of the Encyclopedia Brittanica is out and contains articles on Rome, Roman Literature, Roman Catholic Church, Renaissance, Reformation, Pythagoras, The Quakers, Pym, Railways, Rhode Island, etc., etc.- -Mrs. Chas. Gardner has written the History of France in Rhyme.- -The magazines and reviews are especially rich this month.- -Mr. Justin Winsor, editor of the new History of America, which is said to give promise of becoming the greatest historical work the country has yet seen, succeeds Mr. Geo. Bancroft as Psesident of "the American Historical Association." -The second volume of the series of "Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States," edited by Brander Matthews and Laurence Hutton, and published by Cassell & Company, will be ready about May 7. The authors contributing biographical and critical sketches to this volume are Robert W. Low, Joseph H. Ireland, Wm. Archer, Brander Matthews, Laurence Hutton, Henry Gallup Paine, and Harold G. Henderson. The actors and actresses of whom the sketches are written and anecdotes told, are George Frederick Cooke, Sarah Siddons, John Philip Kemble, Joseph Munden, Elizabeth Farren, Dora Jordan, Robert William Elliston, Charles Mathews, Charles Kemble, Thomas Abthorpe Cooper, John Liston, Charles Mayne Young, Eliza O'Neill, and Wm. Henry West Betty.- The Magazine of Art for June will contain an account of a Royal artist, H. R. I. H. the Crown Princess of Germany, with illustrations from her work, and a paper on Alexander Cabanel by Alice Meynell.- -Miss Elizabeth Stuart Phelps has injured her right arm and yet manages to do a large amount of literary work with her left.

BOOKS OF THE WEEK.

Owing to the bewildering variety recently introduced into the size and form of printing paper the old designation of books, as 4to, Evo, 12mo, &c., gives little indication of size; we shall therefore, in order to be of most service to our readers, give the measures books in inches and quarters, the number first given being the length. We shall also add the number of pages and kind of binding.

4

EVOLUTION AND RELIGION.-Part I, eight serinons. By Henry Ward Beecher. 8x5%, 440 pages, cloth. New York, Ford's, Howard & Hurlbert. This is a comely volume: its appearance is certainly handsome; its contents are possibly true-we don't know. The doctrine of evolution is not yet satisfactorily demonstrated by scientists, and for Mr. Beecher to assume that it is shows that he has more capacity for faith than commonly supposed. But if any one believes this doctrine and doubts the truth of Christianity we do not know of anything in the whole realm of literature that will satisfy him that the one is not antagonistic to the other better than these sermons from the old man eloquent.

A WINTER IN SOUTH AMERICA AND MEXICO.-By Helen J. Sanborn. 7x5, 321 pages, cloth, gilt lettered. Boston, Lee & Shepard. New York, Chas. T. Dillingham. Miss Sanborn went with her father to South America and New Mexico in the interests of the coffee supply. While there she sent descriptions of the countries and peoples to The Grocer. At the request of friends and demand of the public they are given to us in this charming book. If our readers desire some new thing, that is also really good, here it is.

RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION.-Its history and its laws. By Arthur T. Hadley, Commissioner of labor statistics of the State of Connecticut and instructor in political science in Yale College. 7x51, 269 pages, cloth. G. P. Putman's Sons, New York and Lon. don. This book aims to do two things: First, to present clearly the more important facts of American railroad business and explain the principles involved; second, to compare the railroad legislation of different countries and the results achieved. The author has done well. A more thorough and exhaustive piece of work we have seldom seen.

BY FIRE AND SWORD.-A story of the Huguenots. By Thomas Archer. 7x5%. 256 pages, gilt lettered, cloth. Cassell & Co., New York. $1.0). This story has often been told, though seldom with more fidelity to fact and purity of purpose than by this experienced writer.

"

UNWISE LAWS.-A consideration of the operations of a protective tariff upon industry. commerce, and society. By Lewis H. Blair. 7x5, 178 pages, cloth. G. P. Putman & Sons, New York. The writer says that he "lays no claim to learning or wisdom of any description He is a merchant doing business at Richmond, Va., and does not address the "learned, but plain, sensible people." If he were wiser in his method of putting things, they would probably listen to him. With all its excellencies, and it has many, the style of the book is so heavy that we shall be surprised if "plain, sensible people" read it.

KING SOLOMON'S MINES.-By H. Rider Haggard. 74x5, 320 pages, paper cover. 25 cents. Cassell & Co., Rainbow Series, New York. Indeed, this must be an "original novel," for one of our friends, who is an inveterate novel gormandizer, says that he never found one like it before.

ON A MARGIN.-By Julius Chambers. 7x5, 416 pages, cloth. $1.53. Ford's, Howard & Hurlbert. This is a novel of Wall street and Washington. The heroine is decidedly bright, queer, and variable.

MRS. PEIXADA. -By Sidney Luska. 6x5, 317 pages, cloth, gilt lettered. $1.00. Cassell & Co., New York. A very exciting story. It carries one with a rush to the end, but it is healthful withal, in that it shows the senselessness of a woman marrying a man In order to get her father out of debt.

GLIMPSES OF THREE COASTS.-By Helen Jackson (H. H.. 7%x5%, 418 pages, cloth. $1.50. Roberts Brothers, Boston. The "Three Coasts," to which the lamented H. H. takes us are "California and Oregon," "Scotland and England," "Norway, Denmark, and Germany." We have read these descriptive pages before, and are glad to possess them in this permanent form. The title is somewhat misleading, but the author never leads us astray. On the contrary, she takes us to see just what is best worth seeing.

PRINCE OTTO.-A romance. By Robert Louis Stevenson. 272 pages. $1.00. Boston, Roberts Brothers.

WIT OF THE WEEK.

LAUGHTER FROM LIFE.

CHEERY PASSENGER (on deck, to father promenading with consumptive son): "Ah, this is a fine morning. Getting some fresh air in your lungs?" Melancholy Parent: "Not a bit of it. I'm getting some fresh lungs in my

heir."

BORED OF ALDERMEN-The city.

MR. PLUFF: "It is a pity that Rochefort ever resigned his seat in the Deputies. I presume you have followed his political career, Miss Fichu; are you an admirer of his character?"

Miss Fichu: " I don't know much about his politics, Mr. Fluff, but his cheese is just lovely."

MONSIEUR LE BARON (old enough to be a grandfather): "I haf ask your mamma and she gif her consent-and-now I-er-"

Miss Bullion (young and silly): "I am so glad! But won't it be funny to call you papa ?"

"AND she jilted you, did she?" inquired Rufus of Adolphus.

Me deah boy," replied Adolphus, hastily, "never use that dweadful wohd again. Call it a boycott, me deah boy-call it a boycott."

Boy "I can't go to school. I've got an awful pain."
Mother-Well, castor oil is the best thing in the world for that kind of pain."
Boy-" It must be, for the pain has gone now."
He goes, too.

BILKINS (slightly overtaken, picked out of the gutter, brought home and handed over to the tender care of his own butler by a highly-respectable elderly gentleman-an entire stranger) to elderly Samaritan" Thanks, old fler-D'lighted to rechip-rocate favor-first opportunity I get."

Elderly stranger walks off indignant-Bilkins wonders why.

TICKLERS FROM TID-BITS.

CLERK of the board of aldermen: "The commissioners held a meeting to-day, and decided to have the council chamber papered. What kind of paper would you suggest as appropriate ?".

District attorney: "Um. What do you say to gilt?" HUSBAND: "There! I knew I had forgotten something. I meant to order a load of kindling wood last night. There isn't a chip around the house to start the fire with."

Wife: "Yes, and you worried about it in your sleep all night, dear." Husband: "Didn't worry about it at all. If it had been on my mind to that extent, I shouldn't have forgotten it."

Wife: "But you did, dear. Three or four times I heard you groan and mutter something about taking another five dollars' worth of chips."

Husband: "D-er-that's so; come to think, I did dream about kindling wood."

CLIPPINGS FROM CONTEMPORARIES.

Buy some flowers," said a small girl on the Avenue to Representative Hemphill. "Well," replied the punster, blandly, "I haven't botany for a long time, and I reckon I'll go you for a small bunch.". Washington Critic. PHILISTINE (contemptuously). "How can a man rest on posterity? Poet (intensely). On the lapse of time, I suppose."-Harper's Bazar. SMITH (nervously). "Are you sure there are no toadstools among these mush

rooms?

Mary (guilelessly). "They wuz bought for the missus's table, but she told me to try 'em first on the boarders."-Harper's Bazar.

VOL. I.

SOCIOLOGICAL.

THE RED FLAG ÎN AMERICA.

ANARCHISTIC disturbances that had for some time been growing more and more serious, culminated in riots at Chicago and Milwaukee on Tuesday and Wednesday of last week, resulting in numerous casualties. These events have elicited the comments here collated:

Chicago Tribune (Rep.), May 6.

At the meeting of communists. Tuesday evening, called by their executive committee, addresses were made by Spies, Parsons, and Fielden of an incendiary character urging the crowd to arm themselves and resist the law. Prior to the meeting an article of an atrocious character had appeared in Spies' paper, the Arbeiter-Zeitung, and a circular, printed in his office, had been distributed, calling upon the nihilists to arm themselves, kill the police and employers, and burn the later's property. Fielden, a communistic leader, was the last speaker, and we reprint the substantial part of his harangue, made just before his murderous confederates threw the bomb and opened fire with their revolvers. He said:

The law is only framed for those that are your enslavers. Workingmen in their blind rage attacked McCormick's factory, and were shot down in cold blood by the law [ap. plause] of the city of Chicago in the protection of property. Those men were going to du some damage to a certain person's interests, who was a large property owner. Therefore the law came to his defense. A million men own all the property in this country. The law is of no use to the other 54,000,000. You have nothing more to do with the law except to lay hands upon it and throttle it until it makes its last kick. [Applause.] It has turned your brethren out on the wayside and degraded them until they have lost the last vestige of humanity and become mere things and animals. Keep your eye upon it. Throttle the law. Kill it. Stop it. Do everything you can to wound it-to impede its progress. If you don't, it is a life and death struggle between you and it, and it will kill you. Remember, if you ever do anything for yourselves, prepare to do it for yourselves. Don't turnover your business to anybody else. No man deserves anything unless he is man enough to make au effort to lift himself from oppression. [At this point the bomb was thrown.]

It would be a waste of time to expose the infamous falsehoods contained in this screed. It is more to the present purpose that the speaker admitted that the object of communism was to destroy property, overthrow the law, and inaugurate an era of destruction and anarchy, and that he urged his followers then and there to commence their work. The response came at once. A detachment of police appeared upon the scene. The speaker was ordered to stop his incendiary and treasonable language and the crowd was commanded to disperse by the authority of law. A dynamite bonib was thrown by some miscreant, apparently from a point not far from where Fielden was speaking. Its report had not died away before the mob commenced firing at the police, showing premeditated design in their hellish work. Forty or more policemen were killed and wounded, but at last the crowd was dispersed. Such is the brief story of Tuesday night's murderous communistic conspiracy. The responsibility clearly rests upon these leaders, and they must be made to answer for it. Meanwhile it suggests some grave questions to think about. There should be no blind, unreasonable revenge taken, strong as the provocation is; but the orderly and law-abiding people must seriously consider whether they can longer permit this communistic organization the license it has hitherto enjoyed. These aliens, driven out of Germany and Bohemia for treasonable teachings by Bismarck and the Emperor of Austria, have swarmed over into this country of extreme toleration and have most flagrantly abused its hospitality. After warming these frozen vipers on its breast and permitting them to become citizens, with the right to vote and hold office and take part in the government of city, county, State, and Nation, it has given them three or four times the wages they could possibly get in their own country, given them free schools, free care in case of destitution, and an opportunity to better their condition limited only by their own ability. The ungrateful hyenas have repaid this hospitality by organizing themselves into associations whose object is the destruction of the property, law and government of the land that shelters and feeds them. They have held their Sunday meetings in our parks under police protection, and march behind their red flags for this diabolical object. In their speeches, their newspapers, their pamphlets, their proclamations, and their handbills they have boldly and undisguisedly proclaimed their nihilistic purposes; and for years the patriotic citizens of this community have not been permitted by the mayor to interfere with this conconspiracy against their rights. These serpents have been warmed and nourished in the sunshine of toleration until at last they have been emboldened to strike at society, law, order, and government. They have seized upon the opportunity offered them by a dispute over hours and wages, with which they have nothing to do, and are seeking to turn it in the direction of blood and anarchy. The slaughter of Tuesday evening is the logical outcome of the excessive, ill-considered toleration which has been accorded them. It is a serious problem, therefore, which confronts the people of Chicago who believe in law, order and good government. They must overcome communism or it will ruin them. They must organize to meet it with all the power of the law and put it down, or they must expect an era of anarchy and the loss of their property, if not their lives. These alien communists must be made to know that American laws shall be obeyed, or anarchy and

No. 5.

arson will prevail. That is the situation which stares the citizens of Chicago in the face to-day.

The Courrier des Etats-Unis, New York, May 6.

[Translated expressly for PUBLIO OPINION.]

PUBLIC attention was called the other day, upon the occasion of a demonstration of the workingmen in Chicago, to a body of some three thousand men marching in the procession and preceded by an individual carrying a red flag. On the whole, there was nothing in the exhibition of this sanguinary rag very characteristic or disquieting to people of a pacific turn, any more than there was a symptom of revolutionary violence in the apparition of a few red banners at a mass-meeting held on Saturday evening in New York city. Be this as it may, the newspapers seized upon the incident, and the Sun discovered in it a fresh occasion for throwing upon foreigners the responsibility of the socialistic and anarchical spirit which` has manifested itself among the population of the United States. It will be remembered that the Sun, some days ago, attributed to the wicked doctrines of the foreign element the outrages to which the proprietor of a cafe concert on Fourteenth street was subjected under a pretext of "boycotting" it. The World, in criticising this assertion, as we ourselves have done, says there are, in fact, a great many demagogues, American by birth, who, in their egotism, are disposed to accept the extremest doc'rines of the anarchists; but there are also, it adds, a great number of dangerous foreign agitators who have been driven from Europe for their nihilistic tendencies. This brings us to the reflection that Americans, in proportion as they find developed at home the conflict of popular aspirations, grow daily less indulgent toward agitators whom they once encouraged so complacently. It will not be necessary to go very far back in our recollections to instance with what pride was proclaimed the fact that the proscribed and fugitive from every form of oppression found in this country, with independence of thought and of word, the sympathy due to their sufferings and the honor due to their convictions. To-day all these martyrs of a European despotism are confounded with the vulgar herd of socialists and nihilists who pervert Americans essentially wise and virtuous, and inoculate them with their pernicious doctrines. How far this grand orchestral glorification will extend, which makes of the American people a vast mutual admiration society, we cannot say. Let it suffice to reply to it by a motto renovated from the Greeks, "Know thyself," which is the essence of wisdom, as well for the nation as for the individual. The CommercialAdvertiser, in referring to the dynamiters of Chicago, says: "Behind the police stands the militia, and behind the militia the irresistible force of the American people, which, however wide may be the divergence upon questions of political significance, is united as one man in the determination to maintain American institutions." The fallacy of this reasoning is that American institutions are not exciting these emeutes the least in the world. No one dreams of subverting the Republic in order to substitute for it any other form of government under the sun. Undoubtedly, if a faction, a party, any power whatsoever, should conceive the grotesque idea of trying it, the entire American people would rise up against the aggressor; but its ideas are, probably, less unanimous on the questions of labor and capital which are now agitating the masses, and are susceptible of provoking violence. It is, undoubtedly, less unanimous upon the normal duration of the working day, the quota of salaries, the manner of regulating the differences between employer and employé, or upon the mode of repartition of property in general, than it is in its love of liberty and hatred of tyrants. For this reason the problem presented is far less simple than is assumed by the Commercial-Advertiser. It is here that which it is everywhere else-it is the breath of the great tempest which is passing, and which has struck the American continent in its passage. The New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, May 6.

[Translated expressly for PUBLIC OPINION.]

THE well-meant premonitions of this and of other non-demagogical organs (unfortunately too few in number) since the commencement of the recent labor agita tion has borne little fruit. The anarchists, and, in their train, the socialist-democrats, have listened rather to the delusive utterances of leaders, as cowardly as unprincipled, who have shown by their barbarous and unwarrantable acts in Chicago and Milwaukee that they could not or would not refrain from playing their portentous role to its late appalling denouement. Law and authority must now be upheld by the weapons of the arsenal, an expedient always fraught with danger to republican liberties. Voices, indeed, have already been heard, and from not uninfluential quarters, declaring that the time has arrived for curtailing the liberty of speech and of the press. Our rich and beautiful land, hitherto the garden spot for the realization of man's ideal of human government, and which was on the high road to efface all established distinctions of race, religion, or condition, has suddenly become the arena for a ruthless exhibition antagonistic to its practical development. But in what circles has this taken place? Here we come to the point which alone can offer a plausible excuse for the indiscriminate war-whoop against "foreigners" in general. It is due to the nativity, or, more correctly speaking, to the language spoken by the leaders of the emeutes, that the American press has referred to the Germans as among the "herd" inculpated in them. With the most absolute consciousness, it can be affirmed that there are not so many hundreds of Germans in this herd as there are millions in this Union. If, upon particular

come.

N. Y. Herald (Ind.), May 8.

THE red flag does not float gracefully in American breezes. If the stars and stripes do not satisfy the political cravings of a man, the sooner he emigrates the safer he will be. Dynamite, too, as an expression of political opinion, is singularly t of place in this country. When used to blow up a mountain for a railroad track, that is one thing; when used to blow up the law and order of the community, that is a very different thing. As a people, we tolerate every kind of vagaries. A man may with impunity be as many kinds of fool as there are colors in the rainbow, and we do not interfere. But brutal crime, which eulogizes chaos and uses gunpowder and the torch to produce it, is not to be endured for an instant. Chicago is about to take off her gloves, and we remind her that there are times when mercy to the guilty is cruelty to the innocent.

The Age of Steel, May 8.

THERE is no excuse in this country for murderous rioting under the red flag or any other sort of flag. There is no one-man power here, no titled classes, no great military establishment to overawe or suppress the "people" upon whom our socialits and anarchists pretend to rely. In the fullest sense of the word this is a free country, only such safeguards being provided for society as are deemed necessary for the protection of all, without discrimination. If the laws are wrong and favor the rich, appeal to the good sense and understanding of the American people, and let them decide the matter at the ballot-box. But do not attempt rebellion; do not wave the blood-stained, torch-scorched red flag in the faces of the mighty millions whose lives and fortunes are pledged to the maintenance of order, and of liberty as contradistinguished from license.

“An Anarchist" in an interview in New York Tribune.

I DON'T know that the public has any right to know what our real strength is. We are stronger and better organized than people have any idea of. We have a college in New Jersey where the members are taught how to use dynamite and Greek fire. We have rifle corps organized, not to provoke a fight, but to be able to cope successfully with the police and militia when the struggle which is bound to come is on us. The Chicago fight is simply the first gun in the revolution. Our brothers there did nobly, but they were not as well prepared as they might have been, or more of the bluecoats would have got their last dose. Our motto is: "Neither God nor Master," and our doctrine may be simply stated as "Down with church, State, capital, Knights of Labor and other kindred villainies."

Arbeitier-Zeitung, Chicago, May 4

WORKINGMEN! The hated police yesterday murdered four of your brothers and wounded perhaps twenty-five more at McCormick's factory. Had your brothers, who had nothing but stones to defend themselves, been armed with good weapons and a few dynamite bombs, none of the murderers would have escaped his welldeserved fate. As it was, only four of them (the policemen) were wounded. That is sad. Yesterday's massacre occurred that the 40,000 strikers in the city might be filled with fear and terror, and that the dissatisfied and rebellious laborers might be driven back under the yoke of slavery. In whose veins does not the blood course faster when he hears of the shameful acts of these beasts? Whoever is a man must show it these days. Men to the front.

FOR months and years these pestiferous fellows have uttered their seditious and dangerous doctrines. Even if they had not opened their lips on Tuesday night, their very presence, with their well-known and destructive views, would have been an invitation to the mob they met and mingled with to commit acts of lawlessness. But the man Fielden is announced as saying that "the only way to evade law and order was to kill off its minions,' the officers who enforce it." These men are accessories before the fact to the murder of officer Joseph M. Deegan, of the West Lake-street police station, and to the murder of every other man, woman, or child who may die within a year and a day from the date of receiving their injuries.

Memphis Appeal (Dem.), May 6.

THE Communists and the socialists of Chicago were not brought to this country by the Knights of Labor. On the contrary, they were brought here by the employers of labor for the purpose of competing with American laboringmen and destroying labor organizations. The American people gladly welcome intelligent foreigners who are law-abiding and will make good citizens and add to the productive wealth of the country. But those interested in cheap labor will drag the slums of Europe to secure it, and when their imported outlaws commence the violence which made them a nuisance and a terror in their native country, those who imported them charge the crimes of their own creatures to honest workingmen,

Washington Critic (Ind.), May 6.

THE United States extends a welcome to every man who comes here leaving his foreign prejudices and political heresies behind him. It is big enough for millions and millions yet who choose to assume the full measure of duty and responsibility attaching to American citizenship, but big enough for none others. It is not big enough for men who bring with them from foreign shores the pestilential doctrines of the Commune, and undertake socialistic revolutions in the sign of the red flag. It is not big enough, excepting as a burial ground, for men who hold that mob law is superior to the majesty of the state, and that the coat-of-arms of the United States is a dynamite bomb surmounted by dagger and torch.

Washington Sunday Herald (Dem.), May 9.

here should be disposed of as quickly as possible. Those who were amusing themselves by killing Chicago policem.en should be promptly hanged. Decisive action in this matter may teach their compatriots who are thinking of emigrating that the United States is no more free to commit murder in than any other country, And hereafter let no such characters be allowed to enter.

Indianapolis Journal (Rep.), May 7.

In the early sixties this Nation sacrificed hundreds of thousands of precious lives to save the Union from the onslaught of an armed and desperate band of traitors. In 1886 the survivors of that infamous conspiracy dare to ostentatiously boast of the glory and immortality of the "cause " for which they fought. Who can say but twenty years hence the scoundrels who are murdering by means of dynamite bombs shall not be encouraged to publicly glorify over it? Monuments to Spies, Fielden, and Most would be about the proper thing according to this idea. In those days the man who presumes to criticise such acts will be rebuked for waving the "bloody shirt." Cincinnati Post (Ind.), May 8.

IF ANY citizen sees, or thinks he sees, where the Government can be improved in the interest of labor or any other interest, he has a perfect right to advocate his views and agitate for the improvement. But when he proposes, either in public meetings or private meetings, or in any publications, armed and violent resistance to the constituted authorities of the city, State or Nation, he is a traitor, his talk is treason, and he should be hustled before the United States Court so quick that it would make his head swim. There he should be tried, and if found guilty he should be sent to the Dry Tortugas for a dozen years.

Columbus, Ohio, Dispatch (Ind.), May 6.

CHICAGO has tolerated the anarchists long enough. This is a free country, as any other country is free in the sense of giving all law-abiding citizens protection and encouragement in their efforts to earn a subsistence. It is not a free country in the sense that a man may boldly mount upon a store box, in the midst of a large and partially-excited crowd, and harangue his hearers to kill those of their fellowmen who own property, and divide the spoils thus acquired by murder. This style of getting at alleged justice is not practiced by any civilized people. It must be suppressed here.

Washington Post (Dem.), May 6.

ANARCHY is a tyrant. So long as he is permitted to stalk abroad unchained, so long will society be terrorized by evil threat and worse fulfillment. This is not freedom, it is subjugation, and subjugation of the most intolerable kind. It is the assertion of authority over the enlightened, progressive, liberal American citizen by a horde of foreigners, representing almost the lowest stratum found in humanity's formation. If we are to be subjects let us have the purple and respectability. At present we own allegiance to soiled linen and truculent rhetoric.

IT may have been observed that on the very day, to wit, last Monday, when Gould was boasting that he had won a victory over the Knights of Labor at St. Louis, the red flag was brought out in Chicago and flaunted over ten or twelve thousand men-an event which was followed by the sanguinary affray of the next night. If the Gould clique of capitalists were to destroy the Knights, which is beyond their power, they would find themselves in presence of another enemy far less easily dealt with. Louisville Courier-Journal (Dem.), May 7.

COMMUNISTS and anarchists ought to be muzzled and set to work in penitentiaries The theory that repression should be postponed until lawless purposes assume a definite direction and select an objective point won't do. It is cheaper to destroy the seed than the harvest. The freedom of speech and writing ought to be abso lute, until they are directed toward enterprises which are unlawful, and when so directed they should be attacked by the arm of the law as promptly as arson or murder in actual fact.

Philadelphia Ledger (Ind.).

UNLIKE the hundreds of other foreign-born men who come here and make use