There is

over the stability of existing relations between capital and labor, there would be nothing to detract from the buoyancy with which the business community regards the immediate future. The real danger to the era of solid business prosperity which is dawning over the entire country is the old one of too much haste to get rich. If men would be content with the legitimate gains of their vocations, forswearing all temptations to gamble in business or outside of it, we should have the best possible security that the time of prosperity would be a long one. enough for all in such a country as ours, and though the question of the equitable distribution of profit is likely to remain long unsettled, a working compromise between employers and employed ought to be possible on a constantly widening basis of mutual confidence and respect. In the larger cycle of human progress we are certainly advancing, though it may be difficult to say how fast, but in the tangible and visible domain of material interests we are unquestionably moving ahead with a rapidity not surpassed in all history.-Brooklyn Union.

BENEFIT OF EXPOSITIONS.-The Times-Democrat of New Orleans argues that great results are flowing from the expositions of that city. To realize this it was necessary to wait some time, even years, until their influence is thoroughly operating over the whole tributary country. Minneapolis sends word to New Orleans that the exhibitors at the show in the former city uniformly spoke of the great benefits derived from exhibitions at New Orleans. The Times-Democrat thus concludes: " When the history of the New Orleans expositions is fully written it will be shown how great their influence was, and the South may be able, in time, to boast that its supremacy as a mining and manufacturing country was due to these expositions, which first showed the world the value of its resources, its products and its climate."

THE AMERICAN STEEL RAIL PRODUCTION.-This. country will make about 1,400,000 gross tons of steel rails in 1886, the average price of which will be $34. The cost of the year's product will, therefore, be about $47,600,000. It will not be contended by any free-trader or anarchist that the most of this money is not directly disbursed as wages to workingmen at the several works, or paid for raw material which are the product of the labor of other American workingmen. It is a safe estimate that our steel-rail manufacturers furnish employment to at least 200,000 workingmen, who represent families which aggregate a million of persons.Bulletin Iron and Steel Association.

THE WORLD'S GREATEST PRIVATE ENTERPRISE.-Alfred Krupp owns probably the largest business establishment in the world. His works within the town of Essen cover more than 500 acres. He employs nearly 20,000 men, who, with their families, make nearly 70,000 persons supported by the factory. Krupp owns 547 iron mines in Germany and 4 ocean steamers. Over the works run 42 miles

of railway, working 28 engines and 883 trucks. There are also 69 horses with 491 wagons. There are also 40 miles of telegraph wires, with 35 stations and 55 Morse apparatuses.-English Public Opinion.

NOTES. The new buildings projected at New York for eight months require an expenditure of $45,557,000 against $33,000,000 in the same time last year, and $34,000,000 for the same time in 1884. The Western Union Telegraph Company having passed another dividend, causes the impression to grow that the smaller share-holders are to be frozen out. The Pullman Car Company has contracts

on hand to build $1,500,000 worth of rolling stock for the Vanderbilt roads. Two judges, one at Baltimore and the other at Detroit, have recently rendered decisions to the effect that lying to sell goods does not constitute false pretense. Two big co-operative schemes-a hat factory and a cigar manufactory-are about to be started by the Philadelphia Knights. The great success of the co operative carpet factory, which is now enabled to fill all orders received, has demonstrated the expediency of the system. The final contracts have been signed for a bridge across the Hudson river at Poughkeepsie, and it is said that work will commence at once on the structure, as the charter granted by the State requires the bridge to be completed by January 1, 1888. The bridge proper is to cost $2,228,

000.

SCIENTIFIC.

so on.

have been working for many months, not to mention foreign ones that date their existence back several years. Regarding other applications of electric motors, statistics show that about 5,000 are employed in this country alone for almost every conceivable kind of work. If our contemporary will take the trouble to investi gate, it will only have to go one hundred yards from its office to find electric motors, in various places, running three floors of a machine shop, hoisting elevators, and Our contemporary has evidently mistaken the object sought to be demonstrated by the trip of the Volta.. This was not to test the electric motor, which has passed far beyond the stage of experiment, but was designed to show the prac ticability of the use of storage batteries as a source of power for extended distances on water, and as such it has proved eminently satisfactory. We hope that for its own satisfaction, our contemporary may find time to convince itself, by actual inspection, of the fact that the electric motor is something more than an "interesting scientific toy." It can hardly be a toy when one type of motor alone is running to-day in nearly fifty American towns and cities, and when one city of moderate size, Detroit, has no fewer than four electric railways built or building, within a radius of about five miles.-Electrical World.

THE DIFFICULTIES OF EARLY INVENTORS.-The well-known history of the steam engine gives us an instance of an invention which did not spring full-grown from the brain of the inventor. History informs us that it commenced to exist two. thousand years ago, in the eolipile of Hero of Alexandria. His treatise remained hidden until translated and printed in 1547, and then Branca, the Italian architect, constructed one for pounding drugs. Hero's book ran through eight editions in different languages, and attracted the attention of a French inventor, who tried vainly to raise water by steam pressure. Then came the Marquis of Worcester, who died a disappointed man after spending $250,000. Then de Morland tried using steam in cylinders, instead of in contact with the water. Papin built a steam. boat, only to have it seized and destroyed while on its way to England, and he, too, died broken-hearted and poor; Savary went back to using the steam directly in contact with water, and, finally, Newcomen built an engine that worked; and between 1705 and 1758 quite a number were erected. These engines had a duty of only 5,500,000 foot pounds per pound of coal, the improvements of James Watt, an instrument maker, increasing the duty to 60,000,000.-O. Chanute in address before the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

ELECTRICITY APPLIED TO FARRIERY.-Gen. Boulanger has recently ordered the trial of a method of inducing vicious and restive horses to stand quietly while being shod. The method is due to the knowledge and ingenuity of M. le Capitaine Place, and is said to have proved eminently successful. We confess that such is our own ignorance of the electrical pathology of the noble quadruped that we should rather have expected the very opposite results to follow. The arrange ment merely consists of an induction coil, a dry battery, and an arrangement for giving "a shock of graduated intensity" to the animal under treatment. The most vicious horses which could be found in the cavalry school at Saumer subsided into quietness upon the application of this device.-Electrician.

IT is suggested by a veteran steamship engineer that it would be pertinent to discuss the question of how to make the running of the fastest steamships already built pay before wasting too much energy on finding out how to build faster ones. If it were possible to cross the Atlantic in four days he thinks the novelty of the thing would soon wear off, and that the increased danger, together with the high price that must be charged for passage, would make such a line unpopular, and bankrupt the company that tried to run it. He is undoubtedly right, speaking for the present, but there is no predicting what the demands of the future will be.

American Machinist.

NOTES.-The water in Charleston harbor has deepened from six inches to a foot since the earthquake. Buffalo is going to have the largest clock in the world -or one at least as large as that for New York. The dial will be twenty-five feet in diameter, and the center of the dial will be 361 (?) feet above the street. The dial will be illuminated by electricity, and it is calculated that the time can be seen at night from any point in the city, and with a field glass the position of the hands can be distinguished at a distance of fifteen miles. Detroit capitalists have just completed another electric railway, from the outskirts of the city to an embryo suburb-two and a half miles. This makes the fourth electric railway now in use in Detroit. The Electrical World recalls the almost forgotten incident that forty years ago a New Jersey railroad refused permission to Henry O'Reilly, the competitor of Morse, who died recently in New York, to erect posts and build a telegraph line along its road from Washington to New York on the ground that "the telegraph would interfere with travel, by enabling persons to transact busi ness by its means, instead of using the railroad." The preparation of the subways of underground conduits for the electric wires of all kinds is progressing rapidly in New York city, and the wires will be buried as rapidly as possible. There is now being perfected in this city a machine intended to dispense with type and type-setters in certain kinds of printing. The "standard typograph" is the name selected for it by its inventors, though the term "matrix puncher" would be a more fitting title. The typograph is in reality a kind of type-writer, but, instead of printing upon paper, it produces indented or depressed characters upon a sheet of soft metal, from which an electrotype may be made, as from the wax matrix taken from type, in the usual electrotyping process.

The New York Times'

exploration party to Alaska, which left Icy Bay for the interior early in July, has been heard from. Lt. Schwatka, the chief of the party, reports a number of dis coveries, and has added several rivers and glaciers to the known geography of the country. M. Chevreul, the distinguished savant, whose centenary was cele brated in Paris the other day, was the associate of the celebrated scribe in the writing of the numerous dramas attributed to the latter. M. Chevreul's first work was published in 1806 and his last in 1886. Though known to the world as a great scientist only, he is the author of sixty-five "pieces" and 137 vaudevilles. M. Chevreul very clearly remembers having seen the head of the Princess Lamballe, carried on the top of a pike after her execution, in 1792.

RELIGIOUS.

MISSIONARIES FROM MISSIONARIES' STANDPOINT.-Then again, vagaries of belief and doctrinal eccentricties do more harm in foreign mission fields than at home, because there is not the same toleration of disagreements in non-essentials. There are many useful home missionaries and pastors in the United States who yet hold peculiar views on certain Christian doctrines. These views pass almost unnoticed because men are accustomed to exchange views, to read many books, to compare opinions of many men before settling their own. But let those same views be promulgated in an Oriental village where the spirit of speculation which embittered the church councils of the first centuries is still rife, and a theological strife will soon spring up which will take years to quiet, and meanwhile the work of saving souls is hindred. Neither is the missionary able to suppress his views or give them merely as speculations, because he is continually pressed with questions of just such a speculative nature. The various Christian sects of the East owe their origin to theological contests founded on speculations. Here at the present day, predestination is discussed with more fierceness than young theologians show at home; and, what is more injurious to Christian faith, the influences of Mohammedan fatalism lead the people to out-Calvin Calvin, and go against their own consciousness of freedom-a thing which an American can never really do how-t ever much he may talk about it. There are few mission fields which have no, suffered from the coming of unworthy or ineffcient missionaries. It is not strange, then that while at home the secretaries of the American Board are sometimes blamed for being too strict in their requirements of missionary candidates, in missionary circles they are more often blamed for not being strict enough.-Rev. Frank Yates, of Mardin, Turky, in the Advance.

*

*

SOWING WILD OATS.-A phrase has been long in common use which has wrought great evil. It is that of "sewing wild oats." It implies that youth must have a time of wickedness, the defying of authority and the abuse of opportunity, after which all will come right. Never was there a more diabolical lie. That which you sow you shall reap; if you sow wild oats, you shall reap wild oats. Not one instance can be found in all humanity where the evils indulged in in youth did not mar and scar the soul through life. * * There's a penetrability and permanency in the virus of indulgence that defies every remedy for removal while we are in the flesh. * * The indulgence in sin is directly contrary to the aspiration for manliness which is so conspicuous in youth, and which we desire to make enduring; and hence, in order to meet this difficulty, we are apt in our youth to modify our notion of manliness, to eliminate from its definition many of its most important elements, and so to reduce it that it will allow the otherwise prohibited indulgences. We hold on, for example, to the doctrine that manliness forbids lying-it would be a disgrace to us to be found stating what was not so but we permit the look or the silence that is the same as a lie. We hold on to the doctrine that it is unmanly to harm the honor of woman, but we permit the low jest and the vile story to be circulated in our company. We hold on to the doctrine that any man's person is sacred, but we count it manly to strike the blow of revenge or to varnish over the vengeance by a challenge to mortal combat, and so we narrow more and more our definition of manliness, until at length we get it so narrow, that it will not be in our way when a temptation to sin calls us.—Dr. Howard Crosby in The Church Union.

THE VALUE OF THE PURITAN SABBATH.-Sunday has had more value in this country than merely as a day of rest. It has been a power in forming American character. It has caused a pause to men in whatever pursuit. It has kept before men always the knowledge of a great authority regulating their affairs. Those who were brought up under the strict law of what is called the Puritan Sunday, sometimes look back from early manhood with intense dislike to its iron restraints imposed on the jubilant spirits of their youth. But as they grow older and more thoughtful they recognize at least the priceless discipline of the day, its effect on the formation of mind, its lessons which hurt so much in entering that they are never to be forgotten. No wandering life prevails to lead them away from the effects of those days; nor are there among the sons of men in this world of labor and pain any who look back with such intense yearning for the home rest as those men who out from the anxieties and agonies and sins of mature life, howsoever guilded its surroundings, send longings of heart to the old fireside, where the Bible was the only Sunday book and the Pilgrim's Progress was almost the only week-day fiction. Scorn it, as may those who never knew what it was, the Puritan Sunday made men, thinking men, strong men, looked always to something beyond the approval of their fellows, felt always that there was somewhere some one who knew what they were in their hearts. It made a large part of what is worthy in our institutions and our men, in New England and New York, in Virginia and the Carolinas, and throughout the growing Union.-W. C. Prime in the New Princeton Review.

SABBATH OBSERVANCE IN THE UNITED STATES.-The Pennsylvania Railroad has been quietly making some experiments to ascertain whether it would pay for a big railroad company to remember the Lord's Day. A good many excursion trains and some regular passenger trains have been discontinued. All the freight trains except those carrying live stock and perishable goods have been ordered off from eight o'clock on Saturday night until midnight on Sunday, and all repairing on Sunday has been stopped. The results have proved so satisfactory that the directors are now arranging to make these experimental changes permanent and to extend them. That a large corporation should have been willing to try the experiment of Sunday observance, after years of violation of that day, is a most hopeful sign of the development in moral tone. That after trying the experiment it has found the result so satisfactory that the change is to be extended and made permanent, was not unlooked for by those who had examined this subject in its physical and social as well as moral bearings. Such a fact as this is one of those practical arguments that are wholly unanswerable--Montreal Church Guardian.

NOTES.-Imposters who try to work the Y. M. C. As. of the country are regularly advertised in The Watchman. Sometimes portraits, names, history, and personal description are given. The new building for the Y. M. C. A. at Aukland, New Zealand, is to cost $50,000. A newly-formed church among the Zulus has the following among its regulations: "No member shall be permitted to drink the white man's grog or native beer, or touch it with his lips."- -It is estimated that in 1874 there were 420,000,000 of pagans and that these had increased in 1884 to 835,000,000. During the past twelve years the number of Christian converts in Japan has increased from 150 to 10,000. There are no Protestant missionaries among the million and a half of people in Tripoli, North Africa. · Of 140 missionaries of the American board, 122 were children of Christian fathers and mothers. St. Peter's, Montreal, is claimed to be the finest church edifice in America. It will shortly be completed. A dozen years ago missionaries were driven out of Zeitun, and the women of the town were among the most ignorant and servile to be found in Turkey. Now every house is open to Bible readers, both Protestant and Armenian; and the girls who perform this service are Zeitun girls who have been educated at Marash and elsewhere. The Japanese have

so high an appreciation of Christian morals that when they secure foreign teachers for their high schools they try to get Christian teachers. A writer in the Christian Register defends the name Unitarian from meaning anything untheological or unchristian. Rapid-transit conversion was illustrated this week in the case of Rev. Immanuel Casenowiez, of Bloomfield, N. J. First a Russian Hebrew, then a Presbyterian professor, and now a Roman Catholic. The Catholic societies of Madrid are preparing to make a great pilgrimage to Rome on the occasion of the Pope's Jubilee. They have addressed the Catholic societies of France and Austria, suggesting that the pilgrimage may have an international character. There are at present 33 foreign cardinals and exactly the same number of Italian cardinals. According to the Catholic Times, of Liverpool, England, this never occurred before in the history of the Papacy. An Anti-Atheistical Society has been organized among the young men of the French universities, founded on the broadest basis, so as to include Catholics and Protestants, and intended to withstand such influences as that which a few weeks ago gave a grand celebration to the memory of Dideret, who was lauded chiefly because he denied the existence of God. The Episcopal General Convention will meet in Chicago during October. Among other important topics to be discussed will be the revised prayerbook, and the establishment of an appellate court, to which cases now adjudicated by the bishop's court may be carried. The Christian is like the ripening corn; the riper he grows the more lowly he bends his head.-Guthrie. An inquiry addressed to the postmaster of a town in Kansas, brought back the startling reply: "There is not a church nor a church member in our town." Eighty-five of the young men who attended the Mt. Hermon school of Mr. Moody have determined to become missionaries. More "missions" are to be held next winter by the Episcopalians. A Presbyterian church, built from petrified wood found in Allen's Creek, is one of the curiosities of Mumford, Monroe county, N. Y. Leaf and moss fossils are to be plainly seen in the petrifactions. The receipts of the American board for the year now closed are: from donations, $384,247, as against $387,013 the preceding year; from legacies, $107,190, as against $121,478, being a total of $491,438 this year, $508,491 last year. The first negro to be ordained in the Roman Catholic church in this country is Augustus Tolken, who was born a slave in Missouri in 1854. He has spent six years in Rome studying, and is to have charge of a colored congregation in Quincy, Ill. Following the lead of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in missionary work, the students at Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and St. Andrews, at Glasgow, have assumed the support of a missionary at Sikhim, in northeastern India, near Thibet. The Archbishop of Canterbury has approved the appointment by the Church Missionary Society of the Rev. Henry Perrott Parker, M. A., a missionary in North India, as bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa, and successor to Bishop Hannington, who was murdered. Vol. II, of "Evenings with the Bible," will go to press this "The New Testament, with Apostolic References," by Cortes Jackson, a new edition, is now ready for delivery. Providence is a rich city, and, notwithstanding the prohibitory amendment, which so many predicted would be ruinous to business there, its valuation this year foots up six millions more than last Here year, the total amount of real and personal estate being $130,257,000.

fall.

is a striking and encouraging statement made by Dr. Abbott E. Kittridge of New York: In colonial times, nearly every young man was an infidel, but now Colonel Ingersoll is the single champion of atheism against 70,000 ministers of the gospel and over 800,000 Sunday school teachers. Scientific men are often spoken of as anti-Christian, if not atheistic, in their sentiment, but at the recent Saratoga gathering of the American Association for the Advancement of Science they held a prayer meeting in the Y. M. C. A. building. It was well attended, led by Prof. Robert Maxwell, of Ohio, and heartily participated in by many of the scientists. One of them uttered this significant remark, that "the geological hammer could never break the Rock of Ages!" The Gospel is preached in the United States by members of the Lutheran church in thirteen different languages. The statistics of the Protestant churches of Japan for 1885 have just been published. The following is a summary of the principal items: Number of local churches, 151; gain during the year, 18; number of baptized persons, 11,602; number of baptisms in 1885, 1,902; contributions, $23,406; increase over 1884, $6,415. The sum raised for missions by all the European and American churches is $113,375,000. Of this the United Kingdom raises $6,005,000. The Sunday school superintendents of St. Louis, of all denominations, recently met to arrange for a grand Sunday school meeting in November. They mean to begin the winter work systematically and vigorously. It is eight years since a great Premillennial Conference was held in this city. Another will be held November 16th20th, in Chicago, and the names of the leading advocates of this theory are signed to the call, such as Messrs. A. J. Gordon, J. D. Herr, and G. C. Needham, Baptists; J. H. Brooks, H. M. Parsons (Toronto), W. G. Moorhead, J. F. Kendall, Nathaniel West, and S. H. Kellogg, Presbyterian; E. P. Goodwin, W. J. Erdman, and Addison Blanchard, Congregational; William Nast, L. W. Munhall, and J. S. Ken

nedy, Methodist; the Anglican Bishop Baldwin, of Huron, and the Reformed Episcopal Bishop Nicholson, of Philadelphia. Sinners, in assigning reasons for not at once coming to Christ and securing salvation through Him, never assign such reasons as God will accept and treat as valid; and this shows that their reasons, however plausible they may seem to them, have no real value.-The Independent. It is rumored that the Pope has inaugurated measures in this country for paying off the debt of $4,000,000 of the late Archbishop Purcell. This debt ought to be paid, and Catholics in this country will act wisely in seeing to it that it is paid. Evangelist George O. Barnes, who has recently completed a tour of the world, with his wife and three children, started out without money or friends, but boasts that he never has wanted for anything during his entire journey. The Congregational Publishing Society has recently brought out a volume by Rev. S. L. Blake, D. D., entitled "The Book; When and by Whom the Bible was Written," the purpose of which is to show in a popular way how we came by our present canon of Scripture. Last week at Pen Mar, Pa., was held the largest religious gathering of the summer. It was a Lutheran reunion and fully 12,000 people were present, coming from a radius of 200 miles. Fifty clergymen took part. The Church of Our Saviour, New York (Universalist), is advertised for sale. The debt amounts to something over $50,000, and there appears to be no hope of liquidating it other than by the sale of the edifice. There are at least Soo Chinamen in Chicago, of whom 702 were enrolled last year as Sunday-school scholars. About twenty Chinamen are members of churches in Chicago. -The New York Observer thinks that an effort to bring all believers in Christ under one denominational banner is useless, while so many conscientious and consecrated Christians have such widely varying views of doctrine and discipline. The World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union has a hearty supporter in the Mother Superior of the convent at Springfield, Mass. She has secured the names of 1,000 Catholics there to the petition, and temperance textbooks are to be used hereafter in the convent schools. The Rev. Dr. Deems,

of New York city, thinks that one reason why so many ministers break down early in their work is because they are constant Sabbath breakers. The earnest clergymen never lets up from Monday morning until Sunday night, while the laws of nature demand a seventh-day rest.

EDUCATION.

HIGHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN.-The higher education of women was discussed by Dr. Withers Moore in his recent address to the British medical association. Inasmuch as his hearers were physicians, Dr. Moore wasted no time with an introduction, but at once went to the root of the matter by stating that the proper function of woman was to act as a producer of men, for she is the only means by which man can be brought into the world. The functions of gestation and maternity require a great outlay of physiological force, and, if this force is used up in other work, the offspring of the world must suffer, as must also the woman herself. There are two channels of expenditure of physiological force of the woman,--the terrible strain of higher and professional education, the training for competition with men in the most severe exercises of the intellect; and the expense of being properly trained for mootherhood. The saying, Educate a woman and you educate a race,' is full of promise if rightly interpreted; full of dire disaster, if it be applied to the mind to the exclusion of the body. Excessive mental labor is a cause of sterility; and whatever does, or tends to, render women infertile is prejudicial to a nation. Young women at the present time think that they must do men's work, though there is no necessity for it, and when they have not the constitution to do a woman's proper work. If girls were more properly taught at school the true physiology of woman, this would be in a great measure stopped. We cannot turn man into a woman, nor fit him to perform a woman's duties; no more can we fit woman to perform the work and duties of a man. Dr. Moore's address deals with this all-important question from an exceedingly practical standpoint, and is singularly free from abstractions and generalities; and if his views are to be controverted, they must be met with correspondingly practical objections.-Science. LET THE WOMEN HAVE A CHANCE.-A correspondent of one of our educational journals says:

Why do not the women who are engaged in teaching organize and conduct educational associations for the comparison of ideas among themselves? They seldom take part in the discussions at teachers' meetings as now carried on, and yet their views and opinions are as valuable as those of their brethren, and their skill in expression often exceeds that of the men. A Women's Association of Teachers would do worlds of good. There should be also a Women's Educational Magazine.

All this is nonsense. Woman can gladly be heard whenever she wants to speak. Three-fourths of our churches are women. Ninety-one one-hundredths of the teachers in New York are women. God bless the women! We want them mixed up with the men. Let them talk, the world always likes to hear them. Let them write, their contributions compose the most valuable part of our pages. We don't want them separated from the men. It wasn't long after a man was made that God made a woman-the last and best of His works. It has been our privilege to fight for their supremacy, and the time is fast coming when they will be paid and trusted in all educational affairs equally as the men are.-The School Journal.

There are

THE SCHOOL AND THE SALOON.-Other public schools besides those just opened in this city (New York) have not closed at all during the summer. 12,000 saloons in New York and Brooklyn, and 5,000 in Jersey City, Newark, Paterson, Hoboken, Yonkers, and Long Island City, making 17,000, almost all in sight of Trinity spire, and all as really a part of this metropolis as are the various districts of London and Paris. Saloons are freer than the schools, and annually graduate more attendants. School doors are open eight hours daily; the saloons, eighteen. Where is the balance of power?-New York School Journal.

Since the war

NOTES. The president of the province of West Prussia has issued an order im posing a fine upon parents and guardians of school children for each day of the latter's unjustifiable absence from school. Employers of children of the school age during the hours of study are subject to heavier penalties. more than $20,000,000 has been given by individuals or churches in the North for education in the South. No form of patriotism could have been more worthy or more effective.- -Thirty different institutions in the South, eleven of them colored universities, have been aided financially the past year by the Jno. F. Slater fund.- -The New York World protests against the subjecting of all children, the weak with the robust, the dull with the bright, to the same iron-bound system and course of study. It thinks the instruction should in some way be better adapted both to the individual needs and the capacity of the scholars, and adds that the rivalry, the worry and suspense in contests for promotion, under and absurd system of marks, should be abolished.- -The experiment of giving the colored youth of the South an industrial education has shown results of the most gratifying nature.

Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson has given Prof. Maria Mitchell $1,000 toward the fund for the endowment of the observatory of Vassar College. Dr. Menden. hall of the scientific department of the Signal Service Bureau, who spent three years in organizing the polytechnic department of the old university of Japan and Tokio, has accepted the presidency of the Rose Polytechnic Institute at Terre Haute, Indiana.

MEDICAL.

SIGNOR SUCCI's FAST.-Signor Succi has finished his fast of thirty days, and in such good condition that according to the accounts he has shown no diminution of vigor. This fast has been conducted under thorough test conditions. Eminent experimenter, and have assured themselves that during the entire period he has physicians have relieved one another in vigilantly observing every action of the taken nothing but the small dose of his mysterious herb elixir which he relies upon, and a little Vichy and Hunyadi Yanos mineral water. During the first few days of his fast he remained in bed, perhaps finding a state of quiescence the most convenient wherein to pass the first and probably the most unpleasant stages of the starvation process. After this he rose, and rode on horseback, bathed (in one instance remaining nearly an hour in the water and swimming powerfully), and took quite long walks. Throughout he seems to have slept well, and his mind was not affected at all.

This fast was undertaken to prove the virtues of his African herb liquor, which he claims to be the most powerful nutriment discovered, and a small quantity of which he asserts will render other food unnecessary for long periods. The experi ment he has now successfully completed would, however, be more convincing were it possible to determine how much of Signor Succi's endurance should be credited to the strength of his constitution, and how much to the elixir. Dr. Tanner fasted ten days longer than he has done, not, it is true, without falling into great feebleness, but yet without suffering any serious after effects. That fact may be held to prove that a long fast is possible without the aid of any elixir, and to the extent that it is possible the virtue of Signor Succi's liquor must remain an unknown quantity. To demonstrate the genuineness of the claim advanced for the African herb extract he ought, in fact, first to have fasted as long as Dr. Tanner did, in order to get rid of the factor of mere physical endurance, and then to have begun taking his elixir, and supporting himself on that alone, at the point where Tanner left off.

It may, indeed, be said that the fact of his retaining his physical strength unimpaired at the close of a thirty days' complete abstention from food demonstrates the sustaining force of his panacea, and within the limits indicated above this true. The general conclusion to be derived from all the facts is that Signor Succi has discovered or procured a drug or plant, or mixture of drugs or plants, which operates very much in the same way as the mate plant used by the natives of South America to enable them to go without solid food during long periods. The presumption is that the herb elixir acts rather by arresting consumption and waste than by supplying the assimilative organs with material of any kind. This is borne out by the circumstance that emaciation accompanied Signo Succi's fast, though it was not so rapid, nor did it go to the same extent, as would probably have been the case had no check been put upon combustion. Such an elixir might have various uses, though hardly the social and universal ones said to claimed for it by The whole case, however, is interesting, and of far more importance than so futile an experiment as that which gave Dr. Tanner notoriety.-New York

the owner.

Tribune.

CARE AND CULTURE OF HEALTH.-Emerson says that "the first wealth is health." He might have added that it is the greatest wealth--the most difficult to attain and maintain. Almost everybody has heard of Dr. Gustav Jaeger, professor of zoology and physiology in Stuttgart. His lectures on "health culture" and his sanitary woolen system have given him a world-wide reputation. Dr. Jaeger has revolutionized the opinions of the world on the subject of dress. The common opinion has been that dress had no higher function than that of protecting the body. Dr. Jaeger contends that this restriction is correct when clothing is manufactured from vegetable fibre or partly from vegetable and partly from animal fibre. His theory is-and he has demonstrated its correctness in a multitude of cases-that when the clothing is manufactured wholly from animal fibre it has a most important function to perform in the cultivation of health. Pure woolen fabrics he commends, and the object of a mercantile association in this country is to introduce material of this sort. The association is under the control of Dr. Jaeger himself. While its object is similar to that of other mercantile enterprises, a primary object is to demonstrate more thoroughly the theory of Dr. Jaeger. Clothing composed wholly of animal fibre is impossible to be procured through the ordinary avenues of trade. This every one admits. A composite material will not produce the effect claimed. Dr. Jaeger claims that a primary effect of the woolen material is to make the body

hardy. This effect is produced gradually, but with certainty. The wearer, he says, is not at once made proof against influences of weather, infectious diseases,

etc.

On the contrary, various disturbances of health may occur, but their short duration will be proof that the right course has been taken to secure a sound body. In an uncertain climate like this the theory is certainly worthy a trial.-Chicago Mail.

THE SYNTHETICAL MANUFACTURE OF QUININE.-An important and remarkable discovery in synthetical chemistry has been made by Mr. Cresswell Hewett, after many years of assiduous research. It seems that in 1869 the late Dr. Matthiessen suggested to Mr. Hewett the synthetical manufacture of quinine, and we understand that he has at length succeeded in producing the valuable alkaloid at a price of about four shillings a pound. Only about 2 per cent. of quinine is extracted from the bark of cinchona trees; but by Mr. Hewett's process it can be manufactured in a simple manner from material which can be obtained in abundance in any part of the world.-English Mechanic.

JOURNALISM.

THREE VIEWS ON ITS POWER AND MORALITY. SIN, knighted or generaled or epauletted, has more damnatory effect than sin untitled and unadorned. Juries and courts of law cannot properly chastise such men. The only punishment they care about is that of the Associated Press telling the whole earth of their debaucheries. That is one of the uses of the printing press, namely, to put public men on their guard, because of the certain exposure of wrong that is sure to be whispered in some one of the ten thousand ears of the everywhere present newspaper press. Where many of the Congressional and legislative representatives of this country would have gone but for the wholesome fear of this public pillory, no one can guess. * * * But for the newspaper press Credit Mobilier and the mammoth swindling of Tweed and his coadjutors and the Broadway surface railroad rascality would have slumbered on for the encouragement of other frauds, while the people groan under the increased taxation and young men conclude that dishonesty is the best policy. Les the newspapers lay the scourge heavier and heavier on those public offenders as the probability is they will get no other reproof.—Rev. De Witt Talmage.

It seems unfortunate that a large portion of the press should be given up every day to the record of the wrong-doings that are, after all, but an infinitesimal portion of the daily life of the community. It is true that the vast majority of our citizens are virtuous and upright, that the homes clouded by dishonor and sin are in the minority, that honesty, sobriety and chastity are virtues practiced and held in esteem by the great mass of the public. It would be a black day for society if this were not so. But it may not be denied, it cannot be denied certainly by any man who has served inside the office of a live newspaper, that one of the strongest incentives to virtue is the dread of the publicity that in these days is almost certain to follow any flagrant lapse into vice. The stories of wrong-doing published in the newspapers are not, on the whole, a stimulus, but rather a corrective to vice. The brand that they inflict on the wrong-doer is a brand that cannot be effaced, that is known and read of all men, and the fear of that brand is a wholesome safeguard to society-Brooklyn Times.

By and by it may happen, in the energy and push of journalism, that there will be as much zeal and industry in reporting all items of moral and religious progress as there now is in proclaiming the details of crime and wrong-doing. Why should not the reading public be as much concerned to know about the reforms in life as about the lapses? Is it not as much an item of news that John Smith has become a better man as that Tom Brown beat his wife? That Joseph Jones has joined the church as that William Green has been sent to jail? It is true that as things now go only one side of these above items is not regarded as "news." Is it not possible that this is all a mistaken idea? We hope the time will come when "news" shall relate as much to moral and religious matters as it now does to the converse.- Washington Pilgrim Press.

RAILROADS.

TUNNEL BETWEEN DENMARK AND SWEDEN.-The Swedish and Danish newspapers have for some days been discussing schemes for the construction of a tunnel between Denmark and Sweden, under the sound. The question of a submarine way between the two countries has been raised several times, but never so seriously as now. M. A. de Rothe, the engineer, who has been for several years. employed as an engineer on the Panama canal works, in the name of a French company has just presented to the two governments interested a plan for cutting a tunnel between Copenhagen and Malmo, in Sweden. The tunnel would be seven and a half miles long, in two parts, of which two miles would lie between the islands of Amak and Sattholm, and five and a half between the latter island and the Swedish coast. The estimated cost is £1,200,000.—Scientific American Supplement.

NOTES.-At the beginning of the present month the Finland railway from Helsingfers to Uleaborg was completed and opened for traffic throughout its entire length. Uleaborg is the most northern railway station in the world. The engineers of the Trans-Caspian railway have promised that it shall be completed to Charjni, on the Oxus, by the middle of October.

STATISTICAL.

FRENCH VITAL STATISTICS.—It was stated by M. Bertillon, in a lecture recently delivered at the Hygienic Exhibition in Paris, that the movement of the population for the past year throughout France had been very unsatisfactory, the total number of births being 922,361, or, upon the average, 30,000 fewer than for the last fifteen years. Moreover, out of this total, 74,118 were illegitimate, or rather more than 8 per cent. of the whole, this being the largest number of illegitimate births ever recorded. Upon the other hand, there had been a slight reduction in the number of deaths, the total for 1885 being 836,897; but still the excess of the births over deaths was only 85,464.

SOME STRIKING FIGURES.-The report of F. H. Wines, special agent of the tenth census, on the defective, dependent, and delinquent classes, is full of interesting details. The number of males confined in prisons and workhouses in the United States in 1880 was 53,604, and of females, 5,005. The number of prisoners to each million of the population was 1,069; in 1870 it was but 853. There were 1,833 insane persons, 1,533 idiots, and 976 blind persons to each million inhabitants. There were 21,595 out-door paupers, and 66,203 inmates of almshouses, during the census year.

GERMAN UNIVERSITIES.-The oldest German-speaking university is Prague, founded in 1348; next comes Vienna, founded 1365; Heidelberg follows, being the senior of the Universities in the German empire, founded in 1386; then Leipsic, in 1409; Freiburg (Baden), in 1454; Griefswald, in 1456; Bale, in 1460; Munich, in 1472; Tubingen, in 1477; Marburg, in 1527; Konigsberg, in 1544; Jena, in 1558; Wurzburg, 1582; Giessen, in 1607; Kiel, in 1665; Halle, in 1694; Breslau, in 1702; Gottingen, in 1737; Erlangen, in 1743; Berlin, in 1810; Bonn, in 1818; Zurich, in 1838; Berne, in 1834; Strasburg, re-established in 1872, originally founded in 1567,

NOTES. According to a return made during the last few days, there are 4,121 public houses in London, 1,196 wine and spirit merchants, 1,512 beer retailers, giving a total of 6,835 persons engaged in the liquor trade. The boot and shoe makers number 2,800; grocers, 2,176; bakers, 1,994.

ART.

L'Art

NOTES. Cincinnati's Academy of Fine Art dates back to 1838. employs in addition to the word reclame for its assaults on artists who seek notoriety at any odds, the Anglo-Gallic word le puffisme. The annual fall exhibition of works in oil by American artists will be held at the American Art Association's galleries, New York, beginning November 22 and closing January 3. The St. Leonard's paintings, including works by Turner, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Rubens, Teniers and Rembrandt, are to be put under the hammer, and with them go rare old French and English decorative furniture, Sevres and other china, and the family plate. The law library of the famous lord chancellor is to meet with the same fate. Emile Renouf, the distinguished French artist, is expected to arrive in this country within a few days. He comes over with the intention of painting portraits here. Among his famous pictures are "A Helping Hand” and “ Repairing a Boat," in the Seney and Morgan collections. The first one is now in the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington. The frontispiece of the September number of the London Art Journal is a strong etching by Courtry of Lhermitte's picture, "Supper Time." The number contains articles on the River Wye, the Lombard Castle of Colleoni, Leon A. Lhermitte, yachts, Rosalba Carriera, decorative design, the Royal Academy, a new art club and the permanency of water colors. The illustrations that accompany these articles are numerous and well executed. The first number of the new art magazine, American Art, will be issued in Boston early in October. The projectors of the enterprise are well-known and experienced journalists, and they are backed by sufficient capital. The business management will be in the hands of Mr. William M. Thayer, formerly connected with the Boston Post, and Mr. Frank T. Robinson, the art writer and formerly art director of the New England Institute. Mr. Lyman H. Weeks, the art critic, will have the editorial direction of the periodical. The September issue of the Art Age has three supplemental plates: A photogravure of a landscape by Mr. Julian Rix, a reproduction of a marine by Mr. M. J. Burns and drawings of cottages at Tuxedo Park, from the designs of Mr. Bruce Price, architect. Mr. Benjamin-Constant, the French-figure painter, who came within a few votes of receiving the coveted Medal of Honor at the last Salon, gave his photograph to Mr. Roland Knoedler, of this city, with the following words written on the back of the card: "A l'ami Roland, le plus Parisien des Americains.". Mr. W. H. Norton,

the Boston marine painter, has worked his way up from the bottom of the ladder. Not many years ago he was a decorator of chamber furniture, of the so called "cottage" styles, and the little medallion views of sea and shore which he put upon the crude surfaces of blue or green attracted attention. As soon as he had the time and the means to spare for something better, his talent was recognized. The late George D. Sargeant, of Hartford, Conn., has left $5,000 for a bronze statue of Gov. Hubbard, to be erected in Bushnell Park, Hartford.. An obelisk cut in imitation of the one he brought from Egypt is to be erected on the grave of the late Lieut. Commander Gorringe, at Sparkhill, N. Y. It is stated that M. Mercie, the celebrated French sculpter, has been asked to submit a model for the Lafayette monument, for which Congress appropriated $50,000. Bartholdi and Falguiere have already sent in models. A movement is on foot among the colored people to erect monuments in Washington to John Brown, Garrison, Sumner, Wendell Phillips and others. There has been one already erected to Lincoln.