who strangled and devoured young children. In the later development the Lamia were vampires with the power of assuming attractive forms to allure victims, whose flesh they devoured. The Lamiæ were used as nursery hobgoblins to terrify children, and corresponded to the mediæval witches. Keats wrote a poem, Lamia (1820), in which the bride is made to revert to her original serpent form. (3) A courtesan of Athens, originally a flute-player. She acquired great influence over Demetrius Poliorcetes, into whose hands she fell at the battle of Salamis, and long maintained her power through her talents. She was noted for her great extravagance. Temples were dedicated to her under the name of Aphrodite at

Athens and Thebes.

LAMIA, or ZITUNI. The capital of the Nomarchy of Phthiotis, Greece, situated near the head of the Gulf of Lamia, 28 miles southeast of Pharsalos (Map: Greece, D 3). It is dominated by a medieval fortress on the site of a more remote structure. Its chief features are the mosque, bazaars, and gardens. The rearing of camels is a distinctive industry. Population, in 1896, 7414. Here, in B.C. 323, Antipater and his army were unsuccessfully besieged by the Athenians under Leosthenes, who was killed during an assault. To the south is the strategic Pass of Thermopyla (q.v.), immortalized by numerous celebrated defenses, the most famous of which ended in the annihilation of Leonidas and his band of Spartans and Thespians when heroically resisting the advance of the Persian hosts under Xerxes, B.C. 480. Also on the south is the Bridge of Alamanna, where in 1821 young Diakos and the Bishop of Salona, commanding 700 Greeks, heroically opposed the advance of a Turkish army. The ancient name of Lamia has replaced the name of Zituni, by which it was known during the Turk

ish domination.

LAMIAN WAR. A war waged in B.C. 323 by the allied States of Greece against Antipater (q.v.). At first Antipater met with reverses and took refuge in the Thessalian town of Lamia, which gave its name to the war. There he was besieged by the Greeks for some months, but finally managed to escape, through the aid of Craterus (q.v.), thus ending the war and bring ing the allies into subjection. Leosthenes, the Athenian commander of the Greeks, was killed during the siege.

LAM'INA (Lat., thin plate). A thin layer or coat, which may be laid over another; or a plate or scale, as a thin layer of minerals, bone, etc. In anatomy, a bone or part of a bone said to resemble a thin plate, as the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. In botany, the broad thin petal of a flower, or what is called the blade of a leaf, is technically known as a lamina.

LAM'INA'RIA (Neo-Lat., from Lat. lamina, thin plate). A genus of brown seaweeds of the order Laminariaceæ, or kelps. The species are widely distributed in the cooler waters of the globe, are common on rocky coasts, and attain a marked development upon the Pacific coast. They are marked by a cylindrical stalk of varying length, which expands above into a broadened leaf-like structure without a midrib. Laminaria digitata is the common tangle of the seacoasts. Laminaria potatotum is common in Australia, etc.; its hard stalk furnishes material for implements of various kinds. Other species, as

Laminaria bulbosa, were formerly extensively used by glass and soap makers. Laminaria saccharina is a source of mannite. In Japan Lamimaria japonica and Laminaria angusta, more than 40,000,000 pounds of which were shipped in 1894 to China, are important articles of food. A number of species are important sources of iodine.

LAM'INA'TION (from ML. laminare, to plate, from Lat. lamina, thin plate). The arrangement of sedimentary rocks, such as shales and sandstones, in thin layers or laminæ. Lamination indicates interruption in the process of deposition, which may have been occasioned by successive tides, by periodical floods, or by change in the supply of material. Clay deposits frequently show a fine sprinkling of sand on the surface of the layers, which may be further distinguished by their varied colors. It seems probable also that laminated structure is sometimes produced in argillaceous rocks by the pressure of the overlying strata. See the article on GEOLOGY.

LAM'INI'TIS. See FOUNDER.

LAMISTA, lá-mēʼstȧ. A South American tribe. See YAMEO.

LA'MIUM. A genus of plants of the mint family. See DEAD-NETTLE.

LAM'MAS DAY (AS. hlammæsse, hlafmæsse, leaf-mass, bread-feast, from hlaf, Goth. gahlaiba, OHG. hlaiba, Ger. Laib, loaf mæsse, OHG. missa, messe, Ger. Messe, mass, from ML. missa, mass, from Lat. missa, p.p. fem. of mittere, to send). August 1st. It is one of the cross-quarter days, or half-quarter days, in England. On this day, which is the feast of Saint Peter ad Vincula, it was customary in early times to make offerings of the first fruits of the harvest.

In

LÄMMER, lẽm'měr, HUGO (1835-). A German divine, born at Allenstein, in East Prussia. From 1852 to 1856 he studied Protestant theology at the universities of Königsberg, Leipzig, and Berlin, but afterwards became a convert to Catholicism. He justified his conversion by a pamphlet, Misericordias Domini (1861). 1882 he was made prelate prothonotary, and he lectured for many years on history and law of the Church. His publications include: Clementis Alexandrini de Logo Doctrina (1885); Die vortridentinisch-katholische Theologie des Reforma tionszeitalters, aus den Quellen dargestellt, a prize essay (1858); Zur Kirchengeschichte des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (1863); and Institutionen des katholischen Kirchenrechts (2d ed. 1892).

LAMMERGEIER, lăm'mer-gi'er (Ger. Lämmergeier, lambs' vulture, from Lämmer, pl. of Lamm, OHG., Goth., AS., Eng. lamb + Geier, OHG. gir, vulture; connected with OHG. ger, giri, girig, Ger. gierig, greedy, Goth. gairns, desirous). The largest of European birds of prey (Gypaëtus barbatus), measuring 40 inches or more in length and from 8 to 10 feet in extent of wing. Really an eagle, and therefore one of the Falconida, it has won its name of 'bearded' or 'griffon' vulture from its frequent use of carrion as food, and it often resorts to the remains of vultures' feasts to gather up and devour the scattered bones. Its food ordinarily consists of small mammals and young lambs and chamois, in addition to carrion, but when driven by hunger it has

been known to attack sheep, goats, and even children. In North Africa land tortoises form an important article of its diet, and it is reported to break open their shells by carrying the turtles high in the air and letting them fall upon rocks. Marrow-bones are broken open in the same way. The stories of lammergeiers forcing chamois over precipices, and similar tales indicative of great sagacity and courage, appear to be exaggerated. The fully plumaged bird is handsomely clothed, the back, wings, and tail being brownish black, the lower parts tawny, and the head white, with black marks on the

sides and tufts of black feathers at the mouthangles. The lammergeier ranges from the mountains of Spain and North Africa eastward through the Alps and mountains of Greece into Asia, as far as Northern China. It is now rare in most parts of Europe, and is destroyed when ever an opportunity offers. It is a bird of majestic flight, but has not the royal dignity of some of the eagles. The nest is made of sticks, in a crevice or on a shelf of a cliff, and usually only one egg is laid. This is dull yellow, clouded with rusty brown. See Plate of VULTURES.

LAMMERMUIR ( lăm'mēr-moor') HILLS. A range of low hills in Scotland, on the boundary between Haddington and Berwick shires, terminating in a precipitous coast on the North Sea (Map: Scotland, F 4).

LAMMLE, ALFRED. In Dickens's Our Mutual Friend, a scheming character, flashy in appearance and manners, and fertile in plans for making money. He marries Miss Sophronia Akersham, each mistakenly believing that the other has money, and they live a life of domestic infelicity, though outwardly affectionate and amiable.

LAM'NIDÆ (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Lat. lamna, lamina, thin plate). A family of sharks, represented by two well-defined groups, viz. Lamnæ or porbeagles, having lanceolate teeth, sigmoidally curved and not serrated, and Carcharodontes, having triangular serrated teeth. See PORBEAGLE; MAN-EATER SHARK.

LAMÓN, là-mon'. A bay of the Pacific Ocean on the east coast of the island of Luzon, Philip pines. It reduces Luzon to the narrow isthmus which here separates the southeastern peninsula from the main part of the island. Its length between Point Saley and Point Dapdap is 26 miles, and its depth 20 miles. Between these points lie the large island of Alabat and the Smaller Calbalete, forming two channels whith lead into a large and well-protected harbor, hitherto but little used. On the northwestern shore of the bay are the two anchoring-grounds of Port Lampón and Maubán, which are ports of

call for steamers.

LAMONT, la-mont', DANIEL SCOTT (18511905). An American politician and Cabinet officer, born at Cortlandville, N. Y. He was educated at Union College, but left before graduation to engage in newspaper work in Albany. There he became well known as a political correspondent, held several legislative clerkships, and in 1883 became private secretary to Grover Cleveland, then Governor of New York. When Cleveland became President in 1885, Lamont accompanied him, in the same capacity, to Washington, where he remained until Harrison's inauguration. From 1889 to 1893 he engaged in various busi

ness enterprises in New York City, and in the latter year became Secretary of War in President Cleveland's second Cabinet. In 1897 he became vice-president of the Northern Pacific Railway.

LAMONT, lå-mônt', JOHANN VON (1805-79). A German astronomer and physicist. He was born at Braemar, in Aberdeenshire, of an old Scotch family; studied at Ratisbon, and in 1828 became assistant in the observatory at Bogenhausen, near Munich. In 1833 he was made director of the same observatory, and in 1852 he became professor of astronomy in the University of Munich. His greatest work in astronomy was his minute observations of about 34,000 lesser stars, published in the Annalen der Sternwarte in München. But he did more effective service in the study of terrestrial magnetism; he discovered the decennial period (1850) and the earth current (1862); made Bogenhausen a centre of meteorological research, and wrote: Handbuch des Erdmagnetismus (1849); Astronomie und Erdmagnetismus (1851); and Handbuch des Magnetismus (1867). He made magnetic surveys of Bavaria (1852), of France and Spain (1856), and of North Germany and Denmark (1858).

LAMORICIÈRE, là'mo'rè'syâr', CHRISTOPHE I.EON LOUIS JUCHAULT DE (1806-65). A French general, born at Nantes. He studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, and went to Algeria as a lieutenant of engineers in 1830. In 1833 he became chief of a battalion of zouaves, and in 1837 colonel.

He particularly distinguished himself at the siege of Constantine. From 1841 to 1843 he was engaged in active warfare against the native tribes, defeating Abd-el-Kader in a sanguinary battle near Mascara (1842). In 1844 he took part in the battle of Isly, and was made in 1845 interim Governor of Algeria. To him belongs the glory of concluding the war in Africa, by forcing Abd-el-Kader to surrender in 1847. He had been elected to the Chamber of Deputies from the Department of the Sarthe the previous year, and was reëlected after his return from Algeria. In the Thiers Ministry, which Louis Philippe called to office on February 24, 1848, in a vain endeavor to avert his impending downfall, Lamoricière was made Minister of War. Upon the abdication of the King he sought to proclaim the Duchess of Orleans as Regent: but was caught in the fire of the barricades and narrowly escaped with his life when the Revolution broke out. He commanded the attack on the barricades during the June insurrection, and quelled the tumults of the Socialists. He was Minister of War during the Government of General Cavaignac, and in 1849 was sent by Odilon Barrot on an important diplomatic mission to Russia. He attached himself to the Republican Party in the Legislative Chamber after his return, being a very decided opponent of the schemes of Louis Napoleon. He was arrested on the occasion of the coup d'état of December 2. 1851, and was at first imprisoned in Ham and afterwards exiled, not being allowed to return until 1857. During his exile, which he spent in Germany, Belgium, and England, he became a devout Catholic, and in 1860 was appointed by Pius IX. commander of the Papal troops. He organized an army of young Catholic devotees for the purpose of defending the Holy See from the hateful progress of 'revolution,' and, indirectly, to restore the temporal power to the Pope.

He was, however, compelled to surrender his whole force to the Sardinian general Cialdini, at Ancona, after having been defeated at Castelfidardo, September 18, 1860. He returned to France, and died near Amiens, September 11, 1865.

LAMORMAIN, lå'môr'măN', WILHELM GERMAIN (1570-1648). An Austrian Jesuit, born at La Moire Mennie, a village near Luxemburg. He joined the Jesuits in 1590 at Brünn. In 1596 he was ordained priest, in 1623 he became principal of the Vienna College, and next year he was made confessor to the Emperor Ferdinand II. He published Ferdinandi II. Virtutes (1637), which appeared in the following year under the title of Idea Principis Christiani. His corre spondence with Emperor Ferdinand and his family was published by Dudik (1877).

LA MOTTE, là mot, ANTOINE HOUDAR DE (1672-1731). A French author and critic, born in Paris. His first work, a comedy, Les originaux (1693), was a failure, but he continued to produce operas, ballets, and tragedies, one of which, Inès de Castro (1723), was successful for many years. He was admitted to the Academy in 1710, and two years afterwards became blind. His Réflexions sur la critique (1715) has some value. One edition of his works appeared in 1754, Œuvres choisies in 1811, Œuvres de théâtre in 1730, and Lettres in 1754.

LA MOTTE-FOUQUÉ. See FoUQUÉ.

LA MOTTE-VALOIS, vå'lwä', JEANNE DE LUZ DE SAINT RÉMY, Comtesse de (1756-91). A French adventuress. See DIAMOND NECKLACE, THE AFFAIR OF THE.

LAMOUREUX, là'moo're', CHARLES (183499). A French violinist and conductor, born in Bordeaux. He studied at the Paris Conservatory, and won the first prize for violin in 1854. He afterwards played first violin at the Opéra,

and founded a society for chamber music. In 1873 he organized the Société de l'Harmonie Sacrée, which in 1875 gave the first performance of the Messiah in Paris. In 1876 he became

assistant conductor, and in 1878 first conductor at the Opéra. In 1880 he was made a knight of the Legion of Honor. His inauguration of the Nouveaux concerts in 1881 was a continuation of the work begun by Colonne. Many new composers, particularly Wagner, had their first hearing in France at these concerts. He produced the operas Lohengrin and Tristan und Isolde for the first time in Paris, and proved himself a good interpreter of German music. He died

in Paris.

LAMP (from Lat. lampas, Gk. λaurás, torch, from Xáμme, lampein, to shine). A contriv ance in which is burned some substance, usually a liquid, whose flame is characterized by illuminating power. The most primitive lamps were probably the skulls of animals. in which fat was burned, while certain sea-shells were also employed for this purpose.

When pottery and metal began to be used, the principle of these natural lamps was for a long time retained, as seen in ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman lamps, and in the stone cups and boxes of northern nations. Such lamps were called lychna by the Greeks and lucerne by the Romans, and various modifications of the form are frequently found in the ruins of Greek and

Roman cities; very considerable numbers have been obtained from the excavations of Tarsus and of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The principle in all is the same. At first these lucerna were made of unglazed pottery, and only with one wick-hole; but better material and more elaborate forms were introduced, and their lightgiving power was increased by their being made to hold several wicks, from two to twelve. The wick used in this lamp was generally made of flax-tow; sometimes, however, of rushes and other vegetable fibres.

The

Among the northern nations of antiquity lamps were in use, but the difference of climate necessitated a different kind of lamp. limpid oils of the present day were unknown. The solid fat of various animals was their chief illuminating material, except on the seacoast, where seal and whale oil occasionally helped them. Small open stone pots, afterwards exchanged for metal, were used, and being partly filled with grease, a wick was thrust down through the middle, and, being lighted, consumed the fat as it melted. Stone cups of this kind are occasionally dug up in Scotland and elsewhere; in principle they are the same as the padelle, used in Italian illuminations, and the old grease-pots which once formed the footlights of theatres. The Eskimos form square boxes of soapstone, and use them in the same way.

No great improvement took place in the construction of lamps until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Taste had been shown in the designs, but the principle remained the same —a wick absorbing oil from the reservoir of the without modification or improvement, unless it lamp to supply itself during combustion, and be that effected by the invention of Argand in 1784. (See ARGAND.) In 1803 Carcel, another Frenchman, made an improvement on the lamp by applying clockwork, which acts by raising the oil up tubes in connection with the wick, so that the latter is kept continually soaked.

The introduction of mineral oils-known under the various names of paraffin oil, petroleum, kerosene, naphtha, coal oil, etc.-has superseded the use of animal oils and vegetable oils for lighting purposes. These oils, being much more volatile than animal and vegetable oils, rise freely into the wick and keep it saturated without the use of any mechanical devices. Another advantage is their cheapness. One great difficulty with the mineral oils at first was that, without careful preparation, they are apt to give off inflammable vapors at a low temperature, which give rise to dangerous explosions. This has been obviated by processes of rectification which get rid of the lighter and more volatile ingredients. Another difficulty was to make the oil burn without smoke, for, being very rich in carbon, an abundant supply of Oxygen is necessary. The kind of lamp found to effect this purpose best was introduced into Great Britain from Germany about 1856, and, with minor improvements, the form is still adhered to. The body of the lamp is a reservoir of glass or other material for the oil; into this a brass wick-holder is screwed, the wick being raised or lowered by means of a rack and pinion. The peculiarity of the kerosene lamp is a dome-shaped cap surrounding the wick-tube, and having a slit running across it, through which the flame issues.

A long glass chimney rests on a ledge or gallery around the base of the cap; and by perforations in the brass an air-chamber is formed below. The chimney causes a strong draught through this chamber, and the cap or dome deflects the current of air, and makes it impinge against the flame as it passes through the slit, thus producing perfect combustion and a white, brilliant light without smoke. The demand for these lamps is extremely large, and their manufacture and sale forms an extensive business. Duplex and triplex burners were subsequently invented, in which two or three wicks are arranged side by side, with two or three parallel openings in the dome of the burner. The round burner (see ARGAND) has been adapted to mineral oils, and, on account of the great brilliancy of the light afforded, is very popular. The great difficulty at first experienced with round burners was obtain a sufficient supply of oxygen for the inside of the flame. This has been obviated in the centraldraught burner, in which there is a circular airchannel extending through the burner and the

0

LAMP.

Wick

Burner

to

Section of Rochester Lamp, showing central-draught burner.

oil-reservoir itself. A modification of the central-draught burner is the student lamp, in which the oil-reservoir is separated from the burner and connected with it by a tube, through which the flow of oil is so regulated that only as much reaches the wick as is needed for consumption. These lamps do not give out the heat of the ordinary central-draught burner, and the adjustable burner can be placed as near the base as desired, without the oil-reservoir intervening. See ELECTRIC LIGHTING; PETROLEUM.

LAMPAD'EPHO'RIA (Lat., from Gk. λαμ#adnpopía, a bearing of torches). A torch-race, such as was held in many places in the Greek world in honor of various divinities. At Athens we know of important torch-races in honor of Prometheus, Hephaestus, Athena, Pan, and Artemis-Bendis, a Thracian goddess. The latter was held in the Piræus, and the contestants were mounted. The race seems to have originated in honor of Prometheus (q.v.) and his gift of fire to mankind. At his festival the course was from his altar at the Academy to the Dipylon gate.

At other festivals the start was at the altar of Eros, in the same neighborhood, but the goal is not certain. Two kinds of torch-race on foot seem described. One was a sort of relay race, where the torches were passed from one runner to another, and the band whose lighted torch first reached the goal was the victor. The other was a race between individuals, each of whom strove to bring his lighted torch to the goal. If the torch was extinguished, the runner was disquali fied. The torches seem to have been of wax, and were provided with a handle and shield to protect the hand. In some races the runners carried also shields on the left arm, as in the race in arinor. The race was regarded as a severe test requiring careful training. In addition to the handbooks and dictionaries of classical antiquities, consult the careful study by Sterrett, in American Journal of Philology, vol. xxii. (Baltimore, 1901).

LAMPAS. A disease of the horse (see Diseases of the Mouth, in the article HORSE). Lampas, or the swelling of the mucous membrane, is not a common disease, although it is a common habit among stablemen to attribute the disease to any horse that refuses its food; or, in the case of a young animal when teething, there arises a condition of congestion and swelling of the roof of the mouth, which interferes with feeding. The remedy in common use is to apply an astringent wash of alum-water, and if necessary the swollen parts are scarified. The practice of burning the lampas is very severely condemned.

LAMPASAS, làm-pä'sas. A town and the county-seat of Lampasas County, Tex., 60 miles (direct) north by west of Austin; on a branch of the Lampasas River, and on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad, and the terminus of a branch of the Houston and Texas Central (Map: Texas, E 4). It has a considerable trade in cotton, grain, wool, hides, agricultural produce, live stock, poultry, and eggs; and its industries are represented by cotton-gins, flour-mills, wagonshops, etc. Sulphur springs have given the locality considerable popularity as a health resort. Population, in 1890, 2408; in 1900, 2107.

LAMPBLACK. Soot, produced on a com mercial scale by the imperfect combustion of various materials, such as coal-tar or wood-tar. pitch, petroleum, rosin, etc. These substances are burned in a fireplace, the dense smoke passing through a long brickwork flue into the chambers where the soot collects. The finest quality of lampblack is deposited in the last of these chambers. This portion of the soot may be used directly for making printers' ink and for similar purposes, but to render it fit for making water colors the lampblack must be subjected to a process of purification. This may be effected by digesting the soot with hot sulphuric acid. then washing with water.

LAMPER EEL, or LAMPERN. See LAM

PREY.

LAMPLIGHTER, THE. A novel by Maria Susanna Cummins (1854), very popular at the time.

LAMP'MAN, ARCHIBALD (1861-99). A Canadian poet, born at Morpeth, Ontario, November 17. 1861. He was descended from a German family of Loyalists who emigrated from Pennsyl vania at the outbreak of the Revolution. After graduating from Trinity College, Toronto (1882),