complicate greatly the claims of dual nationality which have under existing laws proved the cause of serious friction, through claims of exemption from military obligation. Many questions settled by prolonged negotiations will unquestionably be reopened.

The bill is furthermore confusing inasmuch as it implies that if a citizen does not renounce citizenship upon marriage to an alien, the American citizenship is retained, regardless of the generally accepted international law on this subject.

This bill, if enacted, would tend to establish an endless chain of admissible relatives and materially increase immigration.

The coalition would object to any bill which tends to break down the present immigration laws. I might say that the coalition consists of over 90 patriotic and fraternal organizations.

The CHAIRMAN. We are pretty well acquainted with that organization, Colonel Grant.

Colonel GRANT. While each organization has not had an opportunity to act specifically on this measure, they have all passed resolutions against any alteration in the immigration laws which will tend to destroy the quota system and increase extra-quota admissions. May I point out from personal experience, while my father was Minister to Austria many years ago, the most difficult and most frequently recurring causes of international differences of opinion were due to the naturalization laws of this country. It is surprising to find organizations which are believed to be so favorable to every measure that will help to maintain international peace, appearing here for a bill which seems to raise a great many intricate and difficult international questions.

The CHAIRMAN. Colonel, does that not work both ways? I have been a member of this committee for 10 years, but I do not remember a single instance in which a patriotic society appeared before the committee and I have the highest respect for their principles-in favor of uniting a mother and a father, a sister and a brother. They have always opposed everything of that kind. It is one of their principles. On the other hand, other organizations have other principles. This committee is trying to iron out differences within the law, if possible. I would like to learn some specific objection that you have to this bill. You seem to be acting on the general theory that it might tend to increase immigration. Is not that the point that you make?

Colonel GRANT. It does set up new extra quota classes.

The CHAIRMAN. How many could possibly be involved? Certainly all of our women are not going out of the country in order to get married. All of them are not going abroad to raise children.

Mr. DIES. Let me ask you this question, Colonel. Suppose an American mother or an American woman marries a Frenchman and a child is born on English territory. Under the terms of this bill, what would be the nationality of that child?

Colonel GRANT. It would probably claim whatever protection will relieve it of its duties.

Mr. DIES. Would not that child be an American, an Englishman, and a Frenchman?

Colonel GRANT. There would be complicating claims to all three classes of citizenship. I believe that under the present law a child of an American citizen can obtain American citizenship. But it

does require that certain legal procedure be gone through, so that I think perhaps the special cases which have been presented do not represent fair general illustrations of the workings of the present act.

Mr. DIES. Would you favor this bill if the word "or" were stricken out and the word "and" inserted, so that in order for a child to obtain citizenship both the father and the mother would have to be American citizens?

Colonel GRANT. I should think that requirement would be much better than the requirement we have now; yes, sir, very much.

Mr. DIRKSEN. Colonel Grant, do you honestly feel that dual nationality will complicate the matter of claims? Do you honestly feel that it will?

Colonel GRANT. I honestly do; yes, sir. I think it is a very complicated matter now.

Mr. DIRKSEN. Have you any supporting reason or evidence to indicate that dual nationality will complicate the matter any more than it is now complicated?

Colonel GRANT. Yes, sir; because you are setting up a new provision under which dual nationality can be claimed and established. Mr. DIRKSEN. Is it not a fact, however, that you would just be adding to the number? In other words, there would not be any additional complications, you would be simply adding a number of women to the number of men and it would raise the total number of cases numerically. There would not be additional complications. The situation would not be any different than if you just added so many more men. I cannot see any complication in this matter of dual nationality. I can understand there may be perhaps an increase in the number of cases, but not of the complications, which would not be any greater than exist at the present time.

Colonel GRANT. Is it not true, sir, that most women when they marry a foreigner necessarily become citizens of the country of their husband, unless they do something to preserve their American citizenship? Then you have a set of people claiming citizenship, who have voluntarily given up their citizenship, and to whose interest it would be later, undoubtedly, to claim citizenship or else they would not claim it. I think it is perfectly natural that an American girl who marries abroad, who later becomes a widow, should want to come back to this country. But I believe that under existing laws it can be accomplished by going through the necessary procedure. She has to come back here and establish her citizenship.

Mr. DIRKSEN. Is it not true that there is a limitation in this bill that applies only to children, so that you would have a family group of fathers, mothers, and children, and not a collateral line of relatives; and there could not be any complications arising that I can see?

Mr. DIES. Colonel, let me answer that right there. In the case that I mentioned, where an American woman married a Frenchman and their child was born on English territory, suppose the child wants to call on the United States to intervene in case of charges against him or in case of complications that might prevail abroad, would not the American Government owe that child the duty of protecting it, even though the child may be a citizen of England?

Colonel GRANT. As I see it, the child under this law would have the right to call for American protection and we would be increasing the dangers and difficulties of such calls.

Mr. DIRKSEN. Might I inquire what the dangers and difficulties may be? You understand, Colonel, I am simply seeking information. Colonel GRANT. The Congressman suggested England as the country of the child's birth. If that same case were in another country, where there is obligatory military service, the child would probably try to avoid that military service. In fact, the American nationalization law is used a good deal for that very purpose.

Mr. DIES. Suppose a Hawaiian-Chinese-American woman marries a Japanese. They move to Japan. A child is born. That child would be an American citizen. Would it not be the duty of the American Government to protect that child?

Colonel GRANT. Presumably, and that child could then come back to this country and transmit its American citizenship to its children in turn, and you would start another line of immigration.

Mr. DIRKSEN. Can you see any application in this bill to a collateral line of relatives? It seems to me the limitation is so plainly set out here. We speak of mothers and fathers and we speak of children. But I cannot see that there would be a collateral line of relatives to complicate matters and create a lot of complexity.

Colonel GRANT. In the case of some races, the number of children seems to multiply very rapidly.

Mr. DIRKSEN. To be sure, but still there is a limitation.
Colonel GRANT. It is limited to the direct descendants.

Mr. DIRKSEN. But we are dealing with the direct family here. Colonel GRANT. Yes, sir. I think one other point might be made there and that is that while everybody must be sympathetic with the desire of families to be reunited, at the same time with the large problem of unemployment before us at the present time, it is certainly very undesirable to let down the bars at all and encourage an inflow of extra quota people who in time will add similar unemployment problems in later periods, if we again have such a misfortune like the present depression.

Mr. DIRKSEN. Has this coalition whom you are representing a definite formulated policy with respect to expatriation or have you any personal views on the subject?

Colonel GRANT. As to expatriation?

Mr. DIRKSEN. Yes.

Colonel GRANT. You mean of Americans abroad?

Mr. DIRKSEN. Yes. What is your viewpoint or the society's viewpoint on that matter?

Colonel GRANT. You mean as to whether they should be allowed to expatriate themselves?

Mr. DIRKSEN. By affirmative action.

Colonel GRANT. I do not know that the coalition or the member societies of it have taken any action on that subject. I should think that there should be authority for expatriation as well as for naturalization. This is merely my private opinion, which is perhaps not worth very much.

The CHAIRMAN. Let us get to a point where we can understand each other, Colonel. Let us take the case of a native-born American woman who, for some reason or other, marries a native of Turkey or Syria. He may be the finest type of citizen. A child is born. The child takes the nativity of the father. Let us say it is the intention of the mother to come back to this country. That child is an alien,

is it not? Let us assume that the father has died and the mother wants to bring that child to America. The quota for Syria is behind about 50 years. It would take 50 years to bring that child in and make of him an American citizen. Does that seem justifiable to you? Colonel GRANT. I think that is an individual case of hardship. The CHAIRMAN. There are hundreds of cases of hardship of that kind that come under our immigration laws, are there not? Colonel GRANT. Yes, sir; necessarily.

The CHAIRMAN. Is it not a fact also that your coalition is objecting to the reunion of families although in hundreds of cases the mother is here, the child is over there, and the money is being spent over there to support that child? Why should not the child be permitted to come here and be supported here?

Colonel GRANT. I think that the children of American parents can be brought here under existing laws, if the parents are living here. The CHAIRMAN. The law says you can, but the consul refuses to grant a visa under the hypocritical plea that the person would become a public charge. They even refuse to grant visas to parents who are 70 years of age, on the ground that they might compete with American labor.

Colonel GRANT. Those are matters of individual judgment in each case under the existing law.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there anything in this bill your organization favors? Is there anything in the bill you think is good?

Colonel GRANT. This bill has been so recently brought in, sir, that it has not been possible for the individual organizations to study it. But we have had a general action by all the organizations in opposition to any easing up of the immigration laws at the present time.

Mr. DIRKSEN. Colonel, did I understand you to say that you had ministerial experience at one time?

Colonel GRANT. No, sir; my father was abroad.

Mr. DIRKSEN. I thought perhaps you were associated with him in some capacity.

Colonel GRANT. No.

Mr. DIRKSEN. Then I have no further questions.

Mr. JEFFERS. Mr. Chairman, at this point, for the benefit of some of the new members of our committee, I think it would be well to include in the record a list of the member societies of the coalition represented by Colonel Grant.

The CHAIRMAN. Without objection, that may be done.

AMERICAN COALITION OF PATRIOTIC, CIVIC, AND FRATERNAL SOCIETIES

C. M. Goethe, honorary vice president, Sacramento, Calif.
Edward R. Lewis, honorary vice president, Chicago, Ill.
R. B. Wilson, treasurer.

V. S. McClatchy, honorary president, San Francisco, Calif.
John B. Trevor, chairman of the board, New York City.

Demarest Lloyd, vice chairman of the board, Washington, D.C.
Madison Grant, honorary vice president, New York City.
William McCarroll, honorary vice president, New York City.

Fred R. Marvin, secretary.

Members of the board: Hugh White Adams, Mrs. Alfred J. Brosseau, Clinton Stoddard Burr, Marlborough Churchill, Charles Stewart Davison, William L. De Bost, Norman S. Dike, Roy L. Garis, C. M. Goethe, Madison Grant, De Forest Grant, Charles T. Gwynne, Elon H. Hooker, Kenaz Huffman, H. A. Jung, F. H. Kinnicutt, H. H. Laughlin, Edward R. Lewis, Mrs. Sadye Linkletter,

Gerald M. Livingston, Demarest Lloyd, A. N. Marquis, Fred R. Marvin, William McCarroll, V. S. McClatchy, J. R. Montgomery, Ernest H. Schelling, Finley J. Shepard, J. Barstow Smull, John B. Trevor, R. B. Wilson, J. Enrique Zanetti.

ORGANIZATIONS REPRESENTED ON ADVISORY BOARD OF THE AMERICAN COALITION

Aeronautical Association of America, Inc.; Allied Patriotic Societies, Inc.; American Defense Society, Inc., The American Legion Auxiliary; American Security League, Inc.; American Vigilants Alliance; American Vigilant Intelligence Federation; American War Mothers; American Women's Legion; Anglo-Saxon Federation of America; Aztec Club of 1847; Bergen County (N.J.) Women's Republican Club; Betsy Ross Corps; Better America Federation of California; Chicago Woman's Ideal Club; Committee on American Education; Committee on Subversive Activities of the Union League of Michigan; Congress of States Societies; Dames of the Loyal Legion of the United States; Daughters of America, National Council; Daughters of America, State Council of the District of Columbia, Daughters of the Defenders of the Republic; Daughters of the Revolution, National Society; Daughters of the Revolution, New Jersey State Society; Daughters of the Union, 1861-8165, National Society; Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, 1861-1865; Disabled American Veterans of the World War, The; DuPont Chapter No. 78, National Sojourners; Englewood (N.J.) Women's Republican Club; First Motor Corps Unit No. 12, Massachusetts State Guard Veterans; General Society of Mayflower Descendants; Government Club, Inc.; The Henry Clay Council, No. 179, Society of Native Born of United States of America, Inc.; Immigration Restriction Association (Chicago); Immigration Study Commission; Industrial Defense Association, Inc., The; Junior American Vigilant Intelligence Federation; Junior Order United American Mechanics, New Jersey; Ladies Auxiliary, Order of Independent Americans; Ladies Auxiliary, Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States; Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic; League of Club Presidents; Leonia (N.J.) Women's Republican Club; Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Commandery of the District of Columbia; Military Order of the World War; Minute Men of America, Inc., The; National Immigration Legislative Committee; National Patriotic Association; National Patriotic Council; National Patriotic League; National Security League, Inc., The; National Society of New England Women; National Society 1917 World War Registrars, Inc.; National Sojourners; National Sojourners, Manhattan Chapter, No. 86; National Sojourners, New York Chapter, No. 13; National Women's Relief Corps, The; Naval and Military Order of the Spanish American War, the National Commandery; New York City Colony, Society of New England Women; Old Glory Club of Flatbush, Inc., Beacon No. 1; Order of Colonial Lords of Manors in America, The; Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, General Court; Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, District of Columbia Society; Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, Massachusetts Society; Order of the Founders and Patriots of America, Pennsylvania Society; Order of Independent Americans, Inc., State Council of Pennsylvania; Patriotic Builders of America, Inc., National Society; Patriotic Orders of Americans, National Camp; Patriotic Order Sons of America, National Camp; Patriotic Women of America, National Society; Paul Revers, The; Protestant Women's National Civic Federation; Rhode Island Association of Patriots; Ridgewood Unit of Republican Women, Inc., The; Service Star Legion, Inc.; Society of Colonial Wars in the District of Columbia; Society of Colonial Wars in the State of New York; Society for Constitutional Security; Society of New York State Women; Sons of the American Revolution, National Society; Sons and Daughters of Liberty, National Council; Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims, National Society; Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War; Southern Vigilant Intelligence Association, Inc.; Union of Republican Women, Sangamon County, Ill.; United Daughters of the Confederacy, New York Chapter; United States Air Force Association, Inc.; United States Daughters of 1812, National Society; United States Naval Reserve Officers Association; Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States (Americanization Committee); Westchester Security League; Woman's Patriotic League of America; Woman's Pioneer Aircraft Association of Chicago, Inc.; Women of Army and Navy Legion of Valor, United States of America; Women Descendants of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, National Society.