American citizen may be naturalized after residence of one year in this country. This section would give the same privilege to the man who is married to an American woman.

This is not so revolutionary. The facilitation of naturalization for alien men because of marriage to a national is a provision found in the laws of a good many countries; of several South American countries, and of some of the leading European countries, as well as of China and Japan.

The CHAIRMAN. May I interrupt? You are referring to section 4; is that correct?

Miss WOLD. Yes, Mr. Chairman.

A

The CHAIRMAN. Now, in spite of the fact that I am the sponsor of this bill, don't you think that it is discriminatory against men and women who do not get married? A man who gets married to an American woman, under this bill, is to become a citizen within 1 year. A woman who gets married gets citizenship at the same time. single individual who, it happens, proposes to live a bachelor's life is discriminated against, and you are applying the old standard to him. He has got to comply with the old law. That means 5 years in the United States, 1 year in the State, and so forth and so on. The committee would be very much interested to have you discuss that point.

Miss WOLD. Mr. Chairman, apparently the Congress of the United States back in 1922 realized that there was a certain value in this argument about the unity of the family, and therefore they made it easier for the alien wife of an American citizen to become an American than for the woman who had not married.

Mr. WEIDEMAN. So you think there is some value in the unity of the citizenship of the family?

Miss WOLD. Conditions may arise in which it would be advantageous for both of them to be of the same nationality.

Mr. WEIDEMAN. I just asked you the question. You do think there is some value in the unity of the citizenship of the family, as a family unit, do you not?

Miss WOLD. I think there are certain practical advantages; yes.

Mr. WEIDEMAN. Then is not that contrary to your argument on the first part of these sections, where the woman marries an alien and they live abroad? You are there putting unity abroad just as well as at home.

Miss WOLD. Not with the disabilities that we put upon aliens in this country. When an American woman marries an alien, we feel that she should have exactly the same right to keep her nationality, wherever she is, that an American man has.

Mr. WEIDEMAN. Then this unity argument is not so sound, is it? It works in one place and in another place it does not. It is a geographical argument.

Miss WOLD. It is a matter of practical advantage, in which I believe she should have the right to choose.

The CHAIRMAN. All right; proceed, Miss Wold.

Miss WOLD. I think, Mr. Chairman, that that covers the points of the bill. I have tried to make clear to you that this bill is chiefly an equalizing measure, giving to women the same rights that our men have, that they are entitled to have now that they are citizens, with a voice in the government of our country.

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Mr. DIES. Are you opposed to Mr. Furuseth's amendment to use the word "and" in place of "or", in order to equalize it? Did you hear his amendment, striking out the word "or" and inserting the word "and", to make the law applicable to both?

Miss WOLD. Yes. If you choose, equalize it that way. But I cannot imagine many American men willing to go back to the law as it existed from 1802 to 1855, by which they could not transmit their citizenship to children born abroad. They would object to the loss of such citizenship by their children, and with good reason. For the same reason, American women, mothers of children born abroad, wish to transmit their American citizenship to their children. The CHAIRMAN. Will you call your next witness, please?

Mrs. HILLES. Mr. Chairman, our next speaker is Mrs. Ashfield Stow, of California, an American citizen, who was born Baroness Virginia Nugent de Delvin of Hungary. Her mother was an American, her father a Hungarian. She was born in Hungary. Mrs. Stow.

STATEMENT OF MRS. ASHFIELD STOW

Mrs. STow. I am glad to speak for this bill, as I happen to have been a victim of the conditions created due to the existing laws.

My American mother married a Hungarian, and when I came along I was automatically a Hungarian. When war was declared we were in Switzerland, and she was a widow of many years at that time. The Swiss Government issued orders that all had to have passports. So she went to the American minister in Berne and applied for an American passport, which he was willing to consider as far as she was concerned, but he said I had no claims to be an American in any way. So this meant that she had to either come back to America, on an American passport, and leave me alone in a foreign country, an infant, and a minor at that time, or remain until the end of the war in a neutral country. Luckily Switzerland had not declared war, so we were able to remain there for 6 years, which she chose to do.

When this bill is passed American mothers will not run the danger of having to be separated from their children and be exiled from their native land.

The CHAIRMAN. They exile themselves, do they not, by going over there and marrying these foreign husbands, so far as that is concerned? Mrs. Srow. Yes.

The CHAIRMAN. But it is a circumstance that we can not prevent. Your argument is perfect, but the majority of those who exile themselves will stay away, but when something happens they get a weak heart and want to come back to the mother land.

Mrs. Srow. Of course, prior to the war few knew what they were, and the passport was not a problem at all. Nobody thought about it until the war was declared, then we all became passport-conscious suddenly. People married, and that was that. Now women think twice before they get married, since the war.

Mr. DIES. You are an American citizen now, are you?

Mrs. STow. I am now. I came over on a Hungarian passport, though I had to wait until the end of the war, in 1920.

Mr. DIES. You are naturalized?

Mrs. STOW. I am naturalized; yes.

Mr. KRAMER. I understand that you are living in California.
Mrs. STow. Yes.

Mr. KRAMER. Whereabouts do you live in California?

Mrs. Srow. In San Francisco.

Mr. KRAMER. How long have you lived there?

Mrs. STow. I have lived there 10 years.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, madam.

Mrs. STow. Thank you.

Mrs. HILLES. Mr. Chairman, the next speaker is Mrs. John L. Whitehurst, of Maryland. She is from the General Federation of Women's Clubs, and speaks for them. Mrs. Whitehurst is the national legislative vice chairman and president of the Maryland State Federation. Mrs. Whitehurst.

STATEMENT OF MRS. JOHN L. WHITEHURST, REPRESENTING GENERAL FEDERATION OF WOMEN'S CLUBS

Mrs. WHITEHURST. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, it is not my intention to take up any time arguing for this bill, because there are so many here better qualified to do so; but I want you to know that the organization which I represent, the General Federation of Women's Clubs, with a membership of over 2,000,000 women, composed of 14,500 clubs in the United States and 75 clubs located in cities in foreign countries, has been on record as indorsing the principles embodied in this bill since 1920.

The members of our organization are principally homemakers and mothers, and they hope that you will give a favorable report on this bill, and that you will work for its passage through the House. I thank you.

Mrs. HILLES. Mr. Chairman, our next speaker is Mrs. Grace Hays Riley, of the District of Columbia. She is dean of the Washington College of Law, the only woman dean of a law college in the world, and vice president of the National Association of Women Lawyers. STATEMENT OF MRS. GRACE HAYS RILEY, DEAN OF WASHINGTON COLLEGE OF LAW, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Mrs. RILEY. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I appear for this bill in behalf of the National Association of Women Lawyers. This organization has vice presidents in every State of the Union. At its different meetings during the past few years it has adopted a resolution to support a bill which will give equal rights to parents in transmitting citizenship to their children. We hope that you will consider this and think of that fact-of the children and the equal rights of parents in transmitting American citizenship. I thank you.

Mrs. HILLES. Mr. Chairman, our next speaker is Miss Charl O. Williams, of Tennessee, representing the National Business and Professional Women's Clubs. Miss Williams is the secretary of the National Association of Education, with headquarters at Washington.

STATEMENT OF MISS CHARL O. WILLIAMS, REPRESENTING NATIONAL BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S CLUBS

Miss WILLIAMS. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I am here this morning to make a very brief statement in behalf of this bill, at the request of Mrs. D. MacDonald Bowman, who is the president of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women. It is an organization of 60,000 members in 1,250 clubs scattered throughout the States of the Union. They are business and professional women who are economically independent, through their own efforts.

At their convention in Chattanooga in 1922 a resolution passed that "that the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs endorse the principle of direct citizenship for married women and give its support to the Cable bill now before Congress, or, should this fail of passage in the Senate, to another bill embodying similar

Later on the Federation gave its support to amendments to that bill. We were very ably represented by a very eminent lawyer at that time in the District of Columbia.

We believe that this bill completes the act of granting men and women equality before the law in the realm of nationality, and for that reason we, as business and professional women, hope that this committee will give a favorable report to this bill and use its efforts in Congress for the enactment of it into law.

Mrs. HILLES. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, our next speaker is Mrs. Mark Lansburgh, of Washington, D.C., who speaks for the National Council of Jewish Women. She is their national legislative chairman.

STATEMENT OF MRS. MARK LANSBURGH, NATIONAL LEGISLALATIVE CHAIRMAN NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN, 1928 BELMONT ROAD, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Mrs. LANSBURGH. Mr. Chairman, my name is Mrs. Mark Lansburgh, 1928 Belmont Road, Washington, D.C. I am speaking officially for the National Council of Jewish Women.

Mr. Chairman, our interest in this bill is not one of equality for men and women, because we do not stand particularly for the feminist movement; but the National Council has always been particularly interested in making American citizens, to which end we have worked very hard, through night schools, through personal efforts at naturalization, and in all ways, to help the immigrant along, to unite separated families-separated generally through no fault of their own-who would like to be together here, and to protect the interests of women and children in so far as possible by just law. I thank you.

Mrs. HILLES. Mr. Chairman, our next speaker is Miss Thelma J. Barnard, of the National Zonta Clubs. The Zonta Clubs are business

women.

STATEMENT OF MISS THELMA J. BARNARD, REPRESENTING ZONTA INTERNATIONAL, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Miss BARNARD. Mr. Chairman, I represent Zonta International, an international organization of business women chosen from every profession, business and occupation. We have 113 clubs in the United States, comprising about 3,000 members, and we have several foreign clubs, including 7 in Canada; Sydney, Australia; Hamburg, Germany; Vienna, Austria; and some in Honolulu.

At its convention in Erie in 1929 Zonta International went on record in favor of full equality of nationality of married women. Since then Zonta has appeared before President Hoover in 1930 urging his support for international equality, and voiced its stand at The Hague. It further declared its stand in Geneva in 1931 and 1932, and appeared before President Hoover in 1932 in support of the Cable bill equalizing our American nationality law.

Although the promised law passed, there were many strings tied to it, and we are now asking that the last of these strings be untied. We feel that this bill would complete the task, and would mean equal laws for men and women, with equal application. We further feel that the adoption of this measure would mean that the United States would have equality between men and women in all respects in the field of nationality. It would carry to completion the campaign for equality in nationality rights which was launched by American women immediately after the winning of the vote. I thank you.

Mrs. HILLES. Mr. Chairman, may we ask that one of our speakers be reserved until the end of the hearing?

The CHAIRMAN. You have that permission. Do you want to call anybody else now, or do you want to rest and let the opposition present some of their witnesses?

Mrs. HILLES. One of our other speakers is not here today. He comes from the Labor Department.

The CHAIRMAN. Is the State Department represented here? (No response.)

Mr. DIES. The State Department filed certain objections, Mr. Chairman.

The CHAIRMAN. Oh, yes. I have that.

Is Mrs. Lightfoot here?

Mrs. LIGHTFOOT. Mr. Chairman, I would like to yield to Colonel Grant at this time.

The CHAIRMAN. Is he here?

Mrs. LIGHTFOOT. He is here.

The CHAIRMAN. Well, we will call him.

Would you want to speak now, Colonel Grant?

Colonel GRANT. Just as is convenient for the committee, sir.
The CHAIRMAN. Very well.

STATEMENT OF LT. COL. U. S. GRANT, 3d, WASHINGTON, D.C., REPRESENTING AMERICAN COALITION OF PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES

Colonel GRANT. I was asked to appear in opposition to the bill for Mr. Trevor, on behalf of the American Coalition of Patriotic Societies. He asked me to say in opposition to the bill that if enacted, it would