the bill because they wished domestic servants and the Chinese seemed so satisfactory.60

The argument advanced during the passage of the Exclusion Acts by many of the witnesses was that, although the Chinese. were generally temperate and industrious their standard of living was low, and greatly inferior to that of the American.

Formerly the Chinese had been compared with the aliens of Northern Europe but now he was "measured by the mixed and darker peoples of southern and southeastern Europe, whose standard of living was often as low and whose character was quite as questionable as his." 61

These expressions of opinion are further emphasized by Minister Denby at this period, who wrote that the Chinese "resist everything which pertains to good government, public hygiene, police rules and regulations." He considered that if there were a great Chinese immigration to the United States then our workmen, of whom we are justly proud because they have made us the greatest nation in the world, would lose their well-earned wages and sink to a level with the cheapest labor." 62

Finally, after many amendments and further conferences in both Houses, a bill "to prohibit the coming into and to regulate the residence within the United States . of Chinese and persons of Chinese descent " passed both Houses of Congress and was approved by the President on April 30, 1902.63

60 See Congressional Record, 57th Cong., p. 3681.

61 See Coolidge, Mary R., " Chinese Immigration," 1909, p. 235.

62 See Denby, Charles, "China and Her People," 1906, Vol. II, pp. 108, 112.

63 See Ibid., p. 4887.

Act of 1902, April 30 (32 Stat. 176). Prohibiting and regulating coming and residence of Chinese re-enacted and extended and made applicable to island territories. Regulations for execution of clauses of Acts and of treaties.

See Hong Wing v. United States (1906) 142 Fed. 128.

Tiaco v. Forbes (1913) 33 Sup. Ct. 585, 228 U. S. 549.

That the exclusion of Chinese laborers is still a source of governmental concern is shown by a recent decision of the Department of Justice of February 27, 1922, which is to the effect that where the labor performed by a Chinese person who enters the United States as a student is only in connection with or in furtherance of the status of student, there is no provision of law for the exclusion or deportation of such person.

REFUSAL OF CHINA TO CONTINUE IMMIGRATION TREATY

Without further parley, Prince Ching transmitted a note to Secretary Conger on January 24, 1904, relating to Article 6 of the Treaty of 1894, which provided for a termination at the end of ten years through the giving of formal notice by either government. His government wished to take advantage of that clause in the treaty. He concludes with the phrase:

"But China and your honorable country are united by friendly ties, and it will be very easy for them to negotiate together in a friendly way and satisfactory manner a new treaty.” 64

The Department of State then took the position that the Treaty of 1880 was thus automatically revived and United States laws again were in conflict with treaties of the United States and China.

After this refusal of China to continue the Immigration Treaty of 1894, Congress re-enacted and extended without modification or any condition or stipulations as to time all laws then existing relative to the Chinese and applied them to our insular possessions, in so far as they were not inconsistent with its interpretation of treaty provisions.65

Scarcely had the question of Chinese exclusion been settled than the more serious problem of Japanese exclusion arose.

64 See U. S. Foreign Relations, 1904, p. 117.

Malloy's Treaties 1: 241. Treaty terminated December 7, 1904, on notice given by the Chinese Government.

See Act of 1904, April 28. (33 Stat. 478.) To prevent unlawful entry of Chinese into the United States. Use of Bertillon system of identification.

CHAPTER VII

THE STANDARD OF LIVING IN JAPAN AND CONFLICT BETWEEN THE SAN FRANCISCO SCHOOL

AUTHORITIES AND THE FEDERAL

GOVERNMENT

Statistics relative to the standard of living in Japan. A chronological account of the inundation of the Japanese laborer on the Pacific Coast, and the growth of opposition to him and his standard of living. The attempts to regulate the enrolment at school of Oriental students produces friction between municipal authorities and the national government, and foreshadows years of diplomatic complications with Japan.

STANDARD Of Living

The object to be attained by any standard of living is a mode of life which assumes health, comfort and lack of worry with an accompanying benefit of a greater vitality and energy resulting in a higher productive power in the individual.

The difference in standards among citizens in well-developed social states of the present day, is shown by the demands they make for health, comfort and freedom from worry, which directly or indirectly determine the ability of the individual to satisfy the three elemental needs of food, shelter and clothing.

COST OF FOOD

Take as an illustration the country of Japan. From the census taken in 1918, one finds that the population is placed at 53,000,000 people, which would be equivalent, approximately, to 45,480,000 adults.

Rice is the principal food for the urban population of Japan and it might be said to be a sacred cereal, since many shrines are constructed for the purpose of doing honor to Inari, God of Rice.

The total consumption of rice in 1912 reached the figures of 255,813,990 bushels, but deducting the total amount used for liquor purposes (13,950,000 bushels), there remain 241,863,990 bushels. Dividing this total sum by the number of the adult population, the consumption of rice as the principal food per adult is 5.32 bushels per annum, or .117 gallons or 2.9 go per diem.1

The rural population depends upon naked barley for its main foodstuff, partly on account of its cheapness. Naked barley is used to the extent of 39,500,000 bushels and the consumption per person is 0.87 bushels per annum, or .019 gallon (0.5 go) per diem.2

1 See Morimoto, Kokichi, "Standard of Living," 1918, pp. 41-2. Ibid., p. 59:

ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF RICE

TYPICAL DIET OF WOMAN LABORER'S FAMILY IN CITY OF SAPPORO (POPULATION ABOUT 100,000), IN YEAR 1914

(Mother earned 25 sen (8.125) a day and had two daughters, four and eight years

Tsukemono- vegetables, generally radish and turnip, pickled in salt and rice

bran.

Go-0.04765 United States standard gallon.

1 pint 3.14 go.