now the Pioneer Press; the Winona Republican; the Deutsche Zeitung, now the Volkszeitung; Mantorville Express; Red Wing Republican; Wabasha Herald; and Chatfield Democrat, now the News Democrat. Of the seven dailies, only one, the St. Paul Pioneer, now the Pioneer Press, lives. Three of the six weeklies, the Red Wing Republican, the Wabasha Herald, and the Chatfield Democrat, were started in September, 1857; and, so far as I can learn, they each went through that trying financial storm without missing a number.

I have received protests from the present editors of the Freeborn County Standard and Glencoe Register, against excluding them from the above list of surviving Territorial newspapers. The facts regarding these papers are given in the fourth paper of this series. Under the head of the Southern Minnesota Star, I prove that the Star died and was succeeded by the Freeborn County Eagle, with new volume and number. The Eagle then died and the Standard was begun, starting also with Volume 1, No. I.

The Glencoe Register died, and Colonel Stevens, its founder, so announced its termination. Then the Glencoe Register No. 2 was started at Volume 1, No. 1, by James C. Edson; as the Eagle was started by Swineford after the death of the Star, and the Standard by Ruble and Hooker after the death of the Eagle.

Tearing down a house named the Star, and erecting, on new foundations, a new house named the Eagle, and then tearing down the Eagle, and erecting the Standard on other new foundations, does not date the Standard back to either Star or Eagle time, though some of the same material and men were in each. The St. Anthony Express was a Territorial newspaper. It died in 1861, and the press was used to start the Shakopee Argus; but no one has ever claimed that the Argus became a Territorial newspaper on that account. Had the Star become the StarEagle, and that in turn the Standard-Star, and the volume and number been continuous from the first number of the Star, the Territorial line of succession would have been complete. As it is, the line was broken twice, and each time intentionally, and for that reason I must deny that the Standard had Territorial succession; as, under like conditions, I have been compelled to shut out the Glencoe Register and the Stillwater Messenger.

I believe that I cannot close this record of the Territorial Journalism of Minnesota in any better way than by copying the following graphic pen picture drawn by J. A. Wheelock, now editor-in-chief of the Pioneer Press and the Nestor of Minnesota Journalism. I quote from the Minnesota Advertiser, the first Minnesota newspaper that Wheelock edited. The date is March 13th, 1858. Speaking of the Journalism of the early fifties, he said:

The journalism of that day, inspired by Goodhue, mirrored the rough time exactly. Even its contentious rivalries were but the coquetries of an exuberant good-nature that lay at bottom. The entire intellectual life of the day ran through the Pioneer and the valetudinarian Chronicle and its successors. The Chronicle, in its weak vicissitudes, was the necessary correlative of the Pioneer-not exactly the Judy to his Punch-but equally essential to the dialogue and the sport. Who shall number the victims of the giant's gambols? There was the venerable Nat, who sought ignoble shelter among the Sioux;-there was Charley, his promise broken on the merciless wheel of his enemy's sarcasm;-the mercurial Smith, of undefined perquisites, model of all future Secretaries, driven mad by bon-mots into a shameful banishment;—and the stately Wakefield, grand with conscious authorship, patient of publication, lashed upon a Pegasus of his own choosing, and sent back, horsed like Mazeppa, into the desert. Memories throng upon us of coarse, genial souls and rough dressed characters, knit together in a jolly, hazy, idle life of whiskey and tobacco.