J

The tenth letter of the English alphabet, and the latest letter added to our script. In form, J was at first merely a variation of I, and both characters were used interchangeably for either vowel or consonant. A differentiation later followed in the value of the symbols. J was appropriated to represent the consonant sound, I was confined to the vowel. In English this usage did not become established until the seventeenth century. In the minuscule letter the dot over the j is a proof of its original identity

with i.

PHONETIC CHARACTER. In English has the composite sound of d+zh, as in judge. It is thus a combination of the voiced dental explosive and the voiced palatal spirant. In French, however, the spirant value (zh) alone is given the letter, as in jour (j pronounced as the z in Eng lish azure); in German j has the original y-sound of the Latin i-consonant; in Spanish the j has a sound resembling a guttural ch. As to its source, the English j appears chiefly in words derived from the Romance languages, and hence from the Latin j (i), or di. Thus, the English word 'to judge' has its j from the OF. jugier, Lat. judicare; on the other hand, Eng. 'journal' is through the French journal from the Lat. diurnalis. fore the differentiation of J and I in English the combination Gi for J was sometimes used in Middle English, as in Gives for Jews, no doubt under Romance influence; cf. Ital. Giovanni, from Lat.

Johannes.

Be

JABALPUR, jub'ul-poor', or JUBBULPORE. A division of the Central Provinces (q.v.), British India. It comprises the districts of Jabalpur, Saugor, Damoh, Seoni, and Mandla, and has an area of 19,003 square miles. Population, in 1891, 2,375,600; in 1901, 2,061,000. Capital, Jabalpur.

JABALPUR, or JUBBULPORE. The capital of a district and division of the Central Provinces, and one of the most important railroad junctions of British India, near the Nerbudda River, 200 miles southwest of Allahabad (Map: India, D 4). It is 1458 feet above the sea, picturesquely situated in a hilly, rock-encircled basin marked with numerous gorges. The town has wide and straight streets, an industrial school, and a military establishment. It manufactures cotton goods and carpets, and its export and import trade is of considerable importance. It was formerly the great centre of the

67

Thugs or stranglers, who were eventually suppressed by the British Government. The Marble Rocks, eleven miles distant, is a favorite excursion place and a scene of great natural beauty and interest. Population, in 1891, 84,500; in

1901, 89,700.

JAB'BOK (Heb. yabbōk, copious river, probably from bakak, to pour forth). A stream of the East Jordan country, which rises near Rabbath Ammon, and after a course of about 65 miles, not taking into account its numerous windings, empties into the Jordan 23 miles north of the Dead Sea. The modern name is Nahr ez-Zerqa (blue river'). Its banks offer some Before the conquest of Canaan it separated the of the most picturesque scenery of Palestine. territories of Ammonites and Amorites (Joshua xii. 2), and later flowed through the Land of Gad. On its banks Jacob had his encounter with the mysterious antagonist (Gen. xxxii. 24-25), though it may be that the Yarnuck was the stream originally meant.

JAB'IRU (Brazilian name). (1) A large stork (Mycteria Americana), common in tropical America, and occasionally found as far north as Texas. It is about 4 feet long and 7 feet across the wings. The plumage is pure white, but the head and neck are destitute of feathers and are black, with a reddish or flesh-colored ring around the base of the neck. The bill is a foot long, very thick at the base, and slightly bent upward at the tip. The jabiru is the only true stork (subfamily Ciconiina) found in North America. (2) Two other storks, one Oriental and the other African, which are so closely allied that, were they not widely separated, they would probably be considered as members of a single genus. The former is the black-bellied jabiru of Australia (Xenorhynchus Australis), represented in Southeastern Asia by a similar species or variety; and the latter is the handsome 'saddle-billed' stork (Ephippiorhynchus Senegalensis) of the Sudan, one of the most common and conspicuous wading birds of the marshy region of the Upper Nile. JABLOCHKOFF (yäʼblõch-kôf) CANDLE. See ELECTRIC LIGHTING.

JABLONOWSKI, yä blô-nov'ské, JOSEPH ALEXANDER (1712-77). A Polish-German patron of letters. He was Waywode of Nowogrodek, and left his fatherland in 1768. He went to Leipzig, where he endowed the Jablonowski Scientific Association, and offered three prizes for

monographs on Polish history, economics, and mathematics or physics. This association began its work in 1774, and after an interval of inactivity was revived in 1828. It published Acta Societatis Jablonoviana (1772-73); Nova Acta (1802-45); and the series of prize monographs (1847 sqq.).—STANISLAS (1634-1702), of the same family, was one of the conspirators against King Michael, and a leader of the Poles in the war with Turkey. He was made a German prince by the Emperor Leopold for his services at Vienna. Jonsac's Histoire de Stanislas Jablonovski was translated into Polish by a second PRINCE STANISLAS (1799-1878), a Polish artillery officer.

JABLONSKI, yå-blôn'skê, DANIEL ERNST (1660-1741). A Polish Protestant theologian, born near Dantzic, Prussia. He studied in the Frankfort University and in those of England and the Netherlands. In 1683 he took charge of the Reformed Church in Magdeburg, where he distinguished himself as a preacher. Three years afterwards he became rector at the Moravian College, Lissa. Frederick I. chose him for his chaplain (1691-93), and by 1699 he was the leading bishop of the Moravian Church. That year he published his Hebrew Bible, and he also brought out an edition of the Talmud (1715-21), besides translating into Latin Bentley's sermons on "A Confutation of Atheism," which formed the first course of the Boyle Lectures. His knowledge of Oriental languages was one of his qualifications for the presidency of the Berlin Royal Academy of Sciences (1733), and he labored long, though unsuccessfully, to bring about a union between the followers of Calvin and Luther.

JABON, Hå-Bōn', or JABONCILLO, Hä'bonthe lyd. See SOAPFISH.

JAB'ORAN'DI. A name given in South America to several species of plants used as diaphoretics. The plants grow chiefly in Brazil, and are most known in the neighborhood of Pernambuco. Those recognized by the Pharmacopoeia of the United States are Pilocarpus Selloanus and Pilocarpus Jaborandi. When bruised the leaves are aromatic, and taste somewhat bitter. The important constituents are a volatile oil and two alkaloids called pilocarpine and jaborine. The latter alkaloid somewhat resembles atropine in its action. An infusion of the leaves or a fluid extract or tincture may be given internally; or one of the salts may be administered with a hypodermic syringe. When an infusion of 90 grains of the dried leaves is swallowed, it produces in the course of two or three minutes a flushing of the face, and in the course of five or six minutes drops of sweat appear on the forehead, and soon afterwards on other parts of the body and limbs. When sweating is established the face becomes pale, and a profuse secretion of saliva and nasal and bronchial mucus is poured out upon the mucous surface, and often there is an abundant secretion of tears. The salivation is often so profuse as to interfere with speech. The average duration of sweating is about one hour and a half, and the temperature usually falls 1° F. The average loss of fluid by sweating is nearly two pints, but the loss is said sometimes to be four quarts if the salivary and mucous secretions are included. Sometimes, though rarely, sweating does not take place, but salivation is more frequently absent than sweat

ing. When one of these is diminished the other is increased. Vomiting is a usual occurrence, but the nausea is not great. The quantity of urine secreted during the sweating is diminished and is passed with pain. Urea appears in the perspiration and saliva. The pulse is quickened at first and later slowed, and the arterial tension is increased. Larger doses later cause marked cardiac depression. The sight frequently becomes dimmed-an effect attributed to the action of the drug on the muscles of accommodation belonging to the lens. (See EYE.) Jaborandi is an effective galactagogue, or promoter of the lacteal secretion. The hypodermic injection of one-sixth or one-fifth of a grain of pilocarpine or the hydrochlorate produces much the same effects as the internal administration of the infusion of the leaves, but the action is more prompt as well as more lasting. With the hypodermic injection sweating always takes place, and vomiting is less frequent. Applied locally to the eye it causes marked contraction of the pupil and diminution of intraocular tension. In general it may be said that the action of pilocarpine is antagonistic to that of atropine.

The medical uses of jaborandi are few, and it should be used internally only with caution, on account of its depressing action upon the heart. It has been employed to cause absorption of effusions into the serous cavities, either those of inflammatory origin, such as pleurisy, or those due to circulatory failure or insufficient action of the kidneys, such as hydrothorax and dropsy. It may be said that other remedies may be found which are quite as efficacious and lack the depressing effect. In uræmia and eclampsia it has been used, but Veratrum viride is now preferred. In conjunction with morphine it is employed as an antidote in atropine poisoning. Its chief use, however, is in glaucoma (q.v.), in which its local application to the eye causes diminution of the intraocular tension. It is sometimes employed to break up adhesions of the iris by contracting the pupil. For this purpose it is alternated with atropine, which causes dilatation. It is used internally and locally to cause a thicker and coarser growth of hair.

to the breadfruit. JACA, jäʼkå. A tropical tree, closely related See JACK-TREE.

JACAMAR (Fr., Sp. jacamar, from Brazilian jacamarica). One of the birds of the tropical American family Galbulidæ, of which about twenty-four species are known, all inhabitants of the region east of the Andes. They are comparatively small, are brilliant in plumage, resemble the bee-eaters of the Old World, and in their habits are like the arboreal insectivorous

kingfishers. The Brazilians call them 'foolish' on account of their stupidity. Jacamars build their nests in holes in banks or stumps, and lay only two white eggs.

JACANA, jǎk'å-nå, Port. pron. zhä'så-nä (Brazilian jaçaná). One of the small, rail-like plovers of the family Parridæ, remarkable for their carpal spurs and for the extraordinary length of their toes and claws, adapted to the bird's habit of seeking its food (green sprouts of rice and the like, insects, and small aquatic animals) by walking on the floating leaves of the water-plants in weedy lakes and slow rivers. They belong to the tropics of various parts of the world. The common species of South

America (Jacana spinosa), abundant in Guiana and Brazil, is about 10 inches long; black, except the back and part of the wings, which are of a bright chestnut color. Another species (Jacana gymnostoma) is found in tropical America, and extends its range as far north as Texas. The prevailing color of the plumage is rich purplish chestnut. Their general habits are much like those of the gallinules, which they resemble in bodily appearance. The strong spur with which the bend of each wing is armed is a formidable weapon in the fighting that seems incessant among them.

Of the ten or a dozen Old World species, one or two need special mention. The pheasant-tailed jacana or water-pheasant' (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) is a familiar bird throughout the Oriental region, and, like another species (of Northern Australia), is often called 'lotus-bird,' because of its fondness for places where that plant prevails. Its colors are pleasing, and its tail is prolonged by four very long feathers, which suggest those of a pheasant. During the rains, in their favorite haunts, each pair forms a rude flat nest of weeds and grass, interwoven beneath with the long shoots of aquatic plants, which support it buoyantly on the surface. All the family lay rich olive-brown eggs, closely marked with dark lines. This bird is a favorite subject for representation in the native art of all the countries from India to Japan. The genus Metopedius, hardly different from the American jacana, has representatives in Africa, Madagascar, and India; and the genus Hydrolector belongs to Northern Australia and the neighboring islands. Consult authorities for South America, India, and the East, mentioned under BIRD. See Plate of RAILS, ETC.

JAC'ARAN'DA WOOD (Brazilian name). A hard, heavy, brown South American wood, which from its faint odor is also called rosewood. It is derived from several species of Jacaranda, of the natural order Bignoniaceæ. Several species locally called caroba, etc., are employed medicinally in many South American countries.

JACARÉ, jăk'å-ra', Port. pron. zhä'kå-rā' (Port. jacaré, jacareo, from the Brazilian name). Any of the caymans or alligators (qq.v.) of tropical America, the species of which are distinguished by some qualifying word. Thus the 'jacaré tinga' is the small six-foot Caiman trigonatus, with the slender muzzle and black-banded tail; ‘jacaré nassu' is the great Caiman niger, sometimes 20 feet long. Used alone, the name usually means the 'common' cayman (Caiman sclerops), which is very numerous from Southern Mexico to Northern Argentina. It is of medium size, and is distinguished especially by the fact that the upper eyelid is rugose, partly ossified, and often produced into a small horn. All these alligators spread into the flooded forests in the wet season and congregate in the river-courses during the dry season. They do vast damage to stock, and kill many human beings; but their hides are of commercial value, and their flesh is eaten by all the Amazonian Indians.

JACCOUD, zhȧ'koo, FRANÇOIS SIGISMOND (1830-). A French physician, born at Geneva. He went to Paris about 1850 as a music-teacher; studied medicine, winning a gold medal in 1859, and his degree in 1860; and in 1863 became assistant in the medical faculty. He was ap

pointed titular professor in the Faculty of Medicine in 1876, member of the Académie de Médicine in 1877, and in 1883 began to teach in the medical clinic at the Pitié. He wrote: De l'organisation des facultés de médecine en Allemagne (1864), a report on his official investigation; Leçons de clinique médicale (1867-88); Traité de pathologie interne (7th ed. 1883); Du froid comme cause de pneumonie (1887); and a translation from Graves, Clinique médicale (1861-62); and he edited the Nouveau dictionnaire de médicine et de chirurgie (1864-86).

JACHIN (jā ́kin) AND BOAZ. The names of the two brazen pillars which Solomon set up in the porch of the temple (I. Kings vii. 15-21).

JACHMANN, yäg'mån, EDUARD KARL EMANUEL (1822-87). A German naval officer, born at Dantzic. In 1859-62 he took part in the expedition to East Asia and China, and in 1864 defeated the Danes near Jasmund, on the island of Rügen, whereupon he was promoted to be rearadmiral. Placed at the head of the Navy Department in 1867, he was made vice-admiral in the following year, and in the Franco-German War was commander of the German fleet in the North Sea.

JACITARA (jǎs'ï-tä'rå) PALM (South American Indian), Desmoncus macroacanthos. A palm found in the lowland forests of the Amazon. It has a slender, flexible stem which often climbs, by means of hooks, to a height of 60 or 70 feet. The outer part of the stem, cut into long strips, is much used to make the plaited cylinders in which grated cassava-root is squeezed in the process of extracting the starch. These wicker cylinders, which are very durable, will outlast two or three made from other fibres. The material seems suitable for many other purposes.

JACK. A piece of mechanical apparatus for raising heavy weights short distances. Jacks are made in a variety of forms, but may be divided into screw jacks, hydraulic jacks and geared jacks. The screw jack or jack screw is so familiar a device that no description is necessary. Hydraulic jacks are portable forms of hydraulic presses. In geared jacks a combination of levers and gearing takes the place of the screw of the screw jack and the water of the hydraulic jacks. The essential requirement of a jack is that it shall be of compact and sturdy construction and shall be conveniently portable. The ordinary screw jack is an excellent illustraSee HYDRAULIC tion of all these qualities. PRESS.

JACK. In the United States Navy, a blue flag with white stars, corresponding in all respects to the similar portions of the national flag, which is sometimes called the union. In Great Britain and Germany the jack is a flag which is similar to the upper quarter of the man-of-war flag which is nearest the staff. In countries which have no union in their man-of-war flag, the jack more nearly resembles the colors carried at the stern except in size. It is set on a staff at the stem, or on the bowsprit cap of rigged ships. It has no particular significance at the present time, but is usually hoisted in port, except when coaling ship, or when similar work is going on.

JACK, or JACKFISH. A name applied, often in connection with some qualifying word, to

many fishes, usually marked by liveliness of action. (1) A pickerel, especially the Eastern green pickerel. (2) One of the Californian rockfish (Sebastodes paucispinis). (3) Either of two West Indian amberfishes (Seriola Lalandi or Seriola Dumerili), more often called 'amber jacks.' (4) Any of various scads and crevalles, especially the jurel (q.v.).

JACK, CAPTAIN. A picturesque character in American frontier life about the middle of the eighteenth century, called also the Black Hunter or Black Rifle. After the massacre of

his family and burning of his home on the Juniata by Indians, he devoted himself unceasingly to vengeance, and gathered about him a band of daring men, who in Indian dress engaged in a relentless pursuit of all Indians and in the defense of white settlers. The name is applied also to KI-ENT-POOS, the principal leader of the Modoc Indians (q.v.) in northern California in the war of 1872-73. He acquired notoriety by the deliberate murder of General Canby while attending a peace conference, for which he and others concerned in the attack on the commissioners were hanged, on the final suppression of the outbreak.

JACKAL (OF. jackal, jakal, Fr., Sp. chacal, from Ar. jaqāl, from Pers. shaghal, from Skt. sṛgāla, jackal). The common name of a number of species of the genus Canis, abounding in Asia, Africa, and Southeastern Europe. They agree in all their most important characters with wolves and dogs (see CANIDE), although the

form and tail are somewhat fox-like. The head is narrow and the muzzle pointed. The ears are erect and rather large. The tail is not so long as in foxes, but is almost equally bushy. All the jackals are of small size, as compared with wolves, seldom exceeding 15 inches in height at the shoulder. Their colors are buff and tawny, more or less grizzled; the tip of the tail is always dark. They make holes for themselves in the ground, or take possession of such as already exist among rocks or ruins; and in these they spend the day, not venturing abroad, as a rule, till the dusk of evening. They hunt during the night in troops, and their howlings are described by all who have heard them as peculiarly unpleasant. The notion that the jackal is the lion's provider' is one of the exploded fables of natural history, although it may have some foundation in the lion's occasionally following a troop of jackals in full cry, and appropriating 'the lion's share.' Jackals are not only ready to devour any animal which they can run down, but any carrion that they may find. They follow armies; they dig up the ill-buried dead; they rob hen-roosts and outhouses; but they are as omnivorous as domestic dogs, and eat farinaceous or other vegetable food when it comes in their way; they are even said, like foxes, to enter vineyards and devour the grapes. They have a very offensive smell, which, however, is said to diminish through domestication, and they are domesticated without difficulty. Everywhere jackals interbreed with native dogs, and doubtless they contributed essentially to the early stock. The foregoing applies especially to the 'common' jackal (Canis aureus), which is spread, with many variations, throughout the semi-desert region from the Sudan to Afghanistan, India and Burma, and also is common on the plains of

Greece and European Turkey. In Northern India it is known as 'pheal,' and in Southern India as 'bhalu,' and many weird stories are told of it and its relations to the tiger. The African variety is rather larger and grayer than the Asiatic.

The black-backed jackel or 'tenlie' (Canis mesomelas) is a very distinct species, of bright coloration. The sides and limbs are red to reddish

yellow; the back and end of the tail are black. It is widely distributed throughout Eastern and Southern Africa, and its handsome fur is highly prized. A third African species, the side-striped jackal (Canis adustus), called 'rubuyo' on the West Coast, and 'canduc' eastwardly, is widely the others in having rather shorter and much scattered south of the equator, and differs from darker ears, and the sides marked with one or more curving light bands, bordered with blacka feature, however, which is highly variable. Compare Dog, Fox, WOLF; and see Plate of FOXES AND JACKALS.

JACK-AMEND-ALL. A nickname given to Jack Cade (q.v.).

JACK AND JILL. A nursery song. The name Jill is a corruption of the Norman Julienne, The prototypes of Jack and Jill in Norse once common in England in the form Gillian. mythology are two children rescued by the moon from their father, who forced them to draw water all day. The Scandinavian peasantry still see in the spots on the face of the moon the children with their pail.

A nur

JACK AND THE BEAN-STALK. sery legend found in the folk-lore of many peoples. The harp has been interpreted as the wind, the bags of treasures as the rain, the red hen as the sun.

JACKASS. A domestic donkey; often abbreviated into 'jack,' especially to designate an entire male. See paragraph Donkey under Ass. JACKASS KINGFISHER. See LAUGHING JACKASS.

JACKASS PENGUIN. Any penguin of the genus Spheniscus, so called from their cry, which is similar to the braying of a donkey. See PENGUIN.

JACK BRAG. A pretentious character in Theodore Hook's novel of the same name (1837). JACKDAW. A familiar Old World crow

It is 13 or

(Corvus monedula), very widely distributed in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. 14 inches long, and deep black in color, appearing dark gray on the neck, but with a steel-blue gloss elsewhere. It frequents towns and villages, and makes its home in towers, steeples, old chimneys, and similar places. It is more or less gregarious and social, is easily domesticated, and exhibits great shrewdness in all its actions. Like other crows, it has considerable power of mimicry, and makes an interesting and often an amusing pet.

It builds a large nest of sticks and twigs, lined with wool and other soft substances, and lays four to seven eggs, similar to those of American crows.

JACKDAW OF RHEIMS, rēmz, THE. One of the best-known of the Ingoldsby Legends, the story of a jackdaw which stole the ring of a cardinal, and, through the curse laid by the cardinal on the thief, was afflicted until he restored

the ring. He afterwards became a very upright bird, and on his death was canonized by the name of Jim Crow. The legend is in verse, and shows the author's singular facility in metrical arrangement. It has been made into a 'comic cantata' with very effective music by George Fox.

JACKET (OF. jaquette, jaquet, diminutive of jaque, Sp. jaco, It. giaco, Eng. jack, cheap coat of mail). A long cylinder of steel surrounding the tube of a gun for about half its length from the breech end and projecting slightly beyond the latter. See ORDNANCE; GUNS, NAVAL. JACK FROST. The personification of frost or cold in nursery tales.

JACK HORNER. An old and familiar English nursery rhyme. Various explanations of its origin have been given. It is said that the Abbot of Glastonbury sent to Henry VIII., or to the commissioners, when the estates of the monasteries were seized, the title deeds to certain manors, and for safety inclosed them in a pasty, which was intrusted to a messenger. The latter opened the crust and extracted the deeds of the manor of Wells, and the abbot was punished for having withheld them. The rhyme is said by Halliwell to be derived from "Jack and his Stepdame," an older production.

JACKING. A form of hunting and fishing formerly much resorted to, but now generally forbidden by statute. The method of jacking

deer is to wait until the animal comes down to the water's edge to drink, when the hunter noiselessly approaches it in a small boat or canoe, which has a bright jack lantern fitted to the bow. The device not only fascinates the deer, but holds its attention long enough to enable the hunter to take a deliberate aim, in which he is greatly aided by the reflection of the light on the animal's eyes. A similar device is sometimes used in fishing at night. See DeerSTALKING; HUNTING.

JACK-IN-THE-GREEN. The name of one of the principal characters in the May day festivities in England. The part is usually taken by a boy, whose costume is profusely adorned with wreaths of flowers or greens. Sometimes called Jack-a-green. Consult Strutt, Sports and Pastimes of the English People, ed. by Hone (London, 1830), and often revised since then. See MAY.

JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT, INDIAN TURNIP (Arisama triphyllum). An American perennial herb of the natural order Araceæ, common in moist, shady woods. It has a rather large, flattish corm or tuber noted for its acridity and often used in domestic medicine; usually two leaves of three leaflets each; and a club-shaped spadix covered by a green or purple spathe which falls away in early summer and exposes the conspicuous red berries at maturity. When planted in cool, moist, rich soil the plant succeeds well in gardens.

JACK KETCH. A former familiar title for the hangman in England, dating from the time of John Ketch (died 1686), public executioner during the reign of James II. The name is also said to be a corruption of Jacquett's, from the name of the lord of the manor of Tyburn. In France the headsman is euphemistically styled M. de Paris.

JACK O' LANTERN. See IGNIS FATUUS. JACK PUDDING. The English equivalent of the German Hanwurst.

JACK RABBIT. See HARE.

JACK ROBINSON. A name occurring in the phrase 'Before you can say Jack Robinson,' with the meaning of 'instantly.' The origin of the phrase is unknown. It has been referred to a humorous song by Hudson, a London tobacconist; to a Jack Robinson distinguished by the briefness of his visits to his neighbors and his hasty departures; and by Halliwell to an old play, in which it is cited under the form "as as tys to saye Jacke! robys on." JACK SALMON. The wall-eyed pike. See PIKE-PERCH.

easie

JACK SNIPE. (1) A sportsman's name in America for the 'pectoral' sandpiper (Tringa maculata) of the books, also called 'meadowsnipe' and 'grass-snipe.' It is 81⁄2 to 9 inches long; the wing 5 to 51⁄2 inches. Its color is yellowish brown, striped with blackish above; the scapulars have chestnut edgings; belly and chin white; throat and breast ashy, shaded and sharply streaked; rump blackish; bill and feet greenish. It is migratory in the United States, winters to the southward, and as a rule breeds

only in subarctic Canada and Alaska, where it is very numerous in summer west of the Mackenzie, growing rare toward the east. It is very

JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.

Its

abundant, however, in Labrador in summer. of the cordillera and plains, for it is never course of migration seems to be mainly eastward

numerous west of Manitoba. It is different from most sandpipers in its snipe-like behavior; that is, it does not go much in flocks, but appears upon the marshes singly or in pairs.

(2) The 'jack snipe' or 'half snipe' (Gallinago gallinula) of Great Britain is a true snipe (q.v.) about half the size of the common typical species of Europe. It is rather infrequent in England, and is noted for lying so close as almost to be trodden upon before rising.