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GOVERNMENT. The Constitution was ratified by the people in October, 1859, and went into operation in January, 1861. An amendment may be proposed in either House, and must receive a two-thirds vote of all the members elected to each, and then be submitted to the electors of the State and be approved by a majority of the electors voting. Not more than three propositions to amend can be submitted at the same election, and they must be voted upon separately. demanded by two-thirds of the members elected to each House, the question of calling a constitutional convention must be voted on by the people at the next general election, and if approved by a majority of the electors voting, the Legislature shall provide for the convening of such a convention. A residence of six months in the State and thirty days in the township or ward is required for the exercise of the ballot. Legislative. The Constitution places a maximum limit of 125 to the number of Representatives, and of 40 to the number of Senators. The former are elected for two and the latter for four years. Each county has at least one Representative. Members of both Houses receive $3 per day of actual service at the sessions of the Legislature, and mileage in addition; but the per diem receipts cannot exceed $150 for a regular session, or $90 for a special session. The Governor's veto may be overcome by a twothirds vote of the members elected to each House. The legislature meets on the second Tuesday of January of odd years. The House impeaches and

the Senate acts as the court for the trial of impeachments. Executive.-A Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney-General, and Superintendent of Public Instruction are elected for terms of two years. The Lieutenant-Governor, President of the Senate pro tempore, and Speaker of the House, are in line of succession to the Governorship in case of vacancy. The Governor may call extraordinary sessions of the Legislature, and he exercises the usual pardoning power. Judicial. The Supreme Court consists of seven elected justices, who serve for terms of six years and are privileged to sit separately in two divisions. A district judge is elected for a term of four years in each of 37 judicial districts, and a clerk of the district court is elected for two years in each county. A judge of probate court is elected in each county every two years. Not less than two justices of the peace are elected in each township for terms of two years. The capital of the State is Topeka. Local Government.-Counties cannot be created or modified so as to have less than 432 square miles, and the county-seat cannot be changed without the consent of a majority of the electors. Such county officers as the Legislature shall provide for, hold office two years, except the county commissioners, whose term is three years. Town ship elections are held on the first Tuesday of April. Kansas has eight Representatives in the Lower House of Congress.

FINANCE. From 1861 to 1871 a large public debt was created, due to the extraordinary war expenses and also to the difficulty of collecting taxes. In 1865 the debt was $517,000, and in 1870, $1,403,000. In the latter year a movement for reduction of expenditures and increase of taxation began, and the financial condition was improved. Since 1880 the policy of the State has been to purchase its bonds for the various per

manent funds and so reduce its net indebtedness. In 1890 the total bonded debt was $803,000, out of which only $256,000 was held by private parties, the rest being represented in the various State funds. In 1900 there were no bonds held against the State. In 1873 for the first time there was a balance in the Treasury. Even in the last decade of the nineteenth century (18971900) the disbursements often overran the receipts. The budget is considerable and is growing. The warrants against the State Treasury are stamped and form a 7 per cent. interest-bearing floating debt, but due to the good credit of the State circulate at par.

At the end of the fiscal year 1906 the debt of the State was $632,000, all of which was held by the school fund. The receipts of the Treasury were $3,895,505, of which almost 50 per cent. was derived from a general property tax, 47 mills, and 30 per cent. represented the income of the various school and university funds, derived from interest on bonds, sale and rent of public lands, etc. The disbursements were $4,673,395, of which 50 per cent. was for general purposes, and 50 per cent. for school purposes.

The

POPULATION. The population has been as follows: 1860, 107,206; 1870, 364,399; 1880, 996,096; 1890, 1,427,096; 1900, 1,470,495; 1905, 1,544,968. In the last decade of the century the State fell from 19 to 22 in rank. The gain in that decade amounted to only 2 per cent., as compared with 20.7 per cent. for the United States. The State contributed largely to the settlement of the adjoining Territory of Oklahoma and also to the Indian Territory, and this is not a little responsible for the smallness of the increase. largest absolute gain was made in the decade 1870-80. In 1880-90 there was also a heavy gain the result of the enormous "boom" which visited the trans-Missouri region in the latter half of the decade, in consequence of which there was a great influx of population and capital for investment. Kansas being centrally situated and one of the last of the Mississippi Valley States to be settled, the population is more representative of every part of the country than that of most of the other Western States, this condition being especially accentuated in the early period of settlement, owing to the slavery struggle-both the North and the South having attempted to secure control of the field. Kansas contrasts with the other Mississippi Valley States farther north also in the smallness of the foreign-born population, which amounted in 1905 to only 118,378. Owing to its aridity, the western third of the State is very sparsely inhabited. For the whole of the State there is an average of 19 inhabitants to the square mile. There are no large centres of population, and the percentage of urban population is consequently small. In 1905 the 28 places which exceeded 4000 in population contained 23.1 of the total population. Moreover, the increase made in the last fifteen years was wholly urban. Cities.-The following was the population of the largest cities for the year 1906: Kansas City, Kans., 77,912; Topeka, 41,886; Wichita, 35,541; Leavenworth, 22,167; Atchison, 18,871.

RELIGION. The Methodists are the largest religious body in the State, having more than twice the membership of any other Protestant denomination. Among the large number of other sects represented, the most important are the Catho

lics, Baptists, Presbyterians, Disciples of Christ, Lutherans, Congregationalists, and Friends.

CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS. The following are the charitable and penal institutions supported by the State, the number of inmates for each as returned for June, 1906, being given in parenthesis: Insane Asylum, Topeka (1075); Insane Asylum, Osawatomie (1272); Blind Asylum, Kansas City, Kan. (81); Imbecile School, Winfield (353); Hospital for Epileptics, Parsons (355); Deaf and Dumb School, Olathe (249); Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Atchison (167) ; Industrial Reformatory, Hutchinson (338); Industrial School (girls), Beloit (180); Industrial School (boys), Topeka, (218). There are also a State Penitentiary at Lansing, and Soldiers' homes at Leavenworth and Dodge City. For several years the parole system has been in operation at the State Industrial Reformatory. There were (1905) 27 private institutions in the State engaged wholly or partly in charitable work, receiving aid in the way of appropriations. In 1905 all the above institutions were placed under a State Board of Control consisting of three members. It accounts for all expenditures, makes all contracts for the purchase of supplies, for improvements, etc. of State institutions, and has a general supervision of all other charitable institutions. All private charitable societies receiving State aid must report to this Board.

EDUCATION. In 1900 the illiterate population lu years of age and over amounted to only 2.3 per cent. of the population, there being but two States which had a better record. This result was attained notwithstanding the fact that the State's compulsory attendance law has been a dead letter. Since the population is largely rural, Kansas has had to contend with the problem of rural education in an exaggerated form. The low value of the taxable property in many of the school districts often results in a short school term of only three or four months, and not infrequently in inefficient teachers. Unusual interest, however, is manifested in education, and the poorest districts are likely to levy the heaviest school rates. In 1906 the population between the ages of 5 and 21 was 503,730, and the school enrollment for the same year was 390,787 and the average attendance 280,679. The average length of the school term was 130 days for rural schools and 173 days for city schools.

In 1906 there were about 130 city high schools with courses complete enough to prepare pupils for the State University, and 22 county high schools offering full four-year courses. In that year there were 2620 male and 9614 female teachers. The average monthly salary received by the male teachers was $51, and by the female teachers $42. A marked improvement in the efficiency of teachers in general is now in progress. There is a State normal school at Emporia with a Western Branch at Hays, and a State Manual Training Normal School at Pittsburg. Graduates of the normal course in any of the first six institutions named below, who have given at least twenty weeks to practice teaching, are granted a threeyear non-renewable State certificate. Graduates of the arts course in all but the last two of the institutions named below, who have included in their course the courses in education, are granted a threeyear renewable State certificate. A similar certificate is granted to graduates of all the following institutions who pass an examination in five

professional branches: Bethany College, Lindsborg; Campbell College, Holton; Friends' University, Wichita; Kansas Wesleyan University, Salina; McPherson College, McPherson; Southwest Kansas College, Winfield; Baker University, Baldwin; State University (q.v.), Lawrence; Cooper College, Sterling; College of Emporia, Emporia; Ottawa University, Ottawa; Washburn College, Topeka; Midland College. Atchison; Nickerson Normal, Nickerson. An important and successful institution is the well-known State Agricultural College at Manhattan. The instruction here covers all the practical problems of farming, and scientific experiments and investigations are continuously carried on with the idea of improving agricultural and stock-raising methods. The State contributes to the support of Western University at Quindaro, and the Industrial and educational Institute near Topeka, both for negroes.

In 1906 the total amount received for educational purposes in Kansas was $7.216,768, of which $5,195,298 was received from district taxes through the county treasurer, and $459,228 was received from State and county school funds. The total amount paid out during the year was $6,309,808, $4,117,274 being paid for teachers' wages and supervision.

HISTORY. Among the Indian tribes who lived within the present boundaries of Kansas were the Shawnees, the Osages, the Omahas, and, of later arrivals, the Kickapoos and the Illinois. In 1541 a small force of Spaniards and Indians under Coronado traversed the region from southwest to northeast; but no results followed this expedition. The country remained unexplored till 1719, when it was visited by Frenchmen from Louisiana. In 1803 the greater portion of what is now Kansas passed into the possession of the United States as a part of the Louisiana Purchase; the southwestern section of the State was ceded by Texas to the Federal Government in 1850. The region was explored by Lewis and Clark in 1804, Lieutenant Pike in 1806-07, and Lieutenant Long in 1819. Fort Leavenworth was erected in 1827, and four years later the Baptists founded a mission to the Shawnees near the Missouri River. Emigrant trains on the way to California crossed the region as early as 1844; and the army of General Kearney, intended for the invasion of Mexico, set out from Fort Leavenworth in 1846. In 1854 the population was estimated at 700. The region formed a part of the Territory of Missouri till 1821, remaining unorganized from that year till 1854. When it was proposed to organize the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska (see KANSAS-NEBRASKA BILL), the supporters of slavery incorporated in the act of organization a declaration repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and leaving the question of slavery to be decided by the inhabitants of the Territory in framing their Constitution. The act, passed in May, 1854, thus removed the barrier to the extension of slavery which had been created by Congress thirty-four years previously, and to the maintenance of which, during all that period, both the northern and southern portions of the Union had held themselves to be 'forever' bound. The plea by which it was sought to justify this act was that the compromise of 1850, which had been adopted by Congress as a final settlement of all the differences respecting slavery which then existed,

operated as a virtual repeal of the Missouri restriction.

Before the bill had passed through Congress, immigrants from Missouri and Arkansas and from the Northern States entered Kansas, and the struggle for its possession began. On June 10th a pro-slavery meeting declared slavery existent in the Territory. In September immigrants from Missouri and Arkansas founded Leavenworth and Atchison, while colonists from New England sent out by the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society settled before the end of that year at Lawrence, Topeka, Osawatomie, and other towns. On October 7th, A. H. Reeder, appointed Federal Governor of the Territory, arrived in Kansas. In the same month a force of Missourians made an unsuccessful attempt to drive the anti-slavery men from Lawrence. On November 29, 1854, at an election held for the choice of a Territorial delegate to Congress, armed bodies of men from Missouri took possession of the polls and cast 1700 votes out of a total of 2843. On March 30, 1855, an attempt was made to elect a Territorial Legislature, and again the Missourians appeared in large numbers and elected pro-slavery delegates from every district. The number of pro-slavery votes was 5427 out of a total of 6218, though it was well known that the number of legal voters in the Territory was less than 3000. Governor Reeder set aside the returns from six of the districts and ordered new elections, which resulted in the choice of free State delegates. The first Territorial Legislature assembled at Pawnee, July 2, 1855. The Pro-Slavery Party had a majority in this body, and expelled the members who had been chosen at the second election ordered by the Governor. The statutes of Missouri were adopted in the main. Acts were passed making it a capital offense to assist slaves in escaping either to or from the Territory, and felony to circulate anti-slavery publications, or to deny the right to hold slaves; also requiring all voters to swear to support the Fugitive Slave Law. In July, Governor Reeder broke off all relations with the Legislature, and became an active partisan of the Free State Party. He was succeeded, on July 31st, by Wilson Shannon, who in turn gave way to John W. Geary in September, 1856. The Free State men, meanwhile, refusing to acknowledge the legality of the Territorial Government, initiated a movement for establishing a State Government without enabling act on the part of Congress. A convention of Free State men met at Topeka, October 23, 1855, and adopted a State Constitution prohibiting slavery after July 4, 1857, but excluding negroes from the State. An election was held December 15th, and the Constitution was accepted. The Pro-Slavery Party, however, abstained from participation. An election for State officers and a Legislature under this Constitution was held January 15, 1856, and Charles S. Robinson was chosen Governor. It was the object of the Free State Party to avoid armed hostilities with the pro-slavery Government of the Territory, so as not to come into conflict with the United States authorities. The attempt, however, of the Territorial sheriff to seize a prisoner at Lawrence resulted in his being shot. The leaders of the Free State men were thereupon indicted for treason, and imprisoned, and on May 21st a mob of pro-slavery men sacked the town

an

of Lawrence. The massacre of five men on Pottawatomie Creek by John Brown and his sons, on May 23, 1856, marked the beginning of civil war, which continued through the month of June till the United States troops suppressed the combatants. On July 4, 1856, the Free State Legislature met at Topeka, but was dispersed by the Federal forces. A second attempt on the part of the Legislature to convene at Topeka, January 6, 1857, led to the arrest of its members. Governor Robert J. Walker, who had replaced Governor Geary in March, 1857, succeeded in making terms with the Free State men, who abandoned the Topeka Constitution and agreed to take part in the election for a Territorial Legislature in October, 1857. The Free State Party triumphed at the polls; but the ProSlavery Party had in the meanwhile summoned a convention which, on November 7, 1857, adopted the Lecompton Constitution (q.v.), guaranteeing the possession of all slave property already in Kansas, and submitted to the electors (December 21st) that clause only which legalized slavery for all times. The provision was cepted by the Pro-Slavery Party, the Free State men declining to vote; but when the Lecompton Constitution as a whole was submitted to the people, January 4, 1858, it was decisively re jected and defeated indirectly, for the second time, on August 2d, at an election ordered by Congress on the so-called English Bill, a compromise measure. Immigration from the North, in the meanwhile, had made the Free State men overwhelmingly preponderant. In the same election in which the Lecompton Constitution was rejected for the first time, they succeeded in capturing the Territorial Government. On July 5, 1859, a constitutional convention met at Wyandotte, and adopted a constitution prohibiting slavery (July 27th). This was ratified October 4th by a vote of 10,421 to 5530. On November 8th, delegates to Congress and members of the Territorial Legislature were chosen, and on January 29, 1861, Kansas was admitted into the Union.

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In the Civil War Kansas sent into the field a larger number of soldiers, in proportion to its population, than any other State. The eastern part of the State lay exposed to the incursions of Confederates from Missouri. On August 21, 1863, Quantrell's guerrillas raided the town of Lawrence and killed a large number of the inhabitants. The cessation of war was followed immediately by a great influx of immigrants. Railway development began in 1868, and by 1872 there were more than 2000 miles of railway track in operation. Between 1878 and 1880 widespread excitement and dissatisfaction among the negroes of the South led to the migration of 40.000 of their number to Kansas. Prohibition became an important question in politics after 1880; the movement encountered great opposition in the beginning, but by 1890 the principle was well established in the State, though in the large cities the anti-liquor laws were not zealously enforced. The influence of the Farmers' Alliance (q.v.) after 1888 brought the State into conflict with the railway companies, and led to the passing of anti-trust laws in 1889 and 1897.

In politics, Kansas belongs to the Republicans, who have failed to carry it in only three elections since the Civil War. In 1882 the Democrats won on an anti-prohibition platform, and in 1892 and

1896 the People's Party and Democrats, in fusion, elected their ticket. In the winter of 1893 the Republicans and the Populists each proceeded to organize an independent Legislature. The dispute was terminated by the intervention of the militia and the courts. The struggle of independent producers and the oil trust for the possession of the Kansas oil field, led, in 1904-5, to a congressional investigation of the prevailing commercial conditions. At the same time the State Legislature declared the Standard pipe lines common carriers, fixed maximum railway charges for transporting oil, and voted to establish a State oil refinery, which was later declared unconstitutional. The following is a list of the Governors and the parties to which they belonged:

John P. St. John
George W. Glick
John A. Martin.
Lyman U. Humphrey..
Lorenzo D. Lewelling
Edmund N. Morrill.
John W. Leedy.
William E. Stanley..
W. J. Bailey...
Edward W. Hoch........

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

66

Democrat... .Republican.

. Populist-Democrat. Republican..

. Populist-Democrat Republican.

66

......

.1854-55

1857-58 1858 1858-60 .1860-61

1861-63 1863-65 1865-69 1869-73

1877-79

1879-83

1889-93

.1893-95

1899-1903

1903-05 1905

Hutchinson, Resources and

Development of Kansas (Topeka, 1871); Kansas Board of Agriculture, Kansas: A Brief Account of Its Geographical Position, Dimensions, Topog. raphy (Topeka, 1885); Hodder, The Government of the People of the State of Kansas (Philadelphia, 1895); Haworth, Annual Bulletin on the Mineral Resources of Kansas (Lawrence, 18971900); Goss, History of the Birds of Kansas (Topeka, 1891); Robinson, Kansas: Its Interior and Exterior Life (10th ed., Lawrence, Kan., 1899). In addition to the general works dealing with the history of the slavery question from 1850 to 1860, consult: Hale, Kansas and Nebraska (Boston, 1854); Brewerton, The War in Kansas (New York, 1856); Gibson, Geary and Kansas (Philadelphia, 1857); Robinson, Kansas (Boston, 1857); Holloway, History of Kansas (Lafayette, Ind., 1868); Wilder, Annals of Kansas (Topeka, 1875); Tuttle, A Centennial History of the State of Kansas (Lawrence, Kan., 1876); Andreas, History of Kansas (Chicago, 1883); Thayer, A History of the Kansas Crusade (New York, 1889); Kansas Historical Society Transactions (Topeka, 1890 et seq.); Robinson. The Kansas Conflict (New York, 1892); Ewing, The Struggle for Freedom in Kansas (New York, 1894).

KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF. A coeducational State institution at Lawrence, Kan., established by act of the Legislature in 1864, and opened in 1866. During the first few years of its existence its work was confined almost entirely to a preparatory department, the first college class graduating in 1873. The university comprises a graduate school; schools of arts, law, medicine, pharmacy,

Kansas. It is on the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads, and several other important trunk lines run through the city, using the Union depot in Kansas City, Mo. The city covers an partly on bluffs and partly on the river bottoms. area of ten and a half square miles, and is built Fourteen bridges across the Kansas River unite the east and west sections of the city, which is closely connected also with Kansas City, Mo., by elevated, electric, and cable roads. Of a total street mileage of 160 miles, more than 25 per cent. is paved, principally with brick and asphalt. There are over 150 acres of public parks. The city is the seat of the State Institu tion for the Blind, and of Kansas City University (Methodist Protestant), opened in 1895. The high school is one of the largest and best equipped in the State; and a fine library building which will cost $75,000, the gift of Andrew Carnegie, is in course of construction (1903). Kansas City, Kan., is noted for its important live-stock, slaughtering, and meat-packing interests, in ail of which it is allied with the adjacent city-the stock yards and packing-house plants on both sides of the Kansas-Missouri boundary forming the second largest live-stock centre in the United States. (See KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI.) It is also an important grain and flour market. There are several large grain-elevators and flourmills, railroad car and machine shops, and extensive manufactures of soap and candles, foundry and machine-shop products, boxes, barrels, cooperage products, etc. The manufacturing interests represent a production valued at over $100,000,000, the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, with a capital of $25,000,000 alone having an output equal to $95,000,000 in 1905. Kansas City spends annually, in maintenance and operation, about $515,000, the principal items of