of Southern Italy, kept for centuries under a burdensome despotism, showed themselves, on the whole, deficient in training for self-government, which comes more naturally to the Tuscans, Lombards, Piedmontese, and Venetians. After 1879 the south was most influential in the politics of the Kingdom, and served to give them an unstable and factional character, in which the Mafia (q.v.) and the Camorra (q.v.) were not altogether without a part. Almost as a necessity, arising from the relations by which its independence was secured, Italy endeavored to maintain a place among the great powers, and this entailed expenditures for the army and navy, which became insupportable burdens upon the people. In 1883 Italy entered the Triple Alliance (q.v.) with Germany and Austria. The gravest problem, however, that presented itself to the Italian Government was that of its relations with the Vatican. Ever since the Papal See was shorn of its temporal power, the Pope, refusing to recognize the guarantees to his spiritual authority offered by the secular Government, has insisted upon regarding himself as a prisoner in the Vatican. Until 1876 the constitutional Right retained control for the most part, but in that year, with the accession of the Ministry of the Sicilian Depretis, the radical Left came into power. In 1881 an electoral reform act was passed by the Chambers, by which the suffrage was vastly extended. Between 1880 and 1890 Italy acquired considerable territory in Africa on the Red Sea littoral. Aggressions upon Abyssinia brought about strained relations with that kingdom, which finally led to war. After the Italian army had met a crushing defeat at Adowa (March 1, 1896) much of the territory that had been snatched from Abyssinia was restored by the Treaty of Adis Abeba, October 26, 1896. Italy also gave up its unfounded claim to a protectorate over Abyssinia. (See ABYSSINIA; ERITREA.) In February, 1890, an Italian protectorate was established over the Somali coast, south of British Somaliland. Victor Em manuel died January 9, 1878, and was succeeded by his son Humbert (Umberto) I. On July 29, 1900, King Humbert was assassinated at Monza by an Italian anarchist, Angelo Bresci. The King's son, Victor Emmanuel III., succeeded to the throne. Italy took part in the military expedition of the Powers to China in 1900. After 1899 the old attitude of distrust towards France gave way to relations of growing intimacy, chiefly brought about by the acquiescence of the latter power in Italian ambitions in Tripolis. In the Algeciras conference in 1906, dealing with the question of Morocco, Italy supported France against Germany. The Triple alliance, formally renewed in 1902, has nevertheless remained intact. In September, 1904, there was a general strike upheaval marked by serious disorder in the cities of the north. In Milan the socialists were for a few days in complete control. In the same month an heir was born to the King. In July, 1905, the government resumed the management of the State railways which had been leased to private companies in 1885. In September there were violent earthquake shocks in Calabria attended by great loss of life, and in April, 1906, Vesuvius, which had been in a state of eruption for a year, burst into sudden activity, the lava overwhelming a number of villages on the mountain slope.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. GENERAL: DESCRIPTIVE. Vallardi, L'Italia sotto l'aspetto fisico, storico, let

terario, artistico, militare et statistico (Milan, 1856-86); Altavilla, Il regno d'Italia (Turin, 1875); Laveleye, L'Italie actuelle (Paris, 1881); Nissen, Italische Landeskunde, vol. i. (Berlin, 1883); Hare, Cities of Southern Italy (London, 1883); id., Cities of Central Italy (ib., 1884); id., Cities of Northern Italy (ib., 1884); De Amicis, Travels in Italy, trans. (New York, 1886); Premoli, L'Italia geografica illustrata (Milan, 1891); Strafforello, La Patria, geografia dell' Italia (Turin, 1891 et seq.); Corti, Le provincie d'Italia sotto l'aspetto geografico e storico (ib., 1891 et seq.); Fischer, "Die südeuropäischen Halbinseln," in Unser Wissen von der Erde (Prague, 1893).

AGRICULTURE. Cantoni, L'agricoltura in Italia (Milan, 1885); Eheberg, Agrarisc e Zustände in Italien (Leipzig, 1886); Beauclerk, Rural Italy (London, 1889); Gatte, Agricoltura e socialismo (Milan, 1900); Ghio, "Les dernières crises agraires en Italie," in Journal des Economistes, vol. xlvii. (Paris, 1901); Mase-Dari, "La situazione agricola e il possibile rimedio," in La Reforma Sociale, vol. xii. (Turin, 1902).

GOVERNMENT. Garelli della Morea, Il diritto amministrativo italiano (7th ed., Turin, 1885); Sachs, L'Italie, ses finances et son développement économique depuis l'unification du royaume (Rome, 1885); De Mombynes, Constitutions européennes (Paris, 1881); Minghetti, I partiti politici (Bologna, 1881); Brusa, "Italien," in Marquardsen, Handbuch des öffentlichen Rechts (Freiburg, 1886); Bazin, The Italians of To-day, trans. by Marchant (New York, 1897); Morini, La decadenza del sentimento monarchico in Italia, Cause e rimedie (Florence, 1900); Lowell, Government and Parties in Continental Europe (Boston, 1900).

ETHNOLOGY. Castelfranco, "Paléoethnologie italienne,' in Revue d'anthropologie, vols. i.-iv. (Paris, 1886-89); Pigorini, "Le popolazioni della valle del Po, in Il primiero congresso geografico, vol. i. (Genva, 1892); Montelius, La civilisation primitive en Italie depuis l'introduction des métaux (Stockholm, 1895); Zabarowski, Les races de l'Italie (Paris, 1897); Sergi, The Mediterranean Race (London, 1901).

HISTORY. For the earliest period of Italian history, consult: Bury, Later Roman Empire (London, 1889); Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders (Oxford, 1880); for the period after Charlemagne, Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, translated by Hamil ton (London, 1895-1900), which in spite of its name gives a good account of the struggles in the rest of Italy; for the relation of the Empire and Italy, consult: Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit (Brunswick, 1855-88); Milman, History of Latin Christianity (London, 1840). For the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, consult: Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (London, 1892); Symonds, The Renaissance in Italy (7 vols., London, 187586). The most thorough critical general history of Italy is Reuchlin, Geschichte Italiens, to 1870 (1859-73). On the Nineteenth Century see Stillman, The Unity of Italy, 1815-95 (Cambridge, 1898), including a biography; Tivaroni, Storia critica del risorgimento (9 vols., 1891-96); Treitschke, Historische und politische Aufsätze, vol. ii. (5th ed., 1886); Thayer, Dawn of Italian Independence (2 vols., Boston, 1893); Mistrali, Da Novara a Roma (5 vols., 1870-79), for the

period 1849-70; Grattina, Storia d'Italia (1882), for the period 1866-80; Orsi, Modern Italy, 17481898, translated from the Italian and published in "Stories of the Nations Series" (New York, 1900); Cesaresco, The Liberation of Italy, 181570 (London, 1895); Arangio-Ruiz, Storia costituzionale del regno d'Italia 1848-98 (Florence, 1899); for recent histories, Johnston, Napoleonic Empire in Southern Italy and the Rise of the Secret Societies (2 vols., London, 1904); Craw ford, Southern Italy and the Rulers of the South (London, 1905). For detailed bibliography, consult Langlois, Manuel de bibliographie historique (Paris, 1896).

ITALY, FREE CHURCH IN. An organization established by the Italian patriot and reformer Alessandro Gavazzi (q.v.) in 1870. He brought together twenty-three scattered independent congregations in a General Assembly. In 1874 a confession of faith was prepared, and the name Free Church in Italy was adopted. This confession was a declaration of the principles held by all evangelical Christians, and the Free Church is in harmony with the Waldensian and other Protestant churches. The constitution is partly Presbyterian and partly Congregational or Independent, the General Assembly being composed of deputies from the churches, and each church independent of all the others in local affairs. The General Assembly appoints the committee that superintends the entire work, and the funds collected by the commissioners are remitted directly to that committee. In 1891, by royal decree, the title Chiesa Evangelica Italiana was given to the Church. It has spread rapidly. Among its buildings is the old Church of San Jacopio in Florence, bought and presented by friends in Great Britain. The theological seminary, in which Gavazzi was professor of sacred rhetoric, was originally near the Vatican in Rome, but in 1891 was removed to Florence. The city of Florence gives an annual bounty to one or more of the Free Church schools. In 1901 the Church numbered 36 congregations, 14 ministers, and 1831 communicants.

ITAS'CA (named by Schoolcraft, its discoverer, from the barbarous Latin veritas caput, true head or source; Indian name Omuskosesagauegoum). One of the numerous little lakes around the headwaters of the Mississippi and generally considered as the source of the great river, though the remotest source is a little rivulet rising a few miles to the south of the lake and emptying into it (Map: Minnesota, C 3). It is situated on the border of Beltrami and Cass counties in the north central part of Minnesota at an elevation of 1462 feet. It is about eight miles in circumference and surrounded by beautiful pinecovered hills. The Mississippi issues from the north end of the lake 10 to 12 feet wide and about a foot deep.

ITATA AFFAIR. In American history, an affair arising from the seizure by the United States in 1891, for an alleged infraction of her neutrality laws, of a vessel, the Itata, owned by insurgents against the Government of Chile. In April, 1891, this vessel was ordered to California for the purpose of receiving a large quantity of arms and munitions which an agent of the insurgent party had purchased in the United States with a view to sending them to Chile for the use of the insurrectionary forces. During her voyage to California the Itata had on board several small

cannon and a few old muskets, and at a Chilean port took on board twelve soldiers to serve as stokers. At Cape San Lucas the cannon and ammunition, together with the arms and uniforms of the soldiers, were packed in the hold of the vessel. The arms and ammunition purchased in New York, having been shipped to San Francisco, were loaded on a schooner, afterwards were transferred to the Itata off the southern coast of Californía, and in due time the vessel proceeded on her way to Chile. By direction of the Attorney-General of the United States, an effort had been made to detain her, on the ground that the neutrality laws of the country were being violated, but she succeeded in escaping from the officers left in charge of her. The cruiser Charleston was then sent in pursuit. The Itata was overtaken on June 4th, was compelled to surrender to RearAdmiral Brown, and was given over to the custody of the United States District Court at San Diego for trial, on the charge of violating the neutrality laws of the United States. Upon trial it was held that the facts, as set forth above, did not constitute the fitting out of a hostile expedition against a government with which the United States was at peace, and that the mere purchase and transportation of arms to a party of insurgents in a foreign country in the ordinary course of trade was not a violation of the neutral duty of the United States or a violation of her neutrality laws. The affair aroused considerable excitement in the United States, and loud complaints were made of the manner in which the authority of the United States was defied by the officers of the vessel at San Diego.

tain in Brazil. It is over 9000 feet high. ITATIAIA, é-tä-te-i-yä. The highest moun

ITCH (AS. gycpa, from giccan, OHG. jucchan, Ger. jucken, to itch), also called SCABIES and PSORA. A parasitic disease of the skin, due to the presence of the larvæ or mature specimens of the Acarus (or Sarcoptes) scabiei, which burrows into the integument. The lesions are caused more by the scratching of the patient than by the presence of the insect. The resulting eruption is multiform, papules, vesicles, and large enchymatous pustules occurring, besides crusts and scratch marks. In mild cases or early in an attack, the symptoms are itching and a few papules or vesicles. The diagnosis is established by the discovery of the cuniculus or burrow left by the female insect in the skin in the course of depositing her eggs. This appears as a minute, dotted, brownish-black line, curved or sinuous, from an eighth to a half inch long, rarely several inches long. These burrows may easily be seen by rubbing a little ink over the surface and then wiping the skin clean. The male insect remains on the surface. The female enters the skin at once, and may advance a twentieth of an inch a day. See ITCH-MITE.

Scabies is said by Bulkley to be uncommon in the United States, forming but 4.05 per cent. among 200,000 cases of skin disease collected by the American Dermatological Association. It is common in Europe, especially among the poor and uncleanly, though found in all classes. Though other places may be first attacked, the earliest lesions are commonly found between the fingers and on the palmar surface of the wrist. The genital region, abdomen, thighs, anterior fold of the axilla, as well as all parts where there is

warmth and pressure (as the waist and buttocks), are generally attacked, and in women the neighborhood of the nipples is early invaded by the eruption. The dermatitis resulting from the parasite and from the scratching caused by the itching is a simple inflammation of the skin, resembling that caused by heat, cold, or mechanical irritants. The entrance of microorganisms into the abraded surface may cause pustular lesions. The treatment for the condition is first directed to killing the insects and their eggs. This result is effected by the use of sulphur. Naphthol, ichthyol, oil of cade, and carbolic acid are also used, to allay the itching and reduce the inflammation. Reinfection from the patient's own gloves, muffs, bedding, etc., is possible-an accident which may be obviated by baking or boiling the articles. See ACARUS FOLLICULORUM.

DHOBIE'S ITCH, also called Indian, Chinese, or Burmese ringworm, is a form of tinea which attacks the opposite and inner sides of the thighs and the region of the genitals, the folds of the buttocks, the skin under the breasts or in the axilla, causing great suffering from the extreme itching and tenderness which accompany the appearance of the eruption. This variety of tinea (tinea trichophytina cruris) occurs commonly in warm climates, though found in this country. The treatment which seldom fails is the use lo

cally of genuine sulphurous acid. The application of this remedy is to be followed by an ointment of tar and zinc, or compound tincture of green soap. See also BARBER'S ITCH.

ITCH. A parasitic disease of horses, dogs, and

other animals. See MANGE.

ITCHEN, ich'en. A growing town and suburb of Southampton, England, on the estuary of the Itchen. Population, in 1891, 8200; in 1901,

13,100.

ITCH-MITE, Acarus scabiei, or Sarcoptes scabiei. Although the itch was undoubtedly known both to the Greeks and Romans, there is no certain evidence that a mite was recognized as the cause of the disease earlier than by Avenzcar, an Arabian physician of the twelfth century. Throughout the Middle Ages, and till the nineteenth century, the necessary connection between the disease and the mite was universally recognized. During the early part of the last century the existence of the itch-mite was distrusted, until in 1834 Renucci, a Corsican student, demonstrated the existence of the creature. The itch-mite is now an unusual pest in the United States, and in ordinary hospital practice a case is reported only at long intervals. A case reported in 1892 by Dr. Robert Hessler, of Indianapolis, attracted much attention. The skin of the patient was estimated to contain 7,000,000 eggs and 2,000,000 mites. The itch-mites of the lower animals were formerly considered to be distinct from the species affecting human beings; but Raillet, the latest authority, believes them to be only varieties, and it seems therefore that human beings may be infested from certain of the domestic animals. The true human itch is Acarus scabiei, now known as Sarcoptes scabiei hominis; the Norway itch, Sarcoptes scabiei crustosa; that of the horse, Sarcoptes scabiei equi; of the sheep, Sarcoptes scabiei ovis, etc. All stages of the parasite occur on the host, upon which it is absolutely dependent for exist

ence.

The adult female mite is considerably larger than the male; it is visible to the naked eye, and forms a roundish, grayish-white corpuscle, not unlike a starch-granule; it is about one-fifth of a line in length, and one-seventh in breadth. When seen under the microscope, it presents a truncated tortoise-like shape, and is seen to be studded with hairs and bristles. The head terminates in two pairs of mandibles, and these mandibles afford good characteristic distinctions of the species. The males are much scarcer than the females.

Consult: Raillet, Zoologie médicale (Paris, 1895); and Osborn, Insects Affecting Domestic Animals (Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1896). See ITCH; AGARUS FOLLICULORUM.

ITCHWEED. A North American marsh plant with poisonous properties. See HELLEBORE. ITENEZ, ê-tă'nâz. A river of Brazil. GUAPORE.

See

ITETAPANE, é-tā'tå-pä'nå. A head-hunting Malay-Negrito people in Isabela Province, Luzon. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

ITH'ACA, an island of Greece. See ITHAKI. ITHACA. A village and the county-seat of Gratiot County, Mich., 57 miles north of Lansing, on the Ann Arbor Railroad (Map: Michigan, E 5). It is the centre of a fertile agricultural district, and has iron-works, potteries, and manufactures of flour, lumber, staves, tubs, windmills, etc. The court-house, erected at a cost of $75,000, and the school ($25,000), are the most prominent buildings. Population, in 1890, 1627; in 1900, 2020; in 1904, 1920.

ITHACA.

Tompkins County, N. Y., at the head of Cayuga A city and the county-seat of Lake, 56 miles northwest of Binghamton, on the Lackawanna, and the Lehigh Valley railroads (Map: New York, D 3). Its location is one of great natural beauty. In addition to the scenery of Cayuga Lake, that of numerous gorges and waterfalls in the vicinity adds to the city's attractions, the most noted of the falls being Buttermilk, Triphammer, Ithaca, and Taughannock falls. The last, 215 feet in height, is the highest waterfall east of the Rocky Mountains. Cornell University (q.v.) is picturesquely situated on East Hill, about 400 feet above and overlooking the lake and the city. Among other features of interest are several well-known preparatory schools, Cornell free library (21,000 volumes) and reading-rooms, Ithaca Conservatory of Music, Renwick Park, and three suspension bridges. Ithaca is in a productive farming region. Its coal trade is extensive, and there are manufactures of castings, machinery, agricultural implements, guns, calendar clocks, salt, wallpaper, etc. Under the charter of 1888 the government is vested in a mayor biennially elected, a council, and administrative officials, who, with the exception of the board of educa tion, which is chosen by popular election, are appointed by the mayor, some such appointments, however, being subject to the consent of the council. Population, in 1890, 11,097; in 1900, 13,136; in 1905, 14,615. Settled in 1789, Ithaca was variously called "The Flats," "The City," and "Sodom," until about 1806, when Simeon De Witt gave it its present name. In 1821 it was incorporated as a village, and in 1888 was chartered as a city. At Buttermilk Falls, near Ithaca, stood the

Catawba Indian village "Coreorgonel," built about 1753 and destroyed in 1779 (September 24th) by a divison of Sullivan's army. Consult Selkreg (editor), Landmarks of Tompkins County (Syracuse, 1894).

ITH'AKI (formerly Ithaca, Gk. 'Ioán, Ithake). One of the Ionian Islands, situated east of Cephalonia. from which it is separated by a narrow channel (Map: Greece, B 3). It is oblong in shape, and has an area of about 38 square miles. Its surface is generally mountainous, rising in the northern part to an altitude of 2600 feet. The coasts are well indented, and the mountain slopes are covered with vines, olives, and other southern fruits. Besides the production of currants and oil, the natives also engage in seafaring and fishing. Administratively, Ithaki forms a part of the Greek Nomarchy of Cephalonia, and had in 1896 a population of 11,049. The chief town, Vathi, is the seat of a

Greek bishop, and in 1896 had a population of 4697. Ithaki is celebrated as the home of Ulys ses, and some cyclopean ruins near Porto Molo are popularly reputed to be the remains of the Castle of Ulysses.

ITHOME, I-thō'mê (Lat., from Gk. 'Iwun). In Greek mythology, one of the nymphs by whom the infant Zeus was nursed. The Messenian hill and fortress of the same name were called after her.

ITHUʼRIEL. (1) In Milton's Paradise Lost, one of the two guardian angels directed by Gabriel to discover and bring before him Satan, who had surreptitiously obtained access to the Garden of Eden for the purpose of beguiling Adam and Eve. (2) In Klopstock's Messiah, the guardian angel of Judas Iscariot, and, after his fall, the second angel of Simon Peter.

ITINERANCY (from itinerant, from Lat. itinerari, to journey, from iter, OLat. itiner, journey, from ire, Gk. évaι, ienai, Skt. i, to go). A term applied to limited pastorates in the Methodist Church. The system originated with Wesley. To accomplish what he considered necessary for the revival of religion in England, he traveled from town to town, and, remaining but a day or two in a place, adopted the plan of commissioning a few competent men to preach in the societies which he had organized. These helpers, as he called them, rapidly increased, but the societies increasing still more rapidly, he found it necessary to extend and methodize their labors, and accordingly appointed them to definitive circuits for a year. At first the whole country was divided into seven of these itinerant districts, and at Wesley's death there were seventy-two in England, three in Wales, seven in Scotland, and twenty-eight in Ireland. The circuits were long, and the preachers were changed from one circuit to another every year or two. The system was well adapted to conditions in America among the feebler churches, and generally among the frontier settlements of the West. In course of time it came to be looked upon with disfavor by many in the Methodist Episcopal Church North of the United States. The length of time that a minister might remain in one place was lengthened, and at the General Conference held in Chicago in 1900 the time limit was removed, but preachers are still appointed from year to year by the bishop.

ITINERARY (Lat. itinerarium, from iter, OLat. itiner, journey). The name given by the Romans to a table of the stopping-places between two places of importance, with the distances from one to another. The itineraries of the ancients contribute much to our acquaintance with ancient geography, and all seem to date from the later period of the Roman Empire. Of these and the Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum. The Itinthe most important are the Itineraria Antonini eraria Antonini are two in number, the Itinerarium Provinciarum and the Itinerarium Maritimum, the former containing the routes through the Roman provinces in Europe, Asia, and Africa; and the latter the principal routes of navigators, who then sailed mainly along the coasts. They take their name from Antoninus Caracalla, by whom they were first published, as corrected up to his time, but they seem to have been originally prepared at an earlier date. The Itinerarium the use of pilgrims from Burdigala (Bordeaux) Hierosolymitanum was drawn up A.D. 333, for to Jerusalem.

Among other examples is the Itinerarium Alexandri, in which the route of march of Alexander the Great is laid down. A collected edition of ancient Itineraria was published in Paris in 1845 by D'Urban. Besides, the Antonine and Jerusalem itineraries are edited by Parthey and Pinder (Berlin, 1847); the Alexandri by Volkmann (Naumburg, 1871); that of Antoninus Placentinus by Gildemeister (Berlin, 1889). The famous so-called Peutingerian Table (q.v.) should be mentioned here a traveler's map of all the great highways of the Roman Empire. It exists in a manuscript of the thirteenth century, but was originally compiled in the third or fourth century A.D., and is published by Miller, Die Weltkarte des Castorius (Ravensburg, 1888). At the mineral springs Aquæ Apollinares, near Vicarello, in Tuscany, were found four silver cups in the form of milestones, inscribed with lists of the stopping-places on the journey from Gades (Cadiz) to Rome.

IT IS NEVER TOO LATE TO MEND. A novel by Charles Reade (1856).

ITIUS PORTUS, ish'i-ŭs pôr'tus. The place where Cæsar, B.C. 55 and 54, set out on his expeof Wissant or Duessant, on the coast of France, ditions to Britain, probably the modern village near Boulogne.

ITO, e'tô, HIROBUMI, Marquis (1841-). A Japanese statesman, born in the Province of Choshiu. Under the patronage of the progressive daimio Mori, he, with Inouye (q.v.) and others, eluded the vigilance of the Yedo spies and in 1861 reached England where they spent two years as students, but hurried home to dissuade the Choshiu officers from war with the combined fleet of British, United States, Dutch, and French men-of-war at Shimonoseki (1864). Though unable to prevent hostilities, he assisted in the negotiations which followed, and helped to open the eyes and set the faces of his beaten clansmen to a new goal, the unity of all Japan under the Mikado, with enlarged powers and with new forms of civilization patterned after Western models. In 1871 he studied the coinage system of the United States, and his report resulted in the adoption of a decimal system of money and the establishment of the mint at Osaka. As one of the vice-ambassadors, he accompanied Iwakura

(q.v.) round the world in 1872, in an effort to obtain from the Powers some modification of the treaties. He was made minister of the interior in 1878 and in 1882 visited Europe and the United States for the purpose of familiarising himself with representative institutions preliminary to the establishment of a parliamentary régime in Japan. In 1885 the Cabinet was reconstructed according to modern ideas, and in 1886 Ito be came Minister President of State, and carried out

radical economic reforms. In 1888 he retired to prepare the long-promised written Constitution, and on February 11, 1889 (the anniversary of Jimmu Tenno), this magnificent instrument, more liberal in its provisions than some European governments allow, was promulgated. Ito is well called "The Father of the Constitution," and his volume of Commentaries, in illustration and defense of Japan's fundamental law, are worthy to rank with The Federalist. As Premier, he carried the nation through the Chino-Japanese War of 1894-95, and on resigning in favor of the Yamagata régime in 1896, was created a marquis. He was again premier from January to June, 1898, and from October, 1900, to June, 1901, and in the last year travelled in Europe and the United States, receiving the degree of LL.D. from Yale University. In St. Petersburg he is believed to have labored for an understanding with Russia and, failing, set on foot negotiations which resulted in the alliance with Great Britain in

1902. In 1903 he became president of the privy council. After the outbreak of the Russo-Jap anese war he went to Korea as special adviser to the Emperor in accordance with the treaty of alliance between the two countries concluded February 23, 1904. During the progress of the war the advice of Marquis Ito was largely effective in shaping the course of diplomatic events. To his influence was generally attributed the action of the government in concluding peace at Portsmouth on terms profoundly distasteful to the great mass of the Japanese nation. In November, 1905, he negotiated with Korea a convention by which the foreign affairs of that country were placed under the control of a Japanese residentgeneral, receiving the appointment in 1906.

ITRI, e'trê. A town in the Province of Caserta, Italy, 90 miles southeast of Rome, and five miles from the nearest railway station at Formia (Map: Italy, H 6). It has a ruined castle and houses built from the masonry of the ancient Via Appia. It was the home of Fra Diavolo, whose history is echoed in Auber's opera and in Washington Irving's The Inn of Terracina. Population ( (commune), in 1901,

5677.

I-TSING (A.D. 635-713). One of the three great Chinese Buddhist travelers in India. The names of the other two were Fa-Hien and Hiuen Thsang (see article HWEI-SANG). I-Tsing was born in the year 635 at Fan-Yang, near Peking, and he became a devoted follower of the Buddhist religion. In 671 he went on a pilgrimage to India, in order to journey through the holy land of Buddhism, and he spent nearly twenty-five years visiting scenes connected with Buddha's life, at the same time collecting texts and material relating to the faith. He returned to China in 695, and devoted the remainder of his life to translating, in more than one hundred vol umes, the treatises and books which he had gath

ered. In this way he became the founder of a school for the study of Buddhist literature in China. His work is of special importance also as a record and description of India and the Malay Archipelago at the time when he lived. His death occurred in 713. His account of India has been translated by J. Takakusu, A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practiced in India and the Malay Archipelago (Oxford, 1896).

Brazil, situated in a fertile region on the Tieté ITÚ, é-too'. A town in the State of São Paulo, River (Map: Brazil, H 8). It has a Franciscan monastery, a hospital, iron and bronze foundries, cotton manufactures, and a trade in coffee; it is one of the most important industrial centres of Brazil. Population, 10,000.

ITURBIDE, ĕ'toor-вē'på, AGUSTIN DE (17831824). Emperor of Mexico. He was the son of a nobleman of Navarre, who emigrated to New Spain shortly before the birth of his son, who was born at Valladolid (now Morelia), September 27, 1783. Don Agustin entered the army in 1798, and during the insurrection of 1810 fought for the Spanish cause. He was advanced to the position of commander-in-chief of the provinces of Guanajuato and Michoacan in 1816, but this post was soon taken away from him.

From 1816 to 1819 Iturbide was out of the

He

military service. When the Constitution of 1820 was proclaimed, he obtained command of the Spanish Army of the South and began a series of intrigues with the revolutionary leaders, which culminated in his proclamation of February 24, 1821, the so-called 'Plan of Iguala,' wherein com plete independence of Spain under a prince of the royal family was offered to the people. This plan rapidly gained adherents. From a small force of some 2500 men, with which he had left Mexico in November, 1820, his army had increased, by the spring of 1821, to 6000. gained possession of Vera Cruz and Puebla, and on September 21st entered the City of Mexico at the head of 16,000 men. The Viceroy signed a treaty with the insurgents, providing for the adoption of the Plan of Iguala, and stipulating, in addition, that in case of the refusal of the princes of the royal family to occupy such a position, the Mexicans should choose an emperor for themselves. A regency was formed, with Iturbide at its head, and he was at the same time appointed commander-in-chief of the army. A national congress was convened at Mexico. The new Government avoided harsh measures, and succeeded in establishing peace, but dissensions broke out in the regency, the troops became clamorous for pay, and the congress refused to meet their wishes. Iturbide turned to the monarchical party, and was by them proclaimed Emperor on May 18, 1822. He was crowned, with the title of Agustin I., July 21, 1822. Harsh measures of repression led to open rebellion. On December 2, 1822, Santa Anna, colonel of a regiment stationed at Vera Cruz, declared for a republic, and his example was followed by Guerrero and Bravo in the south. Iturbide saw himself deserted by those in whom he had placed most confidence, and sought to make his peace with the country by summoning the congress which he had shortly before dissolved. His influence, however, had disappeared, and in March, 1823, Iturbide offered his abdication to the congress. He received a pension of $25,000 and was ordered to