tion of slavery, Catholic emancipation, and free trade, all of which he lived to see triumphant. When the Whigs, after their long exclusion from power, came into office with Earl Grey at their head, Lansdowne became Lord President of the Council, which post he held with a brief interval from November, 1830, to September, 1841, resuming it in 1846, after the fall of the Peel Ministry, and again filling it until 1852. He then formally bade farewell to office, and resigned the leadership of the House of Lords, but consented to hold a seat without office in the

Aberdeen Cabinet, and again in the first Administration of Lord Palmerston. After the death of the Duke of Wellington he became the patriarch of the Upper House and the personal friend and adviser of the Queen. He had a keen regard and a cultivated taste for literature, and was a generous patron of men of letters.

LANSDOWNE, WILLIAM PETTY, Marquis of. See SHELBURNE.

LANS FORD. A borough in Carbon County, Pa., 35 miles (direct) north of Reading; on a branch of the Central Railroad of New Jersey (Map: Pennsylvania, F 3). It has extensive coalmining interests, being situated in the productive anthracite fields of the State. Settled in 1845, Lansford was incorporated in 1876, the charter of that year now operating to provide for a government vested in a burgess, chosen every three years, and a council, which controls appointments to the most of the important administrative offices. Population, in 1890, 4004; in 1900,

4888.

LAN'SING. The capital of the State of Michigan, in Ingham County, at the confluence of the Grand and Cedar rivers, 88 miles northwest of Detroit and 64 miles east by south of Grand Rapids; on the Pere Marquette, the Grand Trunk, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, and the Michigan Central railroads (Map: Michigan, E 6). The rivers are here spanned by several bridges. Lansing occupies an elevated site on a plateau rising from the water-level, and is laid out with broad and well-shaded streets. The State Capitol, built in 1872-79, at a cost of over $1,500,000, stands on an eminence in a park of twelve acres near the centre of the city. The State Library contains about 105.000 volumes. Other important buildings are the city hall, which cost $125,000 and was completed in 1897; the city hospital, high school, public library, United States Government building ($125,000), the State School for the Blind, State Industrial School for Boys, and, in the suburbs, the State Agricultural College, with a farm of about 675 acres. The city has abundant water-power from the two rivers, the Grand River having a fall of 18 feet. There are manufactures of agricultural implements, flour, stoves, machinery, gasoline engines, carriages, wagons, automobiles, trucks, wheelbarrows, artificial stone, condensed milk, beet-sugar, and knit goods. The government, under a charter of 1897, is vested in a mayor, elected for two years, a unicameral council, and administrative officials, the majority of whom are appointed by the executive, subject to the consent of the council. The clerk, treasurer, and assessors are chosen by popular election. The city owns and operates the water-works and electric-light plant. Settled

in 1837, Lansing was laid out for the State capital in 1847, when a single family occupied the site. It was chartered as a city in 1859. Population, in 1890, 13,102; in 1900, 16,485; in 1904, 20,276.

LANSING, JOHN (1754-1829). An American jurist, born at Albany, N. Y. He was privately educated and studied law with Robert Yates (q.v.) in his native city, and with James Duane in New York, where he was established in praetice at the outbreak of the Revolution. During the war he served for some time as military secretary to Gen. Philip Schuyler. He was elect ed to Congress in 1784, and while retaining this office, was elected also to the lower branch of the Legislature, of which in 1786 he was chosen Speaker. In the same year he was named by the council of appointment Mayor of Albany, and succeeded John Jay as a member of the Massachusetts-New York boundary commission. In March, 1787, while still a member of Congress, he was appointed, with Yates and Hamilton, to represent New York in the Constitutional after two months' participation, on the grounds Convention, but left it with the first-named, that they had not been delegated to form a new Constitution, but only to amend the Articles of Confederation. In June, 1788, with George Clinton and Melancthon Smith (q.v.), he led the opposition to the ratification of the Constitution by New York at the Poughkeep sie convention. After serving on the New York-Vermont boundary commission, he was, in September, 1790, named a judge of the New York Justice in 1798, and in 1801 succeeded Robert R. Supreme Court. He succeeded Yates as Chief Livingston (q.v.) as Chancellor, which position he retained until 1814, when he in turn was succeeded by James Kent (q.v.). He declined the Anti-Federalist nomination for Governor of New York in 1804.

selaer County, N. Y., annexed to the city of Troy (q.v.) on January 1, 1901. Population, in 1900, 12,595 (Map: New York, G 3). It was founded in 1771 by Abraham J. Lansingh, who owned most of the land in the vicinity. The village was incorporated in 1790. Consult Weise, History of Rensselaer County (Troy, 1880).

LANʼSINGBURG. A former village in Rens

LANSING MAN. The term applied to certain human bones, supposed to represent a type of primitive man. These remains, which comprise the skull and several large bones of an adult, and the jaw of a child about ten years old, were discovered during the digging of a cellar on a farm near Lansing, Kan. The bones were found beneath twenty feet of undisturbed deposits, resting on a stratum of carboniferous limestone. The skull of the man is well preserved and corresponds in type with crania of the historic Indians thereabouts. Its measurements are: Maximum length, 188 mm.; maximum breadth, 138 mm.; cranial index, 73.4.

If the deposit forming the bench is true alluvial loess, derived from glacial ice, interglacial man dwelt on the ancient Missouri River. If, on the other hand, the formation was derived from loess beds of the neighboring slopes, and coarser materials from the hillsides were spread out in the recent period by local agencies, the Lansing man lived within the few thousand years during which the present American Indians have inhabited the continent.

LANSON, läN'SON', ALFRED DÉSIRÉ (185198). A French sculptor, born at Orleans. He worked in the studios of Rouillard, Jouffroy, and Millet, and in 1876 won the Prix de Rome with a statue of Jason with the Golden Fleece. From 1870 to his death he exhibited at the Salon, and received several medals. In 1882 he was decorated with the ribbon of the Legion of Honor, and he won a grand prize at the Exposition of 1889. His works were portrait busts and mythological or symbolical subjects, for example: "Diane" (1875), "Jason" (1878), "Judith" (1880), "L'âge de fer" (1882), "Douleur maternelle" (1883), "Le sphinx" (1884), "La vierge à l'enfant" (1888), "La dernière orgie," and "La géographie" (1889).

LANSQUENET, lăns'ke-nět (Fr., from Ger. Landsknecht, foot-soldier). A game of cards, played with six full packs, and so called from the fifteenth-century soldiers by whom it was introduced. The banker announces his bet, of which fractional parts are wagered by the other players, or the whole amount may be bet by a single player. The banker draws a card for himself and one for his adversaries, and then deals until a card like his own or that of his opponents is turned up. In the former case the dealer wins, and also when the second card dealt matches the

first.

LANSYER,_län'syâ', MAURICE EMMANUEL (1835-93). A French painter, born at Bouin in La Vendée. He studied architecture with Viollet-le-Duc, and in 1860 was employed on the reconstruction of the Auxerre Cathedral. Turning to painting, he studied with Courbet and Harpignies, and in his first pictures showed ability in marines and Breton landscapes. They in clude: "Matinée de septembre à Douarnenez," "Promenade en automne," "La fin de la tempête," and "Les dunes de Donville." His later work showed the effect of his early architectural studies. It includes "La cour de la Sorbonne," "Les ruines de la grande salle de la cour des comptes," "Château de Pierrefonds." and "Notre Dame de Paris." He received medals in 1865, 1869, and 1873, and was made a member of the Legion of Honor in 1881. His most striking characteristic was his feeling for light.

LANT, or LANCE. A fish. See SAND-EEL. LANTA'NA (Neo-Lat., coined by Linnæus). A genus of odoriferous, chiefly tropical shrubs, belonging to the order Verbenacea. The species contain a stimulant essential oil. Lantana pseudothea, or Lippia pseudothea, is used in Brazil as a substitute for tea. Lantana camara and Lantana mista are natives of tropical America. Lantana camara has been introduced as an ornamental hedge plant into many tropical countries, where it has spread until it has become very troublesome. In Ceylon, parts of India, and countries where frost holds them in check, they are very ornamental plants. They are not hardy

north of the Gulf States.

LANTE, län'tâ, VILLA. Two villas of this name exist; one in Rome, on the Trastevere side of the Tiber, northwest of the great Villa Corsini, the other at Bagnaia, near Viterbo, about 40 miles north of Rome. The latter is the one generally referred to, and although one of the smallest of the important villas of the Renaissance, it is regarded with justice as a perfect

example of the type. It was built in 1477 for Cardinal Riario, but was in 1550 or thereabouts remodeled for one of the Farnesi, under the direction of the great architect Vignola; and a hundred years later was given by Pope Alexander VII. to the Lante family, who have since held it. The gardens are exceptionally beautiful; while they cover less than four acres, with a total length of 775 feet and a width of 245 feet, they are laid out with such skill that they nowhere appear cramped or insignificant. They occupy a wooded slope, forming four terraces; the two casini or dwellings occupy the second of these, and the lower or first terrace in front of them is laid out in parterres, with a fine sculptured fountain in the centre. The upper levels are occupied by plantations of trees, cascades, and summer houses or loggias, all of admirable design. The villa is well preserved, and is one of the most charming examples of Italian Renaissance landscape architecture.

LANTERN (from Lat. lanterna, laterna, from Gk. Xaμπтýр, lamptēr, torch, from XáμTELY, lampein, to shine). In architecture, an ornamental structure raised over domes, roofs, its sides. The name is also given to any such etc., to give light and ventilation by openings in projection, even if it has no such openings, and serves merely for decoration, of which that over the intersection of Notre Dame in Paris is an artistic example. Where a lantern is for the purpose of giving light, and on a smaller scale, it is called a lantern-light. In Gothic architecture, a lantern tower is frequently placed over the centre of cross churches-the vault being at a considerable height, and the light admitted by windows in the sides; though it is hardly correct to call by this name the massive stone towers over the intersection of the transept, as at Lincoln Cathedral and Saint Ouen at Rouen. York and Ely cathedrals, and many churches in England, have such lantern-towers. Nearly all domes are surmounted by lanterns; those of the Cathedral of Florence, of Saint Peter's, Rome, and Saint Paul's, London, are especially famous.

LANTERN-FISH. A name given to softrayed, pelagic fishes, of a provisional order, Iniomi, in reference to the fact that most of them possess phosphorescent, luminous organs, required by their residence in the dark oceanic abysses. Their general structure is that of isodegenerate by an unfavorable environment. Their spondylous fishes, which have become degraded or forms are often most unusual and grotesque, great heads with enormous eyes and large mouths, often studded with formidable teeth, being united with slender and fragile bodies. The bones are weakly ossified, the mesacoracoid is lacking (an eel-like characteristic), and the connection of the shoulder-girdle with the cranium is imperfect. Ichthyologists differ as to whether Isospondyli; and also whether its component or not the group should be separated from the parts should be regarded as families or as gen

era. Jordan and Evermann take the former view, and make the first family that of the lizard-fishes (Synodontidae), including a group of tropical predaceous fishes inhabiting sandy bottoms not far from shore, often brightly colored and lizard-like in form, whence the common name lagarto' in Spanish America. (See LIZARDFISH.) The other families are almost all inhabitants of the abysses, and the species are largely