Most States show local support for institutions under local control. In Georgia (military institute), Idaho, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, and Wyoming, the local area provides from 50 to 74 percent for current operations. The local area supplies from 25 to 49 percent in Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Texas, and Wisconsin (county teachers colleges). In seven States, the local area contributes less than 25 percent. These states are Alaska, Florida, Indiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Oklahoma, and Washington.

Two-year colleges in a large number of States receive no funds for current operations from the local area mainly because the institutions are controlled at the State level or operated as branches of 4-year State colleges or universities. This is true for the State colleges in Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Utah, and West Virginia; for the branches or extension centers in Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, Indiana, Louisiana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Virginia; for the technical institutes in Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, and Vermont; and for the private junior college in Alabama.

There is no specific formula for State aid for current support of the Mississippi local 2-year colleges; therefore the outlay from the local area also is variable. In the case of the Wisconsin extension centers, no local revenues are provided for current operating purposes.

Current Support Received from Student Tuition

One of the basic objectives of public 2-year colleges is the provision of educational opportunity beyond high school at a minimum level of expense to the student. Thus, although general practice is to require some sharing of costs by the student in the form of tuition payment, this is kept at a minimal level. From the data in table 2, this level is shown generally to be one-third or less of the operating costs regardless of the type of public 2-year college, and in many States, below a 25-percent level of operating costs. In seven States (three for local colleges, two for colleges, one for a branch, and one for another type) no student tuition is charged.

Student tuition is the only source of current support in the branches of the several Ohio State universities.

The 2-year colleges under local control in Massachusetts and

Oklahoma and the branches in New Mexico receive from 75 to 99 percent from tuition.

Fifty to 74 percent of the current operations comes from tuition in the private 2-year college in Alabama, Vincennes University in Indiana, the local colleges in Kentucky and New Jersey, the State technical institutes in New Hampshire, and in the branches in Pennsylvania and Virginia.

The students contribute from 25 to 49 percent for the operation of the local 2-year colleges in Alaska, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Texas, and Wyoming; in the State 2-year colleges in Maryland, Massachusetts, New Mexico, and West Virginia; in the North Carolina branch; and in the Vermont technical institute.

Less than 25 percent is received from tuition in the branches in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Utah; the local colleges in Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Minnesota, Montana, Washington, and Wisconsin (county teachers colleges); and the State institutions in Colorado, Georgia, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Utah.

In the local 2-year colleges in California, Kansas, and Pennsylvania, in the State technical institutes in Connecticut and New York, and in the Idaho branch, the student does not have to pay tuition.

Since there is no specific formula for State aid in the Indiana and Wisconsin branches, student tuition is dependent upon the level of varying State legislative appropriations for 2-year colleges.

CONCLUSION

In general, the extension centers, branches, and State 2-year colleges, whether junior colleges or technical institutes, receive a higher percentage of support from State sources than do the local or municipal junior colleges. This is especially evident in those States in which there is more than one type of 2-year college.

Excluding the seven examples of States with no tuition and the two with no specific patterns, therefore, with varying levels of tuition requirement), there are a total of 48 different State patterns showing some support received from student tuition. Approximately three-fourths of these, regardless of type, receive one-half or less from tuition, approximately two-thirds receive one-third or less, and 40 percent receive less than one-fourth from tuition.

CHAPTER III

State and Local Shares in Supporting Capital Outlay

THE

HE METHODS USED to finance capital construction of college academic facilities differ markedly from those employed to support current operations. American higher institutions have traditionally followed the principle that the costs of buildings represent a long-range investment to serve a generation or more of students. Beyond this, they have firmly established the practice that the students themselves should not have to share in the costs of construction of academic buildings. As a result, these facilities in publicly controlled institutions are financed almost wholly from tax funds, either State or local, or from monies derived from private gifts and grants.

Dormitories and facilities to house auxiliary services, however, differ again in their financing. Since these produce revenues in their operating, many are financed through self-liquidating bonds. Passage of the College Housing Act of 1950 which provided lowinterest rates on Government loans which could be paid by revenue bonds has stimulated this method of financing among 2-year colleges as well as among other types of higher institutions.

In this study, however, attention has been given only to the formulas by which academic and directly related facilities are financed. Facilities financed by self-liquidating revenue bonds are not included either in the text analysis in this chapter or in the State exhibits which form the appendix of this bulletin. Consistent with the topical presentation of the preceding chapter on current operations, this chapter deals with formulas for capital construction of academic facilities as found in State laws, State regulations dealing with this topic, and, finally, the actual practices that are found in each State and for each type of publicly supported 2-year college in each State.

SHARES AS REQUIRED BY LAW

As will be seen in the State exhibits, there are three major categories of States to consider: (1) those having stipulations in the

law dealing specifically with the provision of capital funds for 2year colleges, either with respect to the State's or locality's responsibility and authority to provide such funds; (2) those with no specific reference to capital funds in the law but providing capital funds in their appropriation acts; and (3) those which have neither formula provision for capital funds in the law nor appropriation acts to serve this purpose.

There are 13 States which have in their laws specific statements dealing with the subject of State aid for capital outlay for at least one type of 2-year college. Discussed more fully below, these States are Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Virginia, and Washington.

Six of these 13 States have either a permissive law or one which stipulates the agency authorized to request capital outlay funds from the legislature. In Massachusetts the State Board of Regional Community Colleges is authorized to expend funds necessary to carry out the functions of the board in supervising the State 2-year colleges. In Oklahoma the capital expenditures for State 2-year colleges are provided for in legislative enactments. The State Board of Regents requests an appropriation for all institutions of this type and determines the amount to be received by each institution. In Oregon appropriations from State funds for the Oregon Technical Institute are made to the Department of Higher Education. In Utah requests for funds for the branches and the State college are made to the Legislature through the State Building Board. In Virginia State aid is in the form of direct budget requests (by the parent institution for the branches) as recommended by the State Council of Higher Education and appropriated by the Legislature. Finally, in Rhode Island, the capital budget requests will be submitted annually to the Rhode Island Development Council, the Governor, and the General Assembly. (The first 2-year college under public control in Rhode Island will not open until 1964.)

Seven of the 13 States have in their laws specific statements related to State support for capital outlay. These are listed below with the respective statements for each:

In Arizona 50 percent of capital outlay expenditures for local 2-year colleges is authorized to come from State funds. The amount is not to exceed $500,000 and represents $115 per full-time equivalent student.

Funds supplied under current support laws are not specifically restricted to current expense and can be used for capital outlay in California's local junior colleges. Also, districts are eligible for loans and grants from State sources for capital outlay if they meet