invested by the university in miscellaneous securities, the details of which are given in the annual

1 The legislature of 1917 restored the capital of the 1862 land-grant fund to the full amount, $132,666.67. It refunded the present 3 per cent with 5 per cent bonds, replaced the uninvested and dissipated amounts with 5 per cent bonds and provided that a temporary 8 per cent loan of $9,000 should be replaced at maturity with 5 per cent bonds, thus bringing the entire capital into one investment in State 5 per cent bonds. The legislature also appropriated $48,037.51 to replace the interest due the university because of investments at less than 5 per cent from 1872 to 1917. This action clears the State and the university in all matters concerning the 1862 land-grant fund.

agricultural extension work within the State; it shares with the Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes the annual appropriation received by Alabama under the second Morrill Act and the Nelson amendment.

Arizona, under its State enabling act of June 20, 1910, received 150,000 acres in lieu of the grant under the act of 1862 for agricultural and mechanical colleges. This grant, together with all other State lands, is in the control of a State board of land commissioners, who are charged with the duty of locating and selling the lands. On June 30, 1914, all the agricultural college lands had not been located and confirmed, and none of them had been sold. A State law fixes a minimum price of $3 per acre.

In 1885 the Territorial legislature passed an act organizing a State university and establishing its location at Tucson. This institution opened in October, 1891. When the State was admitted to the Union and received the usual quota of lands for different purposes, the legislature wisely decided to center all its higher educational efforts in one institution, and accordingly conferred all its grants for higher education, including the grant for an agricultural college, upon the University of Arizona. By this means this institution is possessed of a magnificent potential endowment.

Arkansas received 150,000 acres in land scrip. On May 11, 1864, the State legislature accepted the land-grant act of 1862, but owing to the disturbed condition of the State because of the war another act of the legislature was necessary before the scrip could be issued; this was passed January 31, 1867. On March 27, 1871, the legislature again affirmed the acceptance of the conditions of the 1862 landgrant act, and by the same act organized a college to receive the benefit of the grant. This was called the Arkansas Industrial University, and was located at Fayetteville. On January 22, 1872, the institution opened its doors to students. Later its name was changed to the University of Arkansas.

On August 22, 1872, a tentative sale of the scrip was made to G. F. Lewis, representing the Ohio Land Co. (the same Lewis that appears in many of the purchases of State scrip), and $135,000 was realized. While the price was low, there was still some doubt whether or not the scrip would be issued, and Lewis took some chance, so that the transaction seems to have been warranted by all the conditions.

Of this principal, $11,000 was used to purchase the site for the university, $121,333.33 was invested in $130,000 worth of Fayetteville and Washington County bonds, and the balance remaining— $2,666.67-was erroneously used for current expenses.

In 1902, Fayetteville and Washington Counties redeemed all of their bonds except $9,000, which was paid in 1907. In January, 1902,

the State legislature transferred $116,000 worth of 3 per cent State bonds to the University of Arkansas endowment fund, 1862 land grant, leaving $5,000 uninvested. As a result, on June 30, 1914, there was a considerable deficit in the amount that should have been paid to the university. In interest return there was a deficit of $33,436.53, while the capital of the fund, instead of being $132,666.67 at 5 per cent, was as follows:

$116,000 invested at 3 per cent since January, 1902.

$2,666.67 improperly dissipated in 1872 and not replaced. $5,000 uninvested since 1902.

$9,000 uninvested since 1907.

California was entitled to 150,000 acres of land in place. The State legislature accepted the grant on March 31, 1866, and provided for the establishment of an agricultural, mining, and mechanical college to receive the benefit of the fund. Nothing further toward a real college was done until two years later, when the trustees of the College of California formally presented their site and property at Berkeley to the State on condition that a university be established there; accordingly, the University of California was organized by the legislature on March 23, 1868, and endowed with the property of the former College of California as well as all the lands granted to the State for college purposes.

After vain efforts to sell the land warrants without locating the land at $5 per acre, California obtained from Congress on March 5, 1871, an act giving special concessions. The lands could be located from any open lands within the State without restrictions on the character selected; selections could be made in the smallest subdivisions recognized, 40-acre plats; and other privileges of value to purchasers were given. A demand for the land now arose. Sales were made on time payments, the purchasers locating their selections in the name of the University of California; some of the purchasers defaulted their payments and the lands reverted to the university for resale. A complete history is too long for this article but can be found in the yearly reports of the university land agent. The net result was that on June 30, 1914, the fund from the land grant of 1862 had in its principal $732,233.14, with 1,402 acres unsold. The income from investments, rentals, and all sources was $42,374.07 for the year. The capital, $732,233.14, is invested by the university in miscellaneous securities, the details of which are given in the annual

1 The legislature of 1917 restored the capital of the 1862 land-grant fund to the full amount, $132,666.67. It refunded the present 3 per cent with 5 per cent bonds, replaced the uninvested and dissipated amounts with 5 per cent bonds and provided that a temporary 8 per cent loan of $9,000 should be replaced at maturity with 5 per cent bonds, thus bringing the entire capital into one investment in State 5 per cent bonds. The legislature also appropriated $48,037.51 to replace the interest due the university because of investments at less than 5 per cent from 1872 to 1917. This action clears the State and the university in all matters concerning the 1862 land-grant fund.