citadel of the great Asoka (B.C. 250), and the town fortifications, built in 1472. The modern buildings include the Nawab's palace and the College of Arts, the latter dating from 1900. The town contains fine modern shops and stores. Population, in 1891, 31,610; in 1901, 24,251. Consult Burgess, The Antiquities of Cutch and Kathiawar (London, 1887).

JUN'CO (Neo-Lat., of uncertain derivation). The generic, and now the popular, name for the so-called 'black' snow-birds of the United States familiar in winter. Half a dozen species are named, besides several subspecies, all of which intergrade with one another in a most perplexing manner. One well-marked species (Junco hyemalis) belongs to the Eastern United States, but all the others are residents of the mountainous portions of Mexico and the Western United States. All are small finches, dark slate or ashy above and more or less white below and the beaks white. The nests are built on or near the ground, of grasses, mosses, and rootlets, and are often lined with hairs. The eggs are from four to five in number, bluish white, speckled at the larger end with brown. The common junco of the East is grayish slate color on the head, back, throat, and breast, and pure white on the belly, the contrast between the two colors being very sharp; the two outer tail feathers are white and are conspicuous when the bird flies. It is a common winter visitor as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and a summer resident from northern New York and Minnesota northward and in the mountains as far south as the Carolinas. It

and there are electric lights and water-works, a good system of public schools, a court-house, and cable communication with the outside world. It was settled in 1880. The capital was moved from Sitka to Juneau in 1906. Population, in 1890, 1253; in 1900, 1864.

JUNEAU, LAURENT SOLOMON (1793-1856). An American pioneer, founder of Milwaukee, Wis., born in L'Assumption Parish, Canada. He early went to Green Bay, then a point of importance, and in 1818 to Milwaukee as an Indian trader. Numerous settlers had preceded him, among them one Mirandeau, a gunsmith, who took up residence in 1795. To Mirandeau cession was made by the Indians of a large tract of land previous to its transfer to the United States Government by treaty. Mirandeau's death occurred in 1820, when his affairs were yet unsettled, and Juneau obtained possession of the original Indian grant. He executed the first survey of the village, built its first bridge, and was its first postmaster and president. Subsequently he was also first Mayor of the city. He donated the ground for the first public square in Milwaukee, and with M. L. Martin built there the first courthouse in Wisconsin. Unskilled in financial matters, he afterwards lost possession of his lands and the wealth thereby represented. In 1884 a bronze statue of him was erected in Juneau Park, overlooking Lake Michigan. See MILWAUKEE, History.

JUNE BEETLE. A name in the Southern United States for a green and brown cetonian beetle (Allorhina nitida), also known as 'fig

thickets. See Plate of SPARROWS.

JUNCTION CITY. A city and the countyseat of Geary County, Kan., 139 miles by rail west of Kansas City, at the confluence of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, which here unite in the Kansas River; on the Union Pacific and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Kansas, F 2). It is a shipping point for grain, flour, live stock, and produce from the surrounding country, and has extensive limestone quarries. Fort Riley (q.v.), a large Government military post, is three miles east of the city. The government, as provided under general laws, is vested in a mayor, who is elected every two years, and a unicameral council. The city owns and operates its water-works. Junction City was settled in 1858, and was chartered as a city the following year. Population, in 1900, 4695; in 1905, 5264.

JUNE. See CALENDAR.

JUNE, JENNIE. The pseudonym of the American writer Jane Cunningham Croly (q.v.).

JUNEAU, joo-no. The capital of the Territory of Alaska, in the Southern District, 100 miles north by east of Sitka; on Gastineau Channel, opposite Douglas Island (Map: Alaska, N 6). The centre of important mining interests, it enjoys a considerable trade as an outfitting point, having several large mercantile establishments, and exports gold, furs, curios, etc. There are iron-works, cigar-factories, saw-mills, breweries, and bottling-works. The Silver Bow mines, the noted Treadwell gold-mine, and villages of the Taku and Auk Indians, with a native cemetery, are points of interest in the vicinity. The city has the United States Land Office for Alaska,

plied in the North to the scarabæid beetles of the genus Lachnosterna, which, however, are more properly called May beetles. (See JUNE BUG.) The June beetle is a native of the Southern and Central United States, and in its adult condition feeds upon ripe figs, peaches, pears, plums, and small fruits, such as rasp berries and blackberries. It also feeds occasion ally on ears of corn, and sucks the sap exuding from wounds in the branches of trees. It is nearly as beautiful in color as some of the metallic Brazilian beetles which have been used in jewelry, and is a favorite plaything with children, who tie strings to the body and let the beetles fly with a humming noise. In its larval condition it is a white grub, closely resembling the white grubs of the Northern States, but is not nearly so injurious. The white grubs of the June beetle live at or below the surface of the ground, and frequently occur in countless numbers in grass lawns, in strawberry and celery beds, and everywhere where the soil is very rich and the vegetation is vigorous. It is doubtful, however, whether they do any serious damage. Their normal food is decaying vegetation-soil humus. They may occasionally cut off the root of a plant, but are surely not especially injurious in grass lands, although of some damage to celery by soiling the stalks. Where June beetles are numerous and are damaging ripe fruit, they may be attracted in numbers to a little heap of spoiled fruit which has been sprinkled with Paris green, and thus may be destroyed.

JUNE BERRY. A North American edible fruit and the tree named from it. See AMELAN

CHIER.

JUNGHUHN, yoong'hoon, FRANZ WILHELM (1809-64). A German physician and naturalist, born at Mansfeld. He studied medicine, botany, and geology at Halle and Berlin; commenced his professional career as a surgeon in the Prussian Army; afterwards joined the French forces in Algeria, and finally settled in Java. In the latter country he made valuable researches into the geological, geographical, and botanical resources of the land, and his published works on the subject are highly prized. He visited Europe in 1849, but returned to Batavia, where he died. His principal works include: Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke und innere Bauart (1852-54); Die Battaländer in Sumatra (1847). A description of his collection of fossil plants, Plantæ Junghuhniana (1851 et seq.), was undertaken by several naturalists.

JUNGLE (Hindi jāngal, from Skt. jāngala, desert). A term employed to designate those often almost impassable thickets of trees, shrubs, and reeds which abound generally upon swampy land in many parts of India, and particularly in the unhealthy tract called Terai or Tarayani, along the southern base of the Himalayas, and in the Sunderbunds at the mouth of the Ganges. The jungle flora and fauna are very peculiar; tigers and other beasts of prey, elephants, boars, deer, monkeys, and other quadrupeds, with gigantic snakes, are found in great

numbers in these thickets. The moisture and

heat carry a tropical vegetation beyond its usual limits northward to the lower valleys of the Himalaya.

JUNGLE BOOK, THE. Stories for children, by Rudyard Kipling, published in Saint Nicholas, and collected in two volumes in 1894 and 1895. It tells the adventures of a wild boy, Mowgli, in the jungles of India, who shared the life of the animals, and it shows a marvelous comprehension of the forest and of beasts.

JUNGLE CAT, or CHAUS. A well-known wild cat (Felis or Chaus chaus) of India, met with in all forested parts from Ceylon to an elevation of 8000 feet on the Himalayas. It is about 26 inches long, and has a tail 9 or 10 inches long. In color it is yellowish-gray, more or less dark and unspotted, and becoming reddish on the sides of the neck and abdomen; a dark stripe runs from the eyes to the muzzle, and there are obscure bars on the limbs and tail; the ears are reddish-black outside, white inside, and slightly tufted. A whitish-brown spotted cat (Felis ornata) of the same region is sometimes called the ornate jungle cat.' Both species interbreed with domestic cats. See CAT; and Plate of WILD CATS.

JUNGLE FEVER. Pernicious malarial fever of the East Indian jungles. It was probably first named and described by English colonists in India, who fell victims to it. Jungle fever is a tropical malaria due to infection with the æstivoautumnal parasite. Travelers or new residents are more likely to suffer from it than natives. Its symptoms are grave prostration, impaired memory, somnolence, severe headache, disturbed vision, stupor, and delirium, with a fever of intermittent type. Fatal collapse may occur in three days, the fever ceasing in a few hours, or a second and third attack may follow. Quinine is the most successful drug in the treatment of jungle fever. See MALARIA.

JUNGLE FOWL. A typical gallinaceous bird of the East Indian genus Gallus, regarded as the source of our domestic fowls. Four species are known-one (Gallus varius) in Java and the islands eastward; another (Gallus Stanleyi) in Ceylon; a third, the 'gray' (Gallus Sonnerati); and fourth, the red jungle fowl (Gallus Bankiva, or ferrugineus) of Northern India and eastward to Cochin-China and the Philippines, which is the one usually referred to. This species strongly resembles in plumage the modern black-breasted game fowl, and this is especially true of the variety found in the Malay Peninsula, where, according to tradition, fowls were first domesticated. From that country, it is believed, they were taken to China and domesticated, thereby forming the original barnyard poultry. These wild game fowls live in the forests, not gre gariously, but in pairs or small parties, but often come out to feed in cultivated fields, and show themselves strong fliers and fast runners. They eat almost everything, and their flesh is excellent. According to Stejneger, the cocks crow and the hens cackle and cluck in much the manner of domestic fowls.

JUNGLE GHAU, or Ox. A variety of the gayal (q.v.), inhabiting Sylhet and other mountainous parts of the northeast of India.

JUNGLE SHEEP. A sportsman's name for the goat-like animal of the Himalayan region (Hemitragus hylocrius). It is called 'warri-atu' by the Tamils, and 'Nilgiri ibex' by English sportsmen.

JUNGMANN, yoong'mån, JOZEF JAKOB (1773-1847). A Czech philologist, born at Hudlitz, Bohemia. He studied philosophy and law in Prague, taught at the Gymnasium at Leitmeritz from 1799 to 1815, and thereafter at the Altstädter Gymnasium in Prague, of which he was rector from 1835 until 1845, when he retired. He contributed greatly to the revival of the Czech national sentiment, and especially to the intellectual reawakening of his people after a protracted period of inactivity. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the Czech tongue, he first undertook the translation of some masterpieces of foreign literatures, the most notable of which was that of Milton's Paradise Lost, begun in 1800 and published in 1811. This was followed by Chateaubriand's Atala (1805), and Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea. With Johann Presl he founded in 1821 the Krok, the first scientific periodical in the Czech language. His next important work was a History of the Czech Literature and Language (1825), but the crowning effort of his life was the Slovník (183539), a complete dictionary of the Czech language, for which he had collected the material for more than thirty years.

JUNG-STILLING, yoong stilling, JOHANN HEINRICH (1740-1817). A German author, born at Grund in Westphalia. His original name was Jung. He was a charcoal-burner, was then apprenticed to a tailor, and in 1770 went to Strassburg to study medicine. He practiced at Elberfeld till 1778, and achieved renown by his operations for the removal of cataract; then taught at Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, and Marburg; but soon returned to Karlsruhe, where he was pensioned by the Grand Duke of Baden and made Privy Councilor. His most important work is the mystic autobiography, Heinrich Stillings

Leben (1806), in the publication of which he was assisted by Goethe, whom he had learned to know at Strassburg, and who characterizes his friend in the second volume of Aus meinem Leben. The autobiography was completed by Heinrich Stillings Alter (1817). His other works are the novels: Geschichte des Herrn von Morgenthau (1779); Geschichte Florentins von Fahlendorn (1781-83); and Erzählungen (1814-15); and on purely mystical subjects: Theobald (1784-85; in English, 1846); Theorie der Geisterkunde (1808; in English, 1834); and Scenen aus dem Geisterreiche (1797-1801). His collected works were published at Stuttgart (1835-39). Consult Petersen, Jung-Stilling (Copenhagen, 1890).

JU'NIAT'A. A river of Pennsylvania, formed by the Franktown Branch and the Little Juniata, which rise in the Alleghanies and unite at Petersburg in the south central part of the State (Map: Pennsylvania, D 3). Its general direction is easterly with many windings, and after a course of 150 miles it enters the Susquehanna at Duncannon, 14 miles above Harrisburg. It breaks through several parallel mountain ridges and is marked through nearly its whole course by grand and picturesque scenery, It is not navigable, but the Pennsylvania Canal and the Pennsylvania Railroad follow its windings from its source to its mouth.

JUNIATA COLLEGE. A coeducational institution of higher learning at Huntingdon, Pa., founded by the German Baptist Brethren, in 1876. It has a preparatory department, a school of arts, and Bible and music, commercial, and normal English courses, leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, English, and Sacred Literature. The institution places emphasis on the religious side of education, and exercises a careful supervision over its students. The college had, in 1906, 333 students and 21 instructors. The endowment in 1906 was $105,000, and the college property was valued at $190,000. The library contained 20,900 bound volumes and 4000 pamphlets.

JUNIL'IUS. A bishop of Africa, who flourished in the sixth century. He was the author of Instituta Regularia Divina Legis (c.550), one of the earliest introductions to the sacred writings. Junilius himself claimed no originality, but in the introduction to the work stated that he was indebted for the greater part of its contents to a certain Paulus of Persia, supposed to have been Paulus of Bassora, who afterwards became Metropolitan of Nisibis. In this work, which is generally called De Partibus Divinæ Legis, Junilius does not enumerate the Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Job. Judith, Esther, or the Maccabees among canonical books. Consult the edition by Kilm (Freiburg, 1880); Beeker's Das System des Kirchenvaters Junilius (Lübeck, 1787); and Kilm's Theodor von Mopsuestia und Junilius Africanus (Freiburg, 1880).

JUNIN, HOO-nēn'. An inland department of Peru, bounded by the Department of Huanuco on the north, Cuzco on the east, Ayacucho and Huancavelica on the south, and Lima on the west (Map: Peru. B 6). Area, 23,353 square miles. One of the Andes ranges traverses the department through the centre, and divides it into two parts, the western being elevated; the eastern lower and thickly wooded, known as the hot Montaña. Agriculture is in a backward state,

and the rich deposits of silver which are found in the Cerro de Pasco are utterly neglected. A railroad connects the southern part of the province with Lima on the coast, and several extensions of this line have been projected, which will open communication with the eastern and northcrn departments. The population was officially estimated, in 1896, at 394,393. Capital, Cerro de Pasco (q.v.).

JUNIN, or CHINCHAYCOCHA. A lake in the Department of Junin, Peru, situated at an altitude of 13,000 feet. It is about 37 miles long and 7 miles wide, and is drained by the Mantaro River. There are several towns on its shores, and small steamboats ply on it.

JUNIPER (older forms gynypre, jeneper, from OF. geneivre, genoivre, It. ginepro, giuni pero, from Lat. juniperus, junipirus, probably for junonipirus, Juno's pear, from Juno, Juno + pirus, pear; also explained as being from juvenis, young, and pirus, pear; hardly connected with parere, to produce), Juniperus. A genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Coniferæ, having unisexual flowers, the male and female generally on separate plants, and the fruit a kind of fleshy berry containing one to three small nuts. The species are all evergreen, and have small, narrow, rigid, and scale-like leaves opposite in whorls of three or four, or imbricated in four rows, both forms sometimes occurring together. They are natives chiefly of northern temperate and cold regions. The common juniper (Juniperus communis), common to northern high latitudes, rarely exceeds a height of 30 feet, and in general is only a shrub from 2 to 6 feet

JUNIPER.

high. The abundant, round, bluish-black currantlike fruit takes two years to ripen. On the shell of the nuts are three glands, which abound, especially before ripening, in an essential oil-oil of juniper-present also particularly in the young wood. The wood is yellowish-red, brownish in the heart, hard, and fragrant. When of sufficient size it is much valued for turning and veneering. The dry twigs, roots, and berries are used for fumigation. The berries, which have a strong and peculiar flavor, are much used for flavoring gin, which derives its name from them. They also enter into several medical preparations, being stimulant, sudorific, and diuretic.

The