share, on the American side, in the delicate negotiations which resulted in the signing of the treaty of 1783. Jay returned to New York in 1784, refusing appointments both to the English and the French courts, and from that time to 1789 was Secretary for Foreign Affairs under the Confederation. He strongly approved of the Federal Constitution drawn up by the Philadelphia Convention of 1787, and cooperated with Alexander Hamilton to secure its ratification by New York, writing some of the papers known collectively as the Federalist (q.v.), and taking an active part in the debates in the State Convention at Poughkeepsie. Upon the organization of the Federal Government Jay was allowed by Washington his choice of all the public offices to be filled by the President's appointment, and chose that of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, which position he filled with marked dignity and ability until 1795. In 1794 he was sent to England to negotiate with regard to various matters then in dispute between the two countries, and concluded with Lord Grenville what is known in American history as the Jay Treaty (q.v.). From 1795 to 1801, for two terms, he was Governor of the State of New York, and thereafter, refusing an appointment to his old position as Chief Justice, he lived in retirement on his estates at Bedford in Westchester County, N. Y., until his death, on May 17, 1829. Politically, Jay was ranked with Hamilton as one of the ablest and most influential leaders of the Federalist Party. Consult: H. P. Johnston (ed.), Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay (4 vols., New York, 1890-93); William Jay, Life of John Jay, with Selections from His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers (2 vols., New York, 1833); Pellew, John Jay (Boston, 1890), in the "American Statesmen Series;" and Whitelocke, Life and Times of John Jay (New York, 1887).

JAY, JOHN (1817-94). An American lawyer and diplomat, son of William Jay (q.v.) and a grandson of Chief Justice John Jay (q.v.). He was born in New York City, graduated at Columbia College in 1836, and was admitted to the bar three years later. He early became intensely interested in the anti-slavery movement, and while still in college (1834) was president of the New York Young Men's Anti-Slavery Society. He was active in the Free-Soil Party movement, presided at several of its conventions, and was once its candidate for Attorney-General of New York. In 1854 he organized the series of popular meetings in the Broadway Tabernacle, and the next year was prominently identified with the founding of the Republican Party. From 1869 to 1875 he was United States Minister to Austria-Hungary. In 1877 he was appointed by President Hayes chairman of the special commission to investigate

Chester A. Arthur's administration of the New York Custom-House. In 1883 Gov. Grover Cleve

land appointed him the Republican member of the

New York Civil-Service Commission, of which he later became president. He published many books and pamphlets on slavery and other ques

tions.

JAY, WILLIAM (1789-1858). An American reformer and jurist, the son of John Jay (17451829). He was born in New York City, graduated at Yale in 1808, and then studied law at Albany, though poor eyesight soon compelled him to give up the profession. He early became in

terested in various philanthropic enterprises and reforms, and identified himself especially with the temperance, anti-slavery, and anti-war movements. He was one of the founders (in 1816) of the American Bible Society, which he defended against the vigorous attacks of the High-Church Party; was judge of common pleas in New York from 1818 to 1820; and was first judge of Westchester County from 1820 to 1842, when he was removed on account of his anti-slavery views. An enthusiastic member of the American AntiSlavery Society, whose constitution he drafted, he stood with Birney at the head of the conservative Abolitionists, and by his calm, logical, and judicial writings exerted for many years a powerful influence. From 1835 to 1837 he was the Society's corresponding foreign secretary. a protagonist of the anti-war theories, he was also conspicuous, and was for many years president of the Peace Society. His most valuable publication was the Life and Writings of John Jay (1833), in which the part played by his father in the diplomacy of the Revolution was first adequately pointed out.

As

JAYADÉVA, jä'yà-dā'và (c.1200 A.D.). A Hindu poet, born at Kindubilva, Kenduli. His only extant Sanskrit work, a lyric drama called Gitagovinda, or Song of the Cowherd, treats of the love, estrangement, and reconciliation of Krishna and the milkmaid Radha. The poem, metrical structure, was presumably based on which is in twelve cantos of artistically varied Prakrit originals, and is notable for its vivid portrayal of the emotions. At a later time it was interpreted as a religious allegory. Lassen (Bonn, 1836) published the text, with Latin translation and notes, and native editions are 1882), and by Telang and Pansikar (Bombay, numerous, as those by Vidyasagara (Calcutta, 1899). Sir William Jones (London, 1799) and Sir Edwin Arnold (The Indian Song of Songs, London, 1875) have translated the poem into English, the latter from the allegorical point of view. There is also a German version of part of the drama by Rückert (Göttingen, 1837). Jayadeva likewise wrote a poem in Hindi, which was published, with a translation by Trumpp, in the Sitzungsberichte der bairischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Munich, 1879).

The

JAY'HAWKER. A name applied in the Southern and Western States of the American Union to an soldier not enlisted or in uniform-a guer irregular, lawless, freebooting rilla or bushranger. The term originated in Kansas during the bloody strife between the slavery and anti-slavery parties, and is said to have been first applied to a few isolated the Territory, who organized a system of re'Free State' men in the southeastern part of taliation against pro-slavery outrages, but who ultimately became robbers and assassins. term appeared in a proclamation of Gen. James Lane in October, 1861, in which he declared that the people of Kansas were neither thieves, plunderers, nor jayhawkers. The term was also applied by General Sheridan during the Reconstruction period to certain lawless persons in Louisiana. Its origin is not certainly known. According to one theory, it was first applied to Colonel Jennison, of New York, who was known among his comrades as the 'Gay Yorker,' a phrase from which jayhawker was corrupted. A more

JAY TREATY. In American history, the name applied to a treaty negotiated in 1794 by John Jay on the part of the United States and Lord Grenville on the part of Great Britain. The refusal of Great Britain to observe several of the obligations imposed by the definitive treaty of peace signed in Paris in 1783, among them the compensation for negroes carried away by the retiring British army and the continuation of garrisons in the forts on the northwestern frontier, had produced a hostile feeling in America that was increased by Great Britain's continued insistence on the right of search and impressment, and in the winter of 1793-94 actually threatened war. On April 7, 1794, a proposal was made in Congress, in accordance with a recommendation for retaliatory legislation made by the Secretary of State, Jefferson, to prohibit all commercial intercourse with England after November 1, 1794, unless before that date the northwestern forts should be evacuated, and pledges given of a cessation of search and impressment. Before this resolution passed, however, Washington, who feared the result of such an enactment, intervened, and on April 16th sent to the Senate the nomination of Chief Justice John Jay as a special ambassador to negotiate a treaty adjusting the difficulties. The nomination was immediately confirmed by a vote of 18 to 8, and the House non-intercourse resolution was defeated in

the Senate by the casting vote of Vice-President Adams. Jay reached London June 15th, and on November 19th signed with Lord Grenville a treaty of twenty-eight articles. The evacuation of the forts was the only one of the American claims definitely decided. Nothing whatever was said about either the right of search or impressment, or the question of compensation for the negroes. The settlement of the boundaries on the northeastern and northwestern frontiers was to be decided by a joint commission, as was the question of the collection of British debts. The last eighteen articles constituted a treaty of commerce, by the provisions of which, with certain qualifications, trade was to be allowed with Great Britain and the East and West Indies. Further provisions related to the fitting out of privateers, defined contraband goods, and contained a renunciation of all American-European trade in West Indian products such as sugar, molasses, cocoa, and cotton. On June 8, 1795, the treaty was laid before the Senate in executive session, and it was ratified June 24th by a vote of 20 to 10. On July 2d, before the terms of the treaty had been officially made public, its text was published in the Aurora, the Anti-Federalist organ in Philadelphia. An outbreak of public wrath and denunciation followed such as has seldom occurred in the history of the Republic. Jay was burned in effigy from New England to Georgia, and both he and Washington were declared to have been bought with British gold. Even Washington's impeachment was suggested, and the attacks were of such a character as to draw from him the protest that they were "so exaggerated and indecent as could scarcely be applied to a Nero, a defaulter, or even to a com

mon pickpocket." But the outbreak subsided almost as quickly as it had begun, the defenses and explanations of the treaty in the press, particularly in the famous Camillus letters of Hamilton and King, brought about a saner state of public opinion, and on April 30, 1796, the House, after debating the question for several months and listening to the able speeches of Fisher Ames and others in its defense, resolved by a vote of 51 to 48 that the terms of the treaty ought to be carried into effect.

Consult: Trescot, Diplomacy of the Administrations of Washington and Adams (Boston, 1857); Jay, Life of John Jay (New York, 1833); Pellew, John Jay (Boston, 1890), in the "American Statesmen Series;" and an article by Alexander Johnston in Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Science (Chicago, 1881-84). For the text of the treaty consult Treaties and Conventions (Washington, 1889).

JAZYGES, jăz'í-jēz (Lat., from Gk. 'Iayes). One of the numerous tribes which by the ancients were comprehensively named Sarmatians. They originally occupied the shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Later part of them moved settled as far west as the region between the westward and a detached body of them even Theiss and the Danube in the centre of modern Hungary. Under the Hungarian kings the inhabitants of a part of this region, who had a special military organization, came to be known as Jászok (bowmen), and the district in which they lived received the name of Jászság, which was Latinized into Jazygia. These names have been perpetuated to our times, and at the present day a body of Magyars numbering about 70,000 still figure as Jazygians. See HUNGARY.

JEAFFRESON, jěf'ĕr-son, JOHN CORDY (18311901). An English author. He was born January 14, 1831, at Framlingham, Suffolk, England, where his father was a surgeon. He began the study of medicine, but changing his intentions, he went to Oxford and from there to Lincoln's Inn, where he was admitted to the bar in 1859. In 1854 he published his first novel, Crewe Rise, which was followed by Live It Down (1863), Not Dead Yet (1864), A Woman in Spite of Herself (1871), and several others. In 1858 appeared Novels and Novelists from Elizabeth to Victoria. But his most important works are his three books on the three learned professions, A Book About Doctors (1860); A Book About Lawyers (1866); A Book About the Clergy (1870). Other works are the Annals of Oxford (1871); Brides and Bridals, a history of marriage in England (1872); The Real Lord Byron (1883); The Real Shelley (1885); and Lady Hamilton and Lord Nelson (1887, revised in 1897). He was also a frequent contributor to the Athenæum, Fraser's Magazine, the Dublin University Magazine, and to other periodicals as well as to the London daily press. He died February 2, 1901.

JEALOUS WIFE, THE. A comedy by George Colman the elder (1761). The plot is said to Jones, though Hazlitt remarks that the resemhave been partly taken from Fielding's Tom blance is so slight as to be hardly noticeable. The play was extremely popular in its time.

JEAMES. A pseudonym used by Thackeray in his Jeames's Diary, contributed to

Punch.

JEANNE D'ALBRET, zhän dål'bra'. See ALBRET, JEANNE D'.

JEANNE D'ARC, därk. See JOAN OF ARC. JEANNE D'ARC. An opera by Gounod (1873).

JEANNETTE, jen-nět'. A borough in West moreland County, Pa., 27 miles east by south of Pittsburg; on the Pennsylvania Railroad (Map: Pennsylvania, B 3). The borough is supplied with natural gas, and has important manufactures of window-glass, flint glass, tableware, lamps and shades, mine fans, rubber goods, electric carbons, etc. Oakford is the principal park. Jeannette was settled in 1888 and incorporated in the following year. The government is administered by a burgess, chosen every three years, and a borough council, elected on a general ticket. Population, in 1900, 5865; in 1905 (local est.), 8000.

JEANNETTE EXPEDITION. RESEARCH; De Long.

See POLAR

JEANNIN, zhä'năN', PIERRE (1540-1622). A French statesman, born at Autun. He was educated under Cujas, was an advocate at Dijon in 1569, and councilor in 1572, and as advocate of the State of Burgundy (1579) he was able to prevent the Saint Bartholomew massacre from extending to his district. When councilor to the Duke of Mayenne, he strove to bring about a reconciliation between him and Henry IV., who took him into his own service in 1595, and he was made intendant in 1602, and general controller of finances in 1610. A commissioner for the Treaty of Lyon with the Duke of Savoy, he was afterwards instrumental in forming the important alliance between France and Holland in 1608, whereby Spain was obliged to acknowledge Dutch independence. Always on the side of conciliation, he tried to make peace

between Louis XIII. and Marie de Médicis. His Negociations were published posthumously in 1656 (2 vols.), in 1659 (3 vols.), in 1819, and in 1837, while they are to be found also in Nouvelles collections des mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France, vol. iv. (2d series, 1887).

JEAN PAUL, zhän pol. See RICHTER, JOHANN PAUL.

JEAN POTAGE, pô'tȧzh' (Fr., John Pottage). A nickname of the French, based on their fondness for soups and sauces.

JEANRON, ZhäN'rÔN', PHILIPPE AUGUSTE (1809-77). A French genre and historical painter. born at Boulogne-sur-Mer. He was a pupil of Sigalon and Souchon. He became directorgeneral of the National Museums in 1848, and director of the Marseilles Museum in 1863. In the former post he did valuable service by improving the arrangement of the various museums and exhibits inclosed in the Louvre, and founded the Luxembourg Museum. His pictures are of subjects taken from the lower classes, and are treated in a realistic fashion. They include "The Little Patriots" (1830), a scene from the Revo

lution of July, and "The Abandoned Port of Ambleteuse" (1855), in the Luxembourg. He also contributed articles on art to the French reviews, particularly La France Littéraire.

JEAURAT, zhô'ra', ETIENNE (1699-1789). A French genre and historical painter, born at Vermenton (Yonne). He was a pupil of Vleughels, and afterwards studied in Rome under this same master. He became a member of the Academy in 1733, and chancellor in 1781. His best works are from familiar scenes and amusements of the time, rendered with animation and good color. They include "The Village Wedding" and "Taking Harlots to the Hospital." His historical pictures such as "Diogenes Breaking His Cup," in the Louvre, are of less interest. JEBB, JOHN (1775-1833). An Irish theoloborn at gian, Bishop of Limerick. He was Drogheda, studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and in 1810 became curate at Mogorbane, Tipperary. of Limerick, Ardfert, and Agadhoe as a recogniTwelve years afterwards Jebb was made Bishop tion of his services in the distress and disquiet following the famine of 1822. Jebb's great work in the Church was the reform of theological examinations. He had more than a tendency toward High Church ritual, many services and communions, and has been reckoned a forerunner, with his friend Alexander Knox, of the Oxford movement. Jebb wrote several volumes of sermons, and his correspondence with Knox was published in 1836. Consult the Life and Letters, by Forster (1836).

Pre

JEBB, JOHN (1805-86). An Irish theologian and Canon of Hereford. He was born in Dublin, and graduated at Trinity College there. bendary in Limerick Cathedral (1832), he was appointed to a similar position at Hereford (1858), where he afterwards became canon. His Book of Psalms (2 vols., 1846) was followed by the publication of sermons and other works more upon church politics than theology.

JEBB, Sir RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE (1841-1905). An eminent Scottish classical scholar. He was

born at Dundee, Scotland, and educated at Saint Columba's College, Dublin, the Charterhouse School, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with the highest honors in 1862. In 1871 he became governor of Charterhouse School, and in 1872 was appointed classical examiner in the University of London, and tutor of Trinity College. Three years later he was called to the chair of Greek in the University of Glasgow, and in 1889 was made regius professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge. Jebb was instrumental in establishing in 1886 the British School of Classical Studies at Athens. He was president of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenistic studies from 1891 to 1905, and since the same year has been member of Parliament from the University of Cambridge. In 1900 he was knighted. He received honorary degrees from the universities of Edinburgh, Cambridge, Bologna, and Harvard; in 1878, in recognition of his high attainments and his earnest advocacy of the teaching of modern Greek, he was presented with the gold cross of the Order of the Saviour by the King of Greece. His numerous works are all distinguished by great scholarship and brilliant style. Among them the most important are: The Characters of Theophrastus (1870); Attic Orators (2 vols., 2d ed. 1893);