are very small, but it is armed with strong finspines, and has a row of large, spinous scales along the base of the dorsal fin and in front of the pectorals. The color is usually a pale olive

THE JOHN DORY.

brown, with a large circular spot nearly black on the middle of the side. Various legends account for this spot. One declares this to be the fish which Saint Peter caught in the Lake of

Gennesaret and marked with his thumb and finger while taking the tribute money from its mouth; another that the mark was similarly made by Saint Christopher, who seized one of these fishes while carrying Jesus through an arm of the sea. Its flesh is highly esteemed in Europe. Several related species occur in the deeper tropical seas, and all constitute a group of very uncertain affinities.

JOHN FREDERICK, THE MAGNANIMOUS (1503-54). Elector of Saxony from 1532 to 1547. He was the son of the Elector John the Constant, and was born at Torgau, June 30, 1503. In 1532 he succeeded his father in the Government con

jointly with his brother Ernest, with whom, however, he concluded a partition settlement in 1542, ceding to him the Principality of Coburg. He was from the first an ardent champion of the Reformed faith. With Philip of Hesse he became one of the leaders of the Schmalkaldic League (q.v.), and as such was placed by Charles V. under the ban of the Empire in 1546. He successfully defended his territories against an invasion by his cousin, Maurice of Saxony, in the same year; but on April 24, 1547, the army of the Schmalkaldic League was defeated at Mühlberg, and John Frederick fell into the hands of the Emperor. Sentence of death was pronounced on the prisoner, and he was compelled to cede his possessions, together with the electoral title, to Maurice. For five years John Frederick remained in captivity, until, together with Philip of Hesse, he was liberated by the sudden uprising of Maurice against Charles V. The death of his brother Ernest in the same year (1552) placed him in possession of Coburg. He died in 1554.

JOHN FREDERICK II. (1529-95). Duke of Saxony, eldest son of John Frederick I. After his father's downfall, in 1547, he undertook, in conjunction with his brother John William, and in the name of their younger brother, John Frederick III., the administration of what remained

of the territories of the Ernestine line. Soon after, in accordance with his father's wish, he founded the University of Jena. Upon the death of John Frederick III., in 1565, the two brothers divided their dominions, John Frederick taking Weimar and Gotha, and John William Coburg. In 1566, because of the protection which he had afforded the outlaw Wilhelm von Grumbach, he was himself outlawed by the Emperor, was captured in 1567, and was imprisoned until his death. His wife, Elizabeth of the Palatinate, followed him into his exile. Consult Beck, Johann Friedrich der Mittlere (Weimar, 1858).

JOHN GEORGE I. (1585-1656). Elector of Saxony, from 1611 to 1656. He was born March 5, 1585; married Magdalene Sibylle, daughter of Duke Albert Frederick of Prussia, in 1607; and succeeded his brother, Christian II., as Elector of Saxony, June 23, 1611. The attitude of Saxony, as one of the most powerful of the Protestant States of Germany, was of great importance in the Thirty Years' War; but the course of John George was vacillating, and when he was giving nominal support to one side he was generally negotiating with the other. When Gustavus Adolphus entered Germany, John George prevented the relief of Magdeburg, which was refused him passage across Saxony, and thus taken by Tilly, whose infuriated troops put most of the inhabitants to the sword. A little later, when Saxony was about to suffer from the advance of the Imperialists, John George concluded a hasty alliance with Sweden, and his troops tember, 1631), but fled early in the day. The were on the field of Leipzig or Breitenfeld (Sepadvantageous to Saxony. In 1632, when GusElector sought continually to bring about a peace tavus was in Bavaria, he sought to detach Brandenburg from the Swedish cause, and in 1635 he concluded the Peace of Prague with the Emperor, yielding practically all that the German Protestants had fought for, and agreeing to endeavor to secure the general acceptance of the terms. His reward was the hereditary possession of Lusatia. Only Brandenburg and some of the minor States acceded. In 1636 the Saxons were defeated by Banér at Wittstock, and in 1645 the Elector was obliged to conclude an armistice with Sweden. By the Peace of Westphalia he was confirmed in the possession of Lusatia and the bishoprics of Meissen, Merseburg, and Naumburg. John George died October 8, 1656. How much of his changeable and treacherous

policy was due to himself, and how much to the intrigues of his most trusted counselor, Von Arnim, it is difficult to determine. His will esin addition to electoral Saxony-Saxe-Weisenfels, tablished three ruling Saxon lines for his sons, Saxe-Merseburg, and Saxe-Zeitz. See ARNIM;

GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS; SAXONY; THIRTY YEARS' WAR.

JOHN GEORGE II. (1613-80). Elector of Saxony from 1656 to 1680. He was the son of John George I., and was born in 1613. Subsidies received from France in the early years of his reign enabled him to gratify his tastes, and to make Dresden one of the most beautiful cities and art centres of Europe.

JOHN GEORGE III. (1647-91). Elector of Saxony, from 1680 to 1691, only son and successor of John George II. He took a prominent part in the war between the Empire and

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. disciplinary methods appropriate for undergraduate instruction and the freer methods of advanced study; the group arrangement of studies; the opportunities offered to students of exceptional attainments for carrying on work beyond that required for any degree; and the influence upon younger pupils of the presence of a large body of graduate scholars engaged in specialized work in the various branches of learning. The

JOHNNY VERDE, or JUAN VERDE. A numerous and excellent food-fish (Paralabrax nebu lifer) of the southern California coast. It is one of the cabrillas, about 18 inches long, mottled greenish in color, and has the general characteristics of a rock-bass.

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. An institution of higher learning in Baltimore, Md., founded by Johns Hopkins (q.v.), who bequeathed over $7,000,000 for the establishment of a university and a hospital. The two institutions are closely affiliated, but each has its own funds and is controlled by a distinct board of trustees. The university was incorporated August 24, 1867, several years before the founder's death, and in 1870 the first Board of Trustees was created. Early in 1874 the trustees began the work of organization, and at the end of that year elected as president, Dr. Daniel Coit Gilman, who entered Instruction upon his duties in February, 1876.

in the Department of Philosophy began in October of the same year. Temporary buildings were provided in the heart of the city, and the site proved to be so convenient that the university has remained there for more than a quarter of a century. In May, 1889, the Johns Hopkins Hospital was opened, and the work of the Johns Hopkins Medical School was inaugurated in 1893. In 1902 a gift of a magnificent site in the suburbs of Baltimore was made, and an endowment fund of $1,000,000 was presented to the university by the citizens of Baltimore.

The university offers instruction to students of the following classes: (1) Under the faculty of philosophy: (a) college graduates and other advanced scholars, who may either proceed to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in literature or science, or pursue their studies for any length of time at their own discretion; (b) undergraduate students, who are candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts: these may pursue one of five parallel groups of studies; (c) students who have taken no degree and who desire to pursue work in the university, without aiming at academic honors. (2) Under the faculty of medicine: (a) candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, for whom a four years' course is provided; (b) Doctors of Medicine desiring to pursue special graduate courses. undergraduate college was organized to meet the needs of those desiring "a systematic discipline in liberal studies," and since 1876 over 1800 students have received the collegiate training. The undergraduate work is rendered effective by certain features of organization not found to the same degree elsewhere. These conditions in clude the sharp distinction drawn between the

The

kins University, however, are the attractions offered to advanced students and the instruction given to them in seminaries and laboratories. at the inception of the university at a time These features were made the prime consideration when the importance of pure university work did not receive its full measure of recognition in the United States. The first president succeeded in associating with him a small number of eminent specialists whose high standards and enthusiasm carried the new institution successfully through its experimental period, and earned for it primacy in its field. For the encouragement of research among American students, the university annually awards a large number of fellowUnder the auspices of ships and scholarships. the university are published the American Journal of Philology, the American Journal of Mathematics, the American Chemical Journal, Memoirs from the Biological Laboratory, the Studies in Historical and Political Science, Modern Language Notes, Contributions to Assyriology and Comparative Semitic Philology, and Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity.

The government of the university is vested in a board of twelve trustees, with the president as an ex-officio member. In the Philosophical Department an academic council, consisting of the president and eight professors, is in supreme charge of the various departments of study, and exercises the right of appointing the fellows. A board of university studies, consisting of the president, twenty-six professors, and eleven associate professors, has charge of the instruction of graduate students and of the examination of candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. A Board of Collegiate Studies, consisting of the president, the dean of the college, and representatives from each of the chief departments of undergraduate study, directs the college work and conducts the examinations for the baccalaureate degree. The Medical School, which is a department of the university and is at the same time closely connected with the Johns Hopkins Hospital, has had a most important influence on the recent advances mad in medical education. The course extends through four years. For admission, the bachelor's degree is required, or an equivalent course of preliminary training in the liberal arts, and especially in three branches of science-physics, chemistry, and biology. The principal buildings of the Philosophical Department are McCoy Hall, which contains the library, the chief assembly-room, and numerous apartments for literary and historical studies; Levering Hall, devoted to the work of the Young Men's Christian Association; Hopkins Hall, devoted to geology and mineralogy; the Chemical Laboratory; the Biological Laboratory; the Physical Laboratory; the Gymnasium; and the Administration Building. The medical department is provided with four large and wellequipped laboratories: the Anatomical (known

as the Women's Fund Memorial Building), the Physiological, the Pathological, and the Clinical. In 1906 the total value of the property under control of the university was $1,350,072, the endowment $4,315,823, and the gross income $311,870. The university has at various times received generous gifts, including one of $307,000 from Miss Mary E. Garrett of Baltimore, supplementing a previous gift of $112,000 from women in different parts of the country, which enabled the trustees to open the Medical School (1893), and, in accordance with the wishes of the benefactors, women are admitted on the same terms as men. Two general subscriptions for the benefit of the university have been made in Baltimore, amounting to nearly $350,000 in addition to the million-dollar endowment fund above referred to. For two years the Legislature of Maryland gave $50,000 per annum, $24,000 annually for the next two years, and $25,000 annually for the past six

years.

The library contains 130,000 volumes; more than 1500 periodicals are regularly received. The library supplements the valuable collections of the Peabody Institute, containing 157,000 volumes. The Maryland Geological Survey and the Maryland Weather Bureau are closely connected with the university, occupying rooms in the university buildings. In 1906-7 the faculty included 173 professors, associates, instructors, assistants, and lecturers. In the same year there were 720 students, of whom 162 pursued graduate courses under the philosophical faculty, and 369 under the medical faculty, and 190 were enrolled in the undergraduate courses. Dr. Gilman resigned the presidency in November, 1900, the resignation taking effect at the end of the academic year.

Professor Ira Remsen was chosen

to succeed him, and he was inaugurated February 22, 1902. Consult: Gilman, Launching of a University and other Papers (New York, 1906). JOHN'SON, ALVIN JEWETT (1827-84). An American publisher, born at Wallingford, Vt. He spent his early years on a farm, then went to Virginia, where he taught school for a time, and finally removed to New York in 1853, where he became interested in C. C. Colton's Atlas, which he subsequently bought and published under the name of Johnson's Illustrated Atlas. He afterwards brought out a number of other books, the most important of which was Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia, the publication of which involved him in a bitter dispute with D. Appleton & Co., who afterwards bought it and published it under the title Universal Cyclopædia.

JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808-75). The seventeenth President of the United States of America. He was born at Raleigh, N. C., December 29, 1808. His father lived only four years after Andrew's birth, and left no funds for the education of the boy, who, at the age of ten, was bound out to a tailor. Lack of education was a great grievance to Andrew, and he resolved to learn to read by himself. For this purpose he passed all the time between labor and sleep in study. Just before his term of service was out he went to work on his own account as a journey man tailor at Laurens Court-house. S. C. In 1826 he removed to Greeneville in East Tennessee, where he worked at his trade for about a year, and married Eliza McCardle, who taught him writing and ordinary arithmetic.

When only twenty years old Johnson organized a party of workingmen in opposition to the planters. The workingmen chose him alderman in that year, and reëlected him in the two succeeding years. In 1830 Johnson was elect ed mayor, serving for three years. To qualify himself for public undertakings, he joined a debating society, most of whose members were students of Greeneville College. In 1834 Johnson took an active part in advocating the proposed Constitution for the State; in 1835 he nominated himself for the Assembly, declaring himself a Democrat. He was successful in the ensuing election, but in 1837 failed of reëlection because of his opposition to a financial measure, which, as was later proved, he rightly judged to be bad. In 1839 he was again chosen a member of the Legislature. In 1840 he was on the Democratic electoral ticket, and made many speeches for Van Buren. The next year he was elected to the State Senate, and in 1842 he was chosen a member of Congress, to which he secured four consecutive reelections. While in the House he supported the annexation of Texas, the Mexican War, the refunding of General Jackson's fine for imprisoning a judge at New Orleans in 1815, the tariff of 1846, and the compromise of 1850. He favored the acceptance of the 49th degree of latitude to settle the Oregon boundary dispute, and was one of the foremost of the advocates of a homestead law. He was also a firm supporter of the President's veto power, and on all occasions was in favor of the greatest economy in public expendiHe left Congress in March, 1853, and in the same year was chosen Governor of his State, and two years afterwards was reëlected after a very turbulent canvass.

ture.

In 1857 he was elected to the United States

He

Senate, where he opposed the increase of the army and the legislation for the Pacific Railroad. spoke little on slavery, his main interest_being centred on the preservation of the Union. In the campaign of 1860, after being himself mentioned for the nomination, he supported Breckenridge until he found that secession was contemplated, when he repudiated him. When he went home in 1861, after opposing secession in the Senate, he was in great danger of his life. He worked hard for the Union cause, and at one time the secessionists turned his family out of their home. Early in March, 1862, Johnson was made military Governor of Tennessee. For a long time he labored earnestly to bring his State back into the Union. Near the beginning of March, 1864, under Johnson's special orders, Tennessee elected officers, both State and local. Three months afterwards he was nominated for VicePresident on the ticket with Lincoln. Six weeks Johnson became President. On taking the execuafter the inauguration Lincoln was shot, and tive chair he made a brief speech, which was understood to mean that he would deal with the utmost severity with the leading secessionists. Instead of following this policy, his course, after he came under the influence of Secretary Seward, was the very opposite. He hastened to bring Virginia back to the Union, and near the close of June he brushed aside all regulations with regard to trade with the seceding States. He proclaimed general amnesty to all (except a few special classes) who would swear to be loyal to the Union. Under his proclamation provincial governments were set up in a number of the States but a few weeks

before in rebellion, and he prepared the way for them to send members to Congress. These acts put him in opposition to the majority of the Republicans in Congress. Congress appointed a committee on reconstruction and on the admission of Southern members to the House, and adopted the Civil Rights Act, adding an act to increase the power and efficiency of the Freedmen's Bureau. These last two bills were vetoed by President Johnson, but they were readopted and passed. This action was severely denounced by the President, who characterized the course of Congress as another rebellion. Disaffection began to work in the Cabinet, and three members resigned in consequence of differences with the President.

When Congress declared that the Fourteenth Amendment, giving the negroes citizenship, should be ratified by every seceding State as a preliminary to readmission to the Union, the President vetoed the resolution. During the next session acts were passed requiring the right of voting to be granted without regard to color in Territories applying for admission as States. These, too, were vetoed; but in all cases the bills were repassed and became laws. In March, 1867, in spite of the veto, an act was passed dividing the Southern States, save Tennessee, into military districts, and trouble immediately arose over the appointments of the generals to command and their functions, Johnson's Cabinet, with the exception of Secretary Stanton, supporting him in his obstruction of the legisla tion of the radicals in Congress. In August Stanton was displaced as Secretary of War, and General Grant was given the position. Stanton protested that his removal was in violation of the Tenure-of-Office Law, and at the meeting of Congress in September the Senate refused to ratify the suspension, whereupon Grant resigned and Stanton resumed his post. Five months afterwards Johnson again removed Stanton, and put Gen. Lorenzo Thomas in his place. The Senate immediately resolved that "the President has no power to remove the Secretary of War and designate any other person to perform the duties of that office." The day after the adoption of the resolutions of the Senate, the House of Representatives determined upon the President's impeachment. The articles of impeachment recited inany offenses, the principal of which were the removal of the Secretary of War; the public expression of disregard of and contempt for the legislative branch of the Government; the declaration that the one in session was not a constitutional Congress; and particularly his obstruction to the execution of Congressional acts. The main point of the defense was that Johnson's course in the work of reconstruction was merely the continuation of a plan resolved upon by President Lincoln and the members of his Cabinet. In the Senate, sitting as the court of impeachment, the test vote was: guilty, 35; not guilty, 19. The requisite two-thirds vote not having been obtained, Johnson was acquitted-a result which is now considered just and fortunate by temperate historians. As soon as the trial was over Stanton voluntarily gave up his office, and was succeeded by General Schofield.

At the Democratic National Convention in New York, July 4, 1868, Mr. Johnson's name was among the list of candidates for President. On the first ballot he had 65 votes, standing second

on the list, George H. Pendleton having 105; but Johnson's vote diminished rapidly until, on the nineteenth ballot, his name did not appear. On Christmas Day, 1868, he proclaimed complete pardon to all who had been directly or indirectly concerned in secession. This was his last important official act. He was succeeded, March 4, 1869, by General Grant, and at once repaired to his home in Greenville. He was not satisfied with retirement, and sought unsuccessfully to be sent to the Senate, and also failed as an independent candidate for Congress. At last, in January, 1875, he was chosen United States Senator, and was in his seat during the short extra session in March. But his triumph was short, for he died on July 31, 1875. Johnson showed great ability, courage, and political acumen. His messages, which represent his views, whether or not he was their author in the fullest sense, are powerful documents. Consult Moore, Speeches of Andrew Johnson, with a Biographical Introduction (Boston, 1865); The Trial of Andrew Johnson (3 vols., Washington, 1868); Dunning, Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction (1898), and Dewitt, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (New York, 1903). Also, William A. Dunning's monograph, "A Little More Light on Andrew Johnson," in which he maintains that Johnson's first inaugural address was written by the historian George Bancroft (published in the Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society for November, 1905, and republished in Cambridge, Mass., the same year).

JOHNSON, BRADLEY TYLER (1829-1903). An American soldier and lawyer, born at Frederick City, Md. He graduated at Princeton in 1849, studied law at Harvard, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore in 1860, and joined the majority of his delegation when they withdrew from the convention and united with the Southern wing of the party, which supported Breckenridge and Lane. When the Civil War began, Johnson organized and equipped a company at his own expense and joined the Confederate forces. He saw service in the seven days' battles around Richmond in 1862, and was advanced to the rank of brigadiergeneral of cavalry in 1864. As commander of the post at Salisbury, N. C., he used his influence to lessen the suffering among the prisoners, and finally obtained their parole. At the close of the war he practiced law in Richmond until 1879, when he removed to Baltimore. His writings include: Reports of Chase's Decisions on the Fourth Circuit (1875); an examination of the Foundation of Maryland and the Maryland Act Concerning Religion; Life of General Washington (Great Commanders Series, 1894); Memoir of Joseph E. Johnston (1891); and the Confederate History of Maryland.

JOHNSON, BUSHROD RUST (1817-80). An American soldier in the Confederate service, born in Belmont County, Ohio. He graduated at West Point, in 1840, and served in the Seminole War and in the war with Mexico. In 1847 he resigned and became professor of natural philosophy and chemistry, and later superintendent, at the Western Military Institute, Georgetown, Ky., where he remained until 1855, when he became superintendent of the Military College of the University of Nashville. In 1861 he entered the Confederate Army, in which he rose to the rank of