A modern demonstration of this in our national development is the succession of gradual displacements within our American citizenship.

A. THE IRISH PUSH INTO INDUSTRY

First, the Irish, with different standards of living, capable of working longer hours at small wages, pushed into the various industries of the East, and took over the jobs which formerly were managed and controlled by the early settlers.

B. THE FRENCH-CANADIAN SPREADS OVER NEW ENGLAND

The well-grounded truth of the assertion that there has been a gradual displacement in our citizenship is noted especially in New England when, a short time later, the French-Canadian migrated down from the North, and with the same ability as the early Irish to accommodate himself to long hours, small wages, and different standards of living, dislodged the Irish, who by now had become accustomed to a more luxurious style of living.

C. HORDES OF SOUTHERN EUROPEANS SWARM INTO THE LABOR RANKS

In their turn these French-Canadians were driven out, and are still being displaced by hordes of Poles and Southern Europeans, Greeks and Italians, swarming into the land, ready to fill in any gap in the labor ranks and prepared to continue their standard of living, in conjunction with its endless hours of work and small remuneration.

D. ALL PREVIOUS COMPETITORS IN INDUSTRIAL TRADES ARE CROWDED OUT BY THE JEW

The victory, though, is not to them, for the Jew now threatens to spread over and undermine all of the preceding conquerors, and his passive acceptance of any standard of living, hours and labor, makes him a most formidable opponent. In New York City the Jew has crowded out all the competitors in the garment trades, and his race is a controlling factor in innumerable other branches of industry and business.

E. PENETRATION OF THE CHINESE LABORER

This same penetration and elevation of races with different standards of living upon the structure of a civilization has been well exemplified on the Pacific Coast. The Chinese laborer, unaccustomed to the indulgence of few hours and high pay, and inured to the habit of subsisting on short rations, was well qualified to adopt a standard of living in which few luxuries played a part. He quietly and unobtrusively endangered the very economic life of the Pacific Coast. The qualities of the Oriental races were forces which the American settler was unable to comprehend, and so the yellow man was prohibited from taking root on American soil.

F. CONTINUATION OF THE STRuggle of the JAPANESE ON THE PACIFIC COAST

No sooner was the problem of the Chinese laborer apparently solved in the Western territories than the Japanese working man commenced to invade the labor fields of that region. He, too, like the Chinese, had few needs and requirements, was accustomed to undertake employment under any working conditions, and could successfully compete with and overcome any standard of living.

A leading Chinese statesman has tersely expressed the belief that, in the struggle for existence, the Chinese have the greatest survival value, as they can subsist on the smallest rations and eventually can overcome all resistance.

This expression of opinion may be open to question, since in the struggle for existence, great numbers of people are of less avail than are the arts and strategies of organization of all one's resources. One need only point to India where a mere handful of Englishmen, living in a climate in which they cannot rear their own children, have been the dominant race for over a century.

DIFFERING STANDARDS OF LIVING PREVENT UNIFORMITY OF LABOR PROGRAMS

A final illustration of the part played by differing standards of living in delaying international understanding is furnished by the results of the International Labor Conference, held at Washington,

on November 29, 1919, as an outgrowth of the Versailles Peace Conference. A close observer of these deliberations must recognize that the differing standards of living in the various countries interfered with the acceptance of many proposed labor measures.

It was not found practicable to advocate the passage of the same labor laws for all countries, since it was early realized that Japanese laborers, for example, could not meet the requirement of only forty-eight working hours per week. A working day ranging from dawn to twilight is barely enough to allow the Japanese laborer to eke out his existence.

JAPAN SWIFTLY RUNNING THROUGH ITS EVOLUTION

It seems that somewhat the same conditions of labor that prevailed in England during the 19th century are being duplicated in modern Japan. The girls and children are being absorbed into the factory system to such an extent that if the process be unchecked the inevitable result must be wage slavery.

The Japanese rulers well have noted that the wealth created by the earlier wage slaves in England was the power which conquered Napoleon. The Japanese are a very proud and ambitious race, and they do not intend to remain outside of the vortex of the world of today. They are adopting all methods which have led to Western success, and any material that is at hand is the stuff to be utilized.

There is a certain unconscious inevitability in evolution, but that of Japan is deliberate. That country is developing a Western civilization with all its desirable and its undesirable features, and is racing through its evolution with the rapidity of a comet. It is attentively studying its competitors and adopting those measures which have seemingly brought success to their originators.

JAPAN'S ASSIMILATION OF WORLD AFFAIRS

Such has been Japan's phenomenal transition from insular domesticity to the forefront of our family of nations. Even yet, however, under Japan's present organization, forty-eight hours' work per week may have will-o'-the-wisp characteristics, and the attempted imposition of the American standard of living and wages is still a chimera. Thus, the world over, organized labor is

seeking to secure uniformity of labor conditions, but differing standards of living are making it extremely difficult.

In all times and places the differences in standards of living have caused dissensions and disruptions in the bodies politic. If, for instance, the standard of living of Russia had been that of Germany, would the recent world economic debâcle have been possible?