New York State Government: 2nd EditionRobert B. Ward s New York State Government has been expanded and updated to provide a more thorough grounding in the state Constitution, the three branches of government in Albany, and the broad scope of state activities and services. Accessibly written, this book sheds new light on why and how New York State government changes over time in response to motivated leaders and the will of the people. The second edition includes new analyses of the following issues: the balance of budget powers between the Governor and the Legislature; state education funding in light of the Campaign for Fiscal Equity court cases; government reform issues in the state; and the often contentious relationship between Albany and local governments throughout the state. |
Contents
A Broad Impact | 1 |
An Increasingly Important Role | 4 |
Why This Book? | 5 |
What Does State Government Do? | 6 |
Government Responds | 8 |
Reform Is This the Time? | 11 |
Rising Calls for Reform | 13 |
Four Categories of Process Reform | 16 |
Health Department Institutions | 323 |
Vital Statistics and Other Responsibilities | 324 |
Mental Hygiene | 326 |
Mental Health | 330 |
Mental Retardation | 331 |
Alcoholism and Substance Abuse | 332 |
Overseeing Quality of Care | 333 |
Education | 335 |
Voter Opinions and the Economy | 18 |
The Role of Money in Lobbying | 22 |
The Role of Money in Campaigns | 25 |
Redistricting | 26 |
Policy Reforms | 27 |
The State Constitution | 28 |
The Political and Governmental Culture of Albany | 31 |
The Road Ahead | 33 |
The Upstate Challenge | 35 |
A Dramatic Reversal of Economic Fortunes | 38 |
A Rising Tide Then an Ebb of Manufacturing Jobs | 41 |
Sharp Decline in Upstate Cities | 43 |
The Upstate Economy Becomes a Political Issue | 45 |
What Explains Upstates Long Decline? | 46 |
Still Some Key Advantages | 50 |
Looking Ahead | 51 |
The Governor and Other Statewide Elected Leaders | 55 |
A Powerful Executive | 56 |
Who Becomes Governor of New York? | 62 |
What Does the Governor Do? | 63 |
Constitutional Powers Political Influence | 64 |
The Agreement to Create Charter Schools | 66 |
Persuading Legislators on an Ethics Law | 67 |
The Power of the Spotlight | 68 |
The AdministratorinChief | 70 |
Limits to Executive Authority | 73 |
The Second Floor | 74 |
Governors Legislation | 76 |
Assessing Governors | 77 |
The Lieutenant Governor | 81 |
Beyond the Governor | 83 |
The Comptroller | 85 |
A Powerful Role | 87 |
The Attorney General | 90 |
The Legislature | 95 |
The Basics | 97 |
From Royal Control to the Will of the People | 99 |
One Man One Vote | 102 |
The Powers of the Legislature | 106 |
Limits on Power | 109 |
How Do the Houses Work? | 111 |
The Basics | 113 |
The Role of the Leadership | 114 |
The Committee System | 118 |
What Was Old Is New Again | 121 |
An Important Voice | 122 |
A Professional Legislature | 123 |
Who Are They? Members of the Legislature Today | 125 |
Representative Democracy Politics | 129 |
Getting Elected | 131 |
The Judiciary | 133 |
The Mainstream of the US Judiciary | 135 |
Structure of the Courts | 136 |
The Constitution on the Courts | 137 |
An Absurdly Complex System | 140 |
The Trial Courts | 142 |
Structural Reform? | 144 |
Appellate Courts | 146 |
The Court of Appeals | 148 |
Powers of the Courts | 151 |
Checks on the Courts Powers | 154 |
The Judges | 155 |
The Jurors Role | 157 |
The Constitution | 161 |
Changes Over Time | 162 |
The National Context | 164 |
New Yorks First Constitution | 165 |
Historic Changes | 166 |
The 1846 Convention | 167 |
18941938 | 169 |
A Bill of Rights Right at the Start | 170 |
Legislation Frozen Into the Constitutional Mold | 173 |
A Direct Impact on Policy | 174 |
The Legislature | 175 |
The Governor | 177 |
The Comptroller and Attorney General | 179 |
The Judiciary | 182 |
What Government Must May and Cannot Do | 183 |
Politics Society and Ideas | 188 |
The 1997 Vote Against a Convention | 189 |
Constitutional Reform Without a Convention | 192 |
Appointed Officials Administrative Law and the Bureaucracy | 193 |
Policy Powers and People | 194 |
The Power of Appointed Officials | 195 |
Patronage or Performance? | 197 |
Regulation | 200 |
Regulating Business Relationships | 201 |
Public Service Commission | 202 |
Banking and Insurance Regulation | 204 |
The Banking Department | 207 |
The Insurance Department | 208 |
The Department of State | 211 |
Authority Under the Statutes | 212 |
SAPA | 215 |
Rulemaking | 216 |
Executive Chamber Oversight of Regulations | 219 |
Adjudication | 221 |
Licensing | 222 |
From SAPA to GORR | 223 |
Regulatory Agencies and the Courts | 225 |
The Workforce | 227 |
Who Are the States Workers? | 228 |
Yesterday and Today | 230 |
The Taylor Law | 232 |
Resolving Disputes Under the Taylor Law | 235 |
Bargaining Units and Unions | 236 |
Repairing a Calcified CivilService System | 237 |
Employee Relations in the 21st Century | 239 |
State Governments Biggest Job The Budget | 241 |
Who Are the Players? | 242 |
How to Measure the Budget? | 244 |
More Than Meets the Eye | 245 |
The Spending Side | 246 |
Priorities Change | 248 |
Where Does the Money Come From? | 249 |
Cutting Taxes | 251 |
The Growing Role of StateSponsored Gambling | 253 |
The Executive Budget Process | 257 |
How the Process Unfolds | 259 |
The Legislatures Role | 262 |
A Contentious Process | 264 |
The Continuing Struggle Over Budget Powers | 265 |
The Battle Over Proposal One | 268 |
Who Decides and How? | 269 |
The Balance of Power | 271 |
How New York Compares | 272 |
Why Is Government in New York More Expensive? | 273 |
More Transparency Under New Accounting Rules | 275 |
Budget Watchdogs | 276 |
State Debt and Public Authorities | 279 |
The Limits on State Debt | 281 |
The Rise of Public Authorities | 282 |
Public Authorities Today | 285 |
State Debt Profile | 289 |
Criticisms of State Debt and Public Authorities | 293 |
Recent and Proposed | 298 |
Health and Mental Hygiene | 301 |
A MultiTiered System | 303 |
Public Health | 304 |
State Governments Growing Involvement | 305 |
A Broad Range of Powers | 307 |
Regulating and Providing Health Care | 309 |
Medicaid | 310 |
Expanding Services and Growing Costs | 311 |
Political Support | 315 |
Hospital Funding and LongTerm Care | 316 |
Major Changes Coming for Hospitals and Nursing Homes | 317 |
Medicaid Managed Care | 318 |
Expanding Health Coverage | 320 |
Addressing Local Costs and Fraud | 321 |
Regulating Health Care | 322 |
Overview of Education Policymaking | 336 |
Broad Powers | 337 |
The Constitution and the Board of Regents | 338 |
Early Public Education in New York | 341 |
The Statewide Education System Today | 344 |
Curriculum Teaching and Assessment | 345 |
Operational Mandates | 350 |
Charter Schools | 352 |
School Finance | 354 |
Court Rulings on Education Finance | 357 |
Private Schools and Home Schooling | 359 |
Higher Education | 361 |
Creating SUNY | 363 |
SUNY University Centers | 366 |
City University of New York | 367 |
Influences on Education Policy | 368 |
Regulation of Professions | 370 |
Serving Individuals with Disabilities | 371 |
Transportation and Economic Development | 373 |
Early Transportation and the Great Canal | 375 |
Growth and Decline of the Canal System | 376 |
Changes in Administrative Structure | 378 |
The Thruway | 381 |
Mass Transportation | 383 |
Airports | 385 |
Major Questions Over Future Capital Needs | 386 |
Economic Development | 387 |
The Business Climate | 388 |
The Coupon Strategy | 391 |
A Major New Incentive Program | 392 |
What Works in Economic Development? | 393 |
New Yorks Advantages and Competitive Challenges | 395 |
Labor and Family Assistance | 397 |
An Overview | 398 |
Early Efforts | 400 |
State and County Governments Get Involved | 401 |
Cash Assistance | 403 |
The Road to Welfare Reform | 405 |
The Role of the State Constitution | 406 |
The Changing Politics of Welfare | 407 |
From the New Deal to the New Welfare | 408 |
Welfare Reform in New York | 409 |
After Reform | 410 |
A New Administrative Structure | 414 |
A State and Local System | 418 |
Office of Children and Family Services | 419 |
Child Care | 420 |
Protecting Children | 421 |
Foster Care | 422 |
Labor Policy in New York | 423 |
Labor Starts to Gain Power | 424 |
Early Legislation | 425 |
The Triangle Fire Leads to More Laws | 427 |
Labors Modern Political Involvement | 428 |
The Labor Department Today | 430 |
Unemployment Insurance | 432 |
Job Services | 433 |
Regulating Wages | 434 |
Workers Compensation | 435 |
PUBLIC PROTECTION | 439 |
Structure of the Criminal Justice System | 440 |
Crime in New York | 443 |
The Penal Law | 444 |
Evolving Concepts of What the Law Should Proscribe | 446 |
The Police | 449 |
The State Police | 452 |
Other Police and Peace Officers | 455 |
Prosecution and the Courts | 456 |
Protections for the Accused | 457 |
The Role of the Attorney General | 460 |
Disposition of Offenders and Sentencing | 461 |
Punishment and Rehabilitation | 462 |
Development of Prisons in New York | 464 |
Modern Administration of Corrections | 465 |
Attica | 467 |
Recent Changes in Corrections | 469 |
Probation and Parole | 472 |
Tougher Punishment More Programming | 474 |
Commission of Correction | 476 |
Help for Crime Victims | 477 |
Homeland Security | 478 |
Environment and Parks | 483 |
Long Before Earth Day | 485 |
Make It a Forest Forever | 486 |
The Conservation Department | 487 |
The Emerging Issue of Environmental Quality | 489 |
DEC and the Environmental Conservation Law | 490 |
DEC Today | 493 |
Conservation Officers and Forest Rangers | 499 |
Related Agencies | 500 |
A Special Case | 501 |
Environmental Progress | 502 |
Parks Recreation and Historic Preservation | 503 |
Origins of the State Parks System | 505 |
Historic Preservation | 508 |
The 3166 Local Governments History and Structure | 511 |
Four Types of General Government | 513 |
Why All These Local Governments? | 515 |
Counties | 516 |
Structure of County Governments | 517 |
Counties in the 21st Century | 519 |
Cities Towns and Villages | 521 |
Cities | 522 |
Downstate Vitality New York City | 523 |
Upstate Decline | 526 |
Towns | 527 |
Villages | 529 |
Fire Districts | 530 |
Condos Coops and Other Private Neighborhoods | 532 |
Cutting Across LocalGovernment Barriers | 534 |
Local Government Finance | 536 |
Who Pays and How Much? | 537 |
Tough Fiscal Challenges for Localities and Taxpayers Alike | 540 |
Not Much | 541 |
Initiative and Referendum | 543 |
The StateLocal Paradox Home Rule and State Mandates | 545 |
The Municipal Home Rule Law | 547 |
The Fiscal Connection | 549 |
The Mandate Problem | 551 |
A Changing Fiscal Relationship | 556 |
Changing School Finance? | 557 |
Power for Localities But Still Subject to State Regulations | 558 |
The Peoples Government | 561 |
Voting | 563 |
Political Parties | 564 |
Lobbying | 567 |
Regulation of Lobbying | 568 |
New Rules for Lobbying | 570 |
A Variety of Interests in Albany | 572 |
Campaign Contributions | 574 |
What Purpose Do Political Contributions Serve? | 575 |
What Can a Citizen Do? | 577 |
The Role of Interest Groups | 578 |
Strategies for Influencing Policy | 579 |
Accountability | 580 |
Open Government | 581 |
The News Media | 583 |
Performance Measurement in New York | 585 |
Does Measurement Improve Performance? | 588 |
Performance Measurement on the Rise Nationally | 589 |
federalism What Is the Role of State Governments? | 591 |
Shifts in the Balance of Powers | 593 |
Federalism Today | 595 |
Expanding the Public Sector? | 596 |
Interstate Activities | 597 |
Continuing Debate Over the Balance of Power | 600 |
The Future of Federalism | 602 |
Education Policy | 603 |
Insurance Regulation | 604 |
A Legislative Case Study Domestic Relations Law | 607 |
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Common terms and phrases
administration agencies Albany amendment appointed approval areas attorney bills Board campaign Carl McCall centers century changes Chapter charter schools commission Comptroller Constitution costs Court of Appeals created crime criminal debt decades decisions Democratic dollars economic elected officials Eliot Spitzer employees enacted environmental Executive Budget federal Finance fiscal funding Governor Cuomo Governor Pataki individuals instance Institute issues John Faso judges labor leaders legislative Legislature lieutenant governor lobbying major Medicaid ment million municipal operating parks party percent political programs proposals protection public authorities recent reform regulations regulatory Republican residents responsibility revenue Rockefeller Institute role rules school districts Senate and Assembly Sheldon Silver spending staff statewide statute taxpayers Taylor Law tion U.S. Constitution U.S. Supreme Court unions Upstate vote voters welfare workers York City York State's York's Yorkers