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EW KEN'SINGTON. A borough in Westmoreland County, Pa., 18 miles northeast of Pittsburg; on the Allegheny River, and on the Buffalo and Allegheny River division of the Pennsylvania Railroad (Map: Pennsylvania, B 3). It is konwn as a centre of large steel and iron industries, and for its brewing interests. There are also in the vicinity manufactories of glass and white lead. Population, in 1900, 4665.

NEW LEB’ANON. A town in Columbia County, N. Y., 24 miles southeast of Albany; on the Chatham and Lebanon Valley Railroad (Map: New York, G 3). It includes several villages, among which Lebanon Springs, a popular summer resort, noted for thermal springs, and Mount Lebanon, the site of a Shaker village, are best known. The town is engaged principally in agriculture, and in manufacturing patent medicines, thermometers, and barometers, glass, flour, lumber, chairs, brooms, and baskets. Population, in 1890, 1765; in 1900, 1556.

defended by Forts Trumbull and Griswold. Just above the city, on the east side of the river, is a small United States naval station. New London is a delightful place of residence and popular resort in summer. Among its features of interest are a fine soldiers' and sailors' monument, a handsome public library, the New London County Historical Society and Library, the Hempstead House, one of the oldest houses in Connecticut, the Old Town Mill, erected in 1646 and still in operation, the little schoolhouse in which Nathan Hale was a teacher, Boulder Park on the Thames, White Beach, a popular and attractive bathing beach, Williams Park, Memorial Park, and the great railroad drawbridge completed in 1890. The annual Yale-Harvard boat race is rowed New London was formerly on the Thames. the seat of extensive whaling and sealing interests, which are still of some importance, though manufacturing is the leading industry. The principal establishments are silk mills, a woolen mill, ship yards, foundries and machine shops, cotton-gin factory, bed-quilt mills, and printing-press works. The government, under a

NEW LEX/INGTON. A village and the county-seat of Perry County, Ohio, 21 miles south by west of Zanesville; on the Toledo and Ohio Central, and the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley railroads (Map: Ohio, F 6). It has Saint Aloysius Academy and a handsome court house. There are some manufactures, clay works being among the leading establishments, and in the vicinity are extensive coal fields. Population, in 1890, 1470; in 1900, 1701.

NEW LIGHT. A fish. See CRAPPIE.

NEW LON’DON. A city, port of entry, and one of the county-seats of New London County, Conn., 14 miles south of Norwich, the other county-seat, and 51 miles east of New Haven; on the Thames River, about three miles above its entrance into Long Island Sound, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford and the Central Vermont railroads (Map: Connecticut, G 4). It has direct communication with New York by steamboat, and an excellent harbor

chosen every three years, and a unicameral council that controls elections to subordinate departments, excepting that of the schools, which is The water-works are chosen by popular vote. owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 13,757; in 1900, 17,548.

New London was founded in 1646 by John Winthrop, the younger, and until 1658, when it received its present name, was known as Naumeag. During the 'Great Awakening of 1741 there was a remarkable manifestation of religious enthusiasm here. On September 6, 1781, General Arnold, at the head of a large British force, and assisted by a fleet of thirty-two vessels, attacked New London, killed a number of its inhabitants, and burned nearly all of the wharves and stores. (See GROTON.) New London was incorporated in 1784. Consult: Caulkins, History of New London (New London, new ed. 1900); Starr, A Centennial Historical Sketch of the Town of New London (ib., 1876); and an article, "Historic New London," in New England Magazine, vol, v. (Boston, 1887).

NEW MADRID. A city and the county-seat of New Madrid County, Mo., 40 miles south by west of Cairo, Ill.; on the Mississippi River, and on the Saint Louis Southwestern Railroad (Map: Missouri, G 5). The centre of a productive region, it has a large river commerce in grain, lumber, cotton, live stock, etc. There are cotton gins, and manufactories of lumber, veneer, staves, and flour. Population, in 1890, 1193; in 1900, 1489. New Madrid was founded in 1788 as a Spanish settlement, by a few American frontiersmen. For a time during the Civil War it was an important Confederate military station, but on March 14, 1862, it was abandoned and fell into the hands of the Federal forces.

NEWMAN, nũʼman, EDWARD (1801-76). An English entomologist and publisher, born at Hampstead. In 1833 he founded The Entomological Magazine; in 1840 The Entomologist; in 1843 The Zoologist; in 1844 The Phytologist. His more important works are: History of British Ferns (1840); an enlarged edition of Montagu's Dictionary of British Birds (1866); Illustrated Natural History of British Moths (1869); and British Butterflies (1871).

NEWMAN, FRANCIS (?-1660). An English colonist in America, Governor of New Haven Colony in 1658-59. He was born in England, and emigrated to New Hampshire in 1838, but after a few months removed to the Connecticut Valley, and became prominent in the affairs of the colony at New Haven. There he served as an ensign and lieutenant in the colonial militia or trained bands (1642-45) as secretary of the colony under Governor Theophilus Eaton (164647), and as a magistrate and assistant in 1653. In the latter year he was one of the commissioners sent from the Connecticut River towns to Manhattan to demand satisfaction of Peter Stuyvesant, Governor of New Netherlands, for injuries sustained by the English colonists at the hands of the Dutch. In July, 1654, he became one of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England, and in May, 1658, he succeeded Eaton as Governor of the New Haven Colony, retaining the office until September, 1659.

NEWMAN, FRANCIS WILLIAM (1805-97). An English scholar and writer, brother of John Henry Newman. He was born in London, June 27, 1805, and, with his brothers, attended the school at Ealing. Thence he passed to Worcester College, Oxford, and in 1826 obtained a fellowship in Balliol College. He withdrew from the He withdrew from the university in 1830, declining the subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles. After a tour in the East he was appointed classical tutor in Bristol College (1834). In 1840 he accepted a similar professorship in Manchester New College, and in 1846 was appointed to the chair of Latin in University College, London, which he held till 1869. During all this time he was an active contributor to literary and scientific periodicals, and maintained a leading part in the controversies on religion, in which he took the line directly opposite to that chosen by his elder brother, being no less ardent as a disciple of the extreme rationalistic school than John Henry Newman of the dogmatical. These opinions, and the system founded upon them, form the subject of his work, Phases of Faith, or Passages from the History of My Creed (1850). Of his many publications, several regard the controversy re

ferred to, as Catholic Union: Essays Towards a Church of the Future (1844); A State Church Not Defensible (1845); The Soul, Its Sorrows and Aspirations (1849). Others are on political or social topics, as: Radical Reforms, Financial and Organic (1848); Lectures on Political Economy (1851); On the State Provision for Vice (1871); Remedies for the Great Social Evil (1889); Europe of the Near Future (1871). A large number are devoted to historical, classical, and scientific subjects, the most important of which are: Contrasts of Ancient and Modern History (1847); translations into 'unrhymed metre' of the Odes of Horace (1853) and the Iliad of Homer (1856); a treatise on Difficulties of Elementary Geometry (1841); Handbook of Modern Arabic (1866); Orthoepy (1869); Miscellanies (1869-89); Dictionary of Modern Arabic (1871); Early History of Cardinal Newman (1891). He died at Weston super-Mare, October 4, 1897.

NEWMAN, HENRY RODERICK (1833-). An American water-color painter, born in New York City. He gave up the study of medicine, to become an artist, at the age of eighteen years. He went to France in 1870, and, after traveling through Switzerland, settled in Venice (1871), and later removed his studio to Florence. Ruskin has expressed admiration for his works, which consist mostly of architectural, landscape, and flower pieces. "Venice," "Tuscan Spring," "The Florence Cathedral," and "The Gulf of Spezia" are among his most elaborate paintings. His other works include: "A Study of Pink and White Oleanders," "Grapes and Olives," "Flowers," and "An Architectural Study."

An

He won a

NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY (1801-90). English religious leader, first in the Church of England and later in the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in London, February 21, 1801, and educated first at a private school at Ealing, then at Trinity College, Oxford, which he entered when he was not quite sixteen. scholarship two years later, and took his degree in 1820. În 1822 he was elected to a fellowship at Oriel, then the highest distinction of Oxford scholarship, which brought him into close relations with many of the most distinguished men of the time; among them was a brother fellow, Edward Bouverie Pusey (q.v.), with whom he was to be most closely associated in the work of the Oxford Movement. . He was ordained deacon in 1824, and combined with his college position the curacy of Saint Clement's Church. A year later, his friend Whately having become principal of Saint Alban's Hall, Newman was made viceprincipal, but resigned the appointment on being named tutor in his own college (1826). In 1828, on the election of Hawkins as provost of Oriel (partly through Newman's influence, though Keble was also a candidate), Newman succeeded him as vicar of Saint Mary's, the university church, and the position which he thus gained gave him a commanding power, by the wonderful sermons which he preached in this pulpit, over a whole generation. He resigned his tutorship in 1832, owing to differences with Hawkins as to college arrangements. He made his first visit to the Continent soon after and returned just in time to hear Keble's famous assize sermon on National Apostasy (July 14, 1833), which he always considered as the actual origin of the

Movement. (For the complete history of its development, see OXFORD MOVEMENT.) Here it is enough to say that from the first Newman was its acknowledged head; the charm of his personality, the ascetic fervor of his life, and the fame of his preaching gave him a tremendous power. He was one of the chief contributors to the Tracts for the Times, twenty-nine of which, including the famous No. 90, which proved the end of the series, are from his pen. The same year that witnessed their beginning (1833) saw the publication of his book on The Arians, which was followed in 1837 by The Prophetical Office of the Church; in 1838 by works on Justification, on the Canon of Scripture, and on Antichrist. In this year also Newman became editor of the British Critic, holding the position until 1841, and began in conjunction with Keble and Pusey to publish a Library of Translations from the Greek and Latin Fathers. On a formal request from the Bishop of Oxford, he discontinued the publication of the Tracts in 1841, after the storm of opposition which No. 90, "Remarks on Certain Passages in the XXXIX. Articles," had aroused.

Already in 1839 in the course of his study of the history of the Monophysite controversy a doubt had come to him whether, after all, the Anglican position was tenable; and the condemnation of his position by bishops and heads of colleges showed him that his place in the Movement was gone. Parallel reasoning on the history of the Arian controversy, and the curious compromise of the Jerusalem bishopric (see JERUSALEM), still further shook his allegiance to the Church of England.

In 1842 he retired from Oxford to the neighboring village of Littlemore, where he passed three years in seclusion, with a number of young men who had attached themselves to him, wrestling in silence with the problem thus presented to him. In the early part of 1842 he published a formal retractation of his adverse criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church, and in the following autumn, while he had not yet made up his mind, it seemed to him more honest to resign his living. The train of reasoning which occupied him throughout 1845, when he was engaged in the composition of his Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, finally brought him to the point, and on October 9th he became a Roman

Catholic.

As his influence in Oxford and among thoughtful Anglicans had been tremendous, so the effect of this step was correspondingly great. A year after his reception he went to Rome and was there ordained priest. Soon afterwards he returned to England and introduced the Congregation of the Oratory (q.v.), which he thought specially adapted to the needs of the large towns. The greater part of his later life was spent in the house of the Oratory at Birmingham; from 1854 to 1858, however, he was in Dublin, as rector of the unsuccessful Catholic University there. Always deeply interested in education, he had planned to establish a house of the Oratory at Oxford, which might have allowed the young men of his Church to gain the advantages of the university; the project, opposed by Manning, fell through, but since his death his ideas have been vindicated by the establishment of a Catholic hall there. Constant literary activity marked all these years, of which the most remarkable fruits

were his Letter to the Duke of Norfolk (1875), in which he explained and defended the position of Catholics as affected by the Vatican decrees in their bearing on civil allegiance, in reply to Gladstone; and his memorable Apologia pro Vita Sua (1864), which contained a most striking account of the inner workings of his mind during his whole manhood, and increased the veneration felt for him by all his countrymen, of whatever shade of theological opinion. It grew out of a memorable controversy with Charles Kingsley, who, by general consent, had much the worse of the argument. In 1877 Newman was elected an honorary fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and revisited his loved alma mater for the first time in twenty-two years. Leo XIII. created him a cardinal in 1879, allowing him still to reside in England. He died at Birmingham, August 11, 1890.

Both as a great spiritual force and as a master of literary expression, Newman will always deserve a large space in any history of nineteenth century England. His literary style, always pure, melodious, and elevated, and owing much to years of familiarity with the Authorized Version of the Bible, is full of undecaying beauty. But it was only an expression of his mental habit. The dialectical skill which marks all his controversial work was governed by the conscience whose supremacy he was never tired of enforcing; and the chaste beauty of his style was but the outcome of that intense realization of the spiritual world which is the most characteristic feature of all his teaching.

A complete líst of his writings would occupy too much space. A uniform edition of the more important of them was published under his own supervision (London, 1868-81). Besides those already named, mention should be made of his: two works of fiction, Callista, a Sketch of the Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (1870); Third Century (1856), and Loss and Gain, a story of Oxford life in his own day (1848); numerous volumes of sermons, all characterized by his qualities; and verse, of which the best, with "The Dream of his qualities; and some extremely beautiful Gerontius," is included in Verses on Various Occasions (1868). Consult, besides most of the books referred to under OXFORD MOVEMENT: Letters and Correspondence of J. H. Newman During His Life in the English_Church__(Lon(ib., 1891), Walters and Barrow (ib., 1901), and don, 1891); and sketches by R. H. Hutton Whyte (New York, 1903); also an admirably thoughtful study of his writings in Shairp, Studies in Poetry and Philosophy (Edinburgh, 1866). (London, 1891), and in The Anglican Career of His earlier life is also told by his brother Francis Cardinal Newman (ib., 1892); his later, partly Progress (ib., 1898). · in Fitzgerald, Fifty Years of Catholic Life and

NEWMAN, JOHN PHILIP (1826-99). An American clergyman, Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was born in New York City, and educated at Cazenovia (N. Y.) Seminary, which he quitted in 1848 to enter the ministry. He followed the itinerant life of a Methodist clergyman until 1860, when he went abroad for travel and study, visiting Egypt and Palestine, subsequently embodying the results of this trip in From Dan to Beersheba, or the Land of Promise as It Now Appears (1864). After

New Orleans was taken by the Federal army in 1864 he was sent there to organize the Methodist Episcopal Church, and remained until 1869, meanwhile editing, in addition to his other labors, the New Orleans Advocate. Leaving New Orleans, he became pastor of the Metropolitan Church at Washington, D. C. His personality was a combination of clergyman and man of the world; his pulpit eloquence, which inclined rather to the grandiose, nevertheless won for him a large popularity both within and outside his denomination. At the end of his first pastorate in Washington in 1872, President Grant appointed him inspector of consulates in Asia, and in this capacity he made a tour of the world, which resulted in another work of travel, The Thrones and Palaces of Babylon and Nineveh from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean (1876). In 1878 he assumed a pastorate in New York City, and in 1881 was a delegate to the first Ecumenical Methodist Conference in London, where he read the invited essay on Scriptural Holiness, said to mark his highest achievement as a writer. From 1882 to 1884 he was acting pastor at the Madison Avenue Congregational Church, New York. In 1885 he returned to the pastorate of the Metropolitan Church, Washington, and in 1888 was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, with his official residence at Omaha, Neb. In addition to the works mentioned, he published: Christianity Triumphant (1884); Evenings with the Prophets on the Lost Empires (1887); The Supremacy of Law (1890); Conversations with Christ (1901).

NEW MARKET. A market-town on the bor

der of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, England, 15 miles northeast of Cambridge (Map: England,

G 4). The market-house and the celebrated Jockey Club are the chief edifices. The town owes its prosperity to the horse-races. The racecourse of Newmarket, upward of four miles in length, is said to be the finest in the world, and the training ground bears a similar reputation for excellence. There are eight race-meetings

held here annually. Population, in 1891, 8631; in 1901, 10,686. Consult Hore, History of Newmarket and Annals of the Turf (3 vols., London, 1886).

NEWMARKET. A town of York County, Ontario, Canada, 34 miles north of Toronto on the Northern Railway (Map: Ontario, D 3). It has busy trading interests and some manufactures. Population, in 1891, 2143; in 1901, 2125. NEW MECK’LENBURG (formerly NEW IRELAND). The second largest of the Bismarck Archipelago (q.v.), situated in the Pacific Ocean, 350 miles northeast of New Guinea, and separated from New Pomerania, the largest of the group, by Saint George Channel (Map: Australasia, H 3). It is elongated, has an area of 4920 square miles, and consists for the most part of mountains covered with forests of large trees. Little is known of the interior of the island, but the coast lands are very fertile. Colonization of the island has been unsuccessful;

there is a trading station on the north coast, but in 1897 there were only nine European inhabitants, the bulk of the population, whose number is unknown, being savage Melanesians.

NEW MEXICO. A southwestern Territory of the United States. It lies between latitudes

31° 20′ and 37° north, longitudes 103° 2′ and 109° 2′ west, and is bounded on the north by Colorado, on the east by Oklahoma and Texas, on the south by Texas and Mexico, and on the west by Arizona. It forms almost a perfect square, the line being somewhat broken on the southern boundary. The length along the western boundary is 400 miles; the greatest width, 358 miles. Area, 122,580 square miles. New Mexico exceeds in size every State in the Union except Texas, California, and Montana.

TOPOGRAPHY. The whole Territory is very elevated, only a small portion in the south lying below 4000 feet. The topography may be divided into several more or less well marked regions, running north and south. The eastern third of the Territory belongs to the Great Plains, which skirt the whole eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. In the northeastern part of the Territory this plain is watered by the Canadian River, south of which it slopes gradually into the level and arid plateau known as the Llano Estacado. West of this is the valley of the Pecos River, the lowest part of the Territory, falling near the southern boundary below 3000 feet. From the Pecos Valley the land rises westward into the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, which issues from Colorado in a continuous line of lofty peaks, several of which are over 12,000 feet high. Toward the centre of the Territory the range becomes broken into isolated groups and mesas inclosing in the north park-like grassy plains, but toward the south arid and desolate valleys filled with lava beds and salt marshes. West of the Front Range is the narrow valley of the Rio ritory. Finally, through the western part of the Grande, traversing the whole length of the TerTerritory stretches the great, broad plateau, the Continental Divide, which extends into Mexico as the Sierra Madre. Its average height is 7000 feet, though it sinks to 5000 feet in the south, and it is diversified by a number of mesas and

isolated ranges from 8000 to 11,000 feet high. markably dry and healthful, and the air pure and clear. In the lower regions of the south the climate is mild throughout the year, but in the north the temperature sometimes falls below zero. At Santa Fé the mean temperature for the year is about 50°, for the warmest month 70°, and for the coldest 30°. The average rainfall for the whole Territory is about 15 inches, being nowhere sufficient for the needs of agriculture. Many of the mountain basins and river valleys are covered with nutritious grasses, one of the most common genera being the grama-grass (Bouteloua). The salt-grass (Distichlis spiflats which abound especially on the western cata) often forms a dense sod over the alkali plateau. Bunch grasses cover many of the mesas and mountain slopes, but the sage brush is predominant in many of the plains, and the plateau toward the west becomes arid and desolate. Sycamore, cottonwood, oak, and other deciduous trees grow in the river-valleys, and some of the foothills carry growths of piñon and dwarf cedar, while extensive forests of pine, spruce, and cedar cover the higher mountains. With the possible exception of the alkali flats, the soil, wherever there is any, is said to be fertile and capable of becoming productive when irrigated.

CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. The climate is re

For flora and fauna, see these sections in the article UNITED STATES,