NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT'S SERVICE FLAG The police force of the city is ready for any emergency. It is said that fifteen thousand civilians can be called to arms and action in an hour. Every precaution has been taken to insure the maintenance of law and order in the face of any aërial or submarine attack. THE LONG FIGHT FOR AN AMPLE WATER SUPPLY For generations Gotham has had a hand-to-mouth water supply, as is the case with other municipal requirements. The gaunt specter of water famine, with all of its attendant train of gnomes-disease, uncleanness, crippled industries. beggared homes-ever lurked in the shad ows of the immediate future. Finally, there arose a man with a vision and with courage. He foresaw all the evils of water famine and never did the great Roman senator repeat his famous dictum "Delenda est Carthago!" more persistently than did Charles N. Chadwick his doctrine that "New York must have an adequate water supply." One by one he won supporters to his idea-now the Manufacturers' Association, now the Merchants' Association, now the Mayor, now the Governor of the State, now the legislature itself. It was a long fight. City administration prejudices against a non-partisan continuing board had to be overcome, the Governor had to be won over to the idea that patronage must be left entirely out of the question in the expenditure of nearly $200,000,000, and neighboring counties had to be induced to surrender their opposition to the project of an outside city exercising the right of eminent domain within their territory and stripping them of large supplies of water. ENOUGH WATER TO SLAKE THE THIRST OF THE WORLD But all these difficulties were overridden, and today there flows down to New York from the Catskills an underground river deep enough and wide enough to carry drinking water for the whole world. In size, in length, in the volume of water it will carry, as well as in the cost of construction and the engineering prob THE DAILY THRONG IN NEWSPAPER ROW: THE MANHATTAN END OF BROOKLYN BRIDGE Brooklyn has a population of nearly two millions, and during the rush hours it seems as if the whole borough wants to cross the Brooklyn Bridge at once. Yet every East River tube and each of the other three highway bridges is doing its best to relieve the crush at City Hall Square. lems involved, it makes every other aque duct of ancient and modern times look like a pigmy project. If it were diverted into Fifth avenue, it would be a stream waist deep, flowing at the rate of four miles an hour. A day's supply would fill a cistern a hundred feet in diameter and nearly two miles deep. Each human being inhabiting the earth could get two and a half pints of water every twenty-four hours from its capacity flow. Costing for each mile eight or ten times as much as a thoroughly modern doubletracked railroad, to carry a corresponding volume of water thirty great steel pipes four feet in diameter would have been required. Such a pipe-line would have cost twice as much as a tunnel of equal capacity through the eternal bedrock. It has been estimated that, within the city limits alone, fifteen million dollars was saved by the types of construction adopted rather than the use of steel piping, to say nothing of the tremendous cost of renewals which the latter would have entailed. THE BUILDING OF THE CATSKILL AQUEDUCT The Catskill system, with all its tremendous capacity, is not expected to bear the whole burden of supplying the metropolis. The Croton Aqueduct, though long since outgrown, is still a sizable waterway itself, for it could supply every inhabitant of the globe with a pint and a half of water a day. As an ally it will be an invaluable aid to the Catskill stream. Between them they will have, when the Schoharie dams are built, an aggregate capacity of eight hundred million gallons a day-half a gallon per capita for the whole world. ST. PAUL'S CHURCH AND GRAVEYARD, WITH PARK ROW AND ST. PAUL BUILDING IN THE BACKGROUND There is every kind of quarter in New York. Here in its very nerve center is St. Paul's Church, oldest religious edifice in the city, where Washington worshipped. A few blocks away is Judea, with its innumerable six and seven story tenements. One square mile of ground in this Bowery-bisected quarter has a population as great as the 113,000 square miles of Arizona's domain. To build the Catskill Aqueduct, a vast army of workmen had to be assembled. Construction days reminded one of Panama. The men were well cared for; schools, gardens, recreation centers— everything necessary to make them happy and contented-were provided, with the result that there was not a strike from the inception of the work to the day of its completion. Furthermore, the immense task was completed nearly a year ahead of time and for seven million dollars less than cost estimates. Let us have a look at the big waterway, starting at Ashokan Reservoir and following it down to the end-Silver Lake, Staten Island, 119 miles away. The first consideration was the geology of the region. In the Devonian Period of Paleozoic times, estimated at some forty million years ago, all interior New York State was under the sea that submerged most of the continent. Gradually the winds and the rains wore down the outcropping heights, and the waters carried the resulting sands away, depositing them on the floor and shore of the sea. Then there came a rising of the land from the sea, and the winds and the rains again began their long, tedious, but tremendous work of earth sculpture. Glaciers began to plow their way toward the sea, too, like huge jack-planes, and when they passed through the Esopus region they cut a way for the draining of a beautiful preglacial lake. Thereafter Esopus Creek flowed down to the Hud son. When New York City looked over all available water supplies, Esopus Valley, about eleven miles northwest of Kingston, was thought to rank first, and was selected. A great dam thrown across this valley would impound the waters of Esopus Creek, restore the lake that had been destroyed millions of years before man looked upon the earth, and give New York a great source of potable water. THE GIGANTIC ASHOKAN RESERVOIR And so the building of Ashokan Reservoir began. It was to be a body of water 12 miles long, having an average width of a mile and a shore-line 40 miles long. Its average depth was to be 50 feet, with a maximum of 190 feet. It was to hold enough water to cover Manhattan Island 30 feet deep-enough to furnish the whole population of the United States. with its drinking water, omitting deductions for evaporation and seepage, for a period of ten years! To impound all this water there had to be a dam built higher than the one at Gatun on the Panama Canal, with several dikes across saddles or gaps where the lake would have broken through the sides of the valley. But that was not all. Thirty-two cemeteries, containing 2,800 graves, had to be removed, II miles of railroad had to be relocated, 64 miles of roads had to be discontinued, and 10 miles of macadam road built. The big dam is 240 feet high, as compared with 105 feet for the Gatun Dam at Panama. At its base it is 190 feet thick. It is 1,000 feet long and is made of tremendous boulders imbedded in concrete. When the waters began to rise, it soon became evident that not only had a wonderfully utilitarian reservoir been constructed, but that it was also a superbly beautiful lake, a gem like Como or Maggiore. Landscape gardening has added to the beauties of the natural situation. A ten-thousand acre lake bordered by a five-thousand acre sanitary zone, Ashokan is as much a delight to the eye as its waters are a joy to thirsty millions of men. But Esopus Creek will never be able to keep Ashokan Reservoir full, for although a single inch of rainfall means 113 tons of water to every acre, Esopus watershed is far too small for New York's water demands. So provision has been made for the damming of Schoharie Creek and the construction of an 18-mile tunnel under a mountain. This creek will cease to flow north into the Mohawk, and will be made to flow south into New York's watermains. York's watermains. Also, a Schoharie Reservoir will be built, big enough to store one-sixth as much water as Ashokan. THE WATER'S AIR BATH One of the sights at Ashokan is the aëration plant. A bed as long as a city block and half as wide is covered with water pipes four and five feet apart. At |