can build faster and better boats for the wind and weather of our coast than the English cutter is. That settles the cutter question for us, but for no one else.

New York Times, September 12.

THE fact as it is exhibited by these races appears to be that the Galatea is not a fast boat. Her speed when she came out was a matter of conjecture and inference rather than of performance and record. Her plate-locker was entirely or almost entirely bare of prizes after one season's racing and part of another. It was assumed, however, that if she had not been faster than the Genesta she would not have been brought after the trophy which the Genesta had failed to win. This assumption is baseless. We know about how much better the Mayflower is than the Puritan, and although the Mayflower would undoubtedly have beaten the Genesta in each of the three races sailed, as undoubtedly she would not have "made a show of her," as the saying is, by beating her half an hour in seven hours, or half an hour more in a beat of twenty miles to windward. Her owner is an adventurous and sportsmanlike gentleman, and if he had a fast yacht he would give our yachtsmen a great deal of trouble and amusement. But it is now clear that his enterprise outran his discretion when he permitted himself to bring the handsome and safe and comfortable craft of which he is the fortunate possessor to these waters to contend for the trophy of the yachting supremacy of the world. It really is not safe, as the visit of the Genesta last year demonstrated, to send even the second fastest yacht in England after the America's cup. Whether the fastest yacht in England is fast enough has yet to be seen.

Boston Post, September 13.

WITH the victory of the Mayflower on Saturday, the sixth series of races for the recovery of the cup won by the yacht America in 1851 is happily concluded. It is now probable that the coveted trophy will be allowed to remain here without a further immediate effort to regain it. The superiority of the American centerboard model for speed in all waters in which a yacht can be used has had a sufficient demonstration in the contests of the Puritan and Genesta, the Mayflower and the Galatea; and until the art of boat building in England has developed something different from the present style of cutter, it will be useless to send over here for the cup. When a cutter is produced that is better than the Galatea by half an hour on a course of forty miles, that will be the boat to undertake the expedition. Taken together, the races of last year and of this have shown, as clearly as anything can be shown, that in all weather and on all points of sailing the American sloop is faster than the English cutter. We have an idea, too, that it would be as safe a style of boat in a tempest; but it is not in tempests that races are sailed or that pleasure yachts are used. As well might we test the speed of our fast trotters by driving them to plough in heavy soil. So long as the centerboard model possesses sufficient stability for all the purposes for which it is used, and at the same time guarantees the greatest speed, it fills every condition of the championship of the world.

The Morning Journal, New York, September 12. INTERNATIONAL matches are not entirely modern institutions, for between men of the same race and the same language, though divided by political frontiers, they flourished vigorously in ancient times, and some of the best products of human genius are due to them. They established a rivalry in great endeavors then as they do now, but nowadays they take a practical turn such as they had not then. Greece had its own practical view of things, however. They thought a poem a practical thing then and a statue also, because the beautiful was useful in their eyes. An international rivalry that leads to the building of beautiful yachts is, however, not so far away from their standard, while the development of marine architecture has a more substantial side to it. In this light we may regard the conflict for the cup as far more valuable than the cup itself, and while we do not want to lose the cup we can see that it is almost a thing to be desired that it should go to England again. Because it can only go to England if the yacht builders there can build a boat to beat the Mayflower, and the advantage to us, as to all maritime nations, of such an achievement would be so substantial as to be worth more than all the cups in Christendom. It would be the initiation of a great advance in ship-building art. New York Star, September 12.

New York World, September 12.

Springfield Republican, September 12.

Baltimore Sun, September 13.

THE defeat of the Galatea Saturday by the Mayflower was not a surprise to any body, in view of the result of the race sailed on Tuesday and the shortcomings exhibited in the abortive start of Thursday. The American sloop has demonstrated its superiority to the British cutter on any point of sailing. On Tuesday the Mayflower won in a ten-mile run in smooth water dead before the wind. On Thursday she proved her superiority in a beat dead to windward. On Saturday she won in what was supposed to be the Galatea's "own weather," the sea being rough and the wind from the Britisher's point of the compass. The Irex remains to be beaten, and if our English cousins will kindly send her over she may be added to the list along with the Genesta and Galatea.

New York Daily News, September 12.

THE worst part of this otherwise pleasant business of the yacht racing for the America's cup is that Lieutenant Henn, the genial and, let us say, chivalrous owner of the Galatea, is reported to be somewhat ill. Under the circumstances it would almost have been a relief to the American public to have had him score a victory in yesterday's race. But the Mayflower is so modeled and builded as to make it necessary and inevitable that, under all possible conditions of the wind and weather, she must glide away from all competitors in the form of English cutters. It is an established fact that for racing purposes the American type of center board and "skimming-pan" is the best.

Now that the America's cup is safe it may be as well for our yacht owners to remember that there are too cups in England, the Brenton's Reef and the Cape May, either of them of five times the intrinsic value of the cup which the Galatea came to seek. Some of these gentlemen are reported to talk in a very free and bold manner as to the ability of their yachts and of American sloops generally. Which of them will undertake to cross the ocean next year and bring back these valuable trophies ?-Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 13.

THE international rivalry which has terminated so creditably for this country ought to incite us to other efforts for national credit. We should resolve to beat England in national probity, public spirit and popular intelligence as fairly as we have in fast pleasure boats.-Pittsburgh Dispatch, September 12.

MISCELLANEOUS.

GOOD REPUTATIONS.-The criminal news of the day, that portion of it that finds its way into the most scrupulously respectable journals, suggests a query as to the intrinsic value of a good reputation. Cynics and misanthropes are quick to remark that the most startling defalcations and embezzlements are generally committed by men in whom their neighbors have reposed unlimited confidence, men far above suspicion, "the last persons in the world likely to do such things" Scoffers at religion and all professions of "superior goodness" do not fail to ob. serve all the reports of misdoings of clergymen, superintendents of Sunday schools, and others prominent in the church. Then goes up a chorus of denun ciation so sweeping as to include the innocent with the guilty, so illogical that it condemns whole classes for the sins of their outcasts. Good reputations, we are told, not only are no guaranty of good character, but are positively dangerous, be ing masks behind which bad men may prey upon the community. It is safer, they say, to deal cautiously with one whose reputation is a little overcast than to put implicit trust in him whose name for honesty and virtue is unquestioned. Such comment upon the published exposures of hypocrites, and the record of shattered reputations, is shortsighted and vicious in the extreme. Reputation is the market value of a man's character, fixed by the estimate of those who know him;

it is

the only standard by which candidates for places of trust are measured and judged. Allowing, then, for a certain degree of failure of judgment on the one hand and of hypocrisy on the other, it is evident that some bad men, under the guise of good reputations, will obtain places of important trust. But when they abandon their masks and appear in their true character as thieves and scoundrels, it is nothing to say of them they have been "highly respectable, stood well in the community, been above suspicion," etc. That is a matter of course, for otherwise they could not have secured the trust they so basely betrayed. A known debauchee was never invited to preach in any pulpit in all Christendom, nor was a notorious thief or forger ever allowed access to the vaults and books of any wellregulated banking establishment. Men who fall from high places must have had good reputations, else they would not have been selected to fill such places. As to the assumption that a good reputation is, on the whole, an undesirable acquisition and no safeguard against deception and betrayal, its absurdity can not be too often declared. It is but one churchman in ten thousand who proves to be a wolf in sheep's clothing; and the proportion of dishonest custodians of other people's money is no greater. The reports of breaches of trust and falls from grace seem to be frequent, but considering all things we are surprised-the cynics and misanthropes and scoffers are surprised-when they occur, and that proves them to be really rare and unexpected. Nine men out of ten who have borne fair names among those who know them best are to be trusted; the course of the tenth runs counter to our experience with men, and he shocks us by his fall. But while the nine stand firm in their integrity, there is abundant basis for our faith in the value of good reputations. Indeed, there is no other key to character, no surer foundation for business and social confidence. Young men whose future is to be made or marred by what is said about them, can not afford to make a mistake on this vital point. A fair name is still worth winning and keeping as "the immediate jewel of their souls." This is the only moral to be logically drawn from the daily record of dishonor and crime among those who, strangely enough, have not deserved the good names they have borne.—Providence Journal.

MUMMY OF RAMESES II.-The mummy (No. 5233) first taken out from its glass case is Rameses II, Sesostris, as testified by the official entries bearing date the sixth and sixteenth years of the reign of the High Priest Her-hor Se-Amen, and the High Priest Pinotem I, written in black ink upon the lid of the wooden mummy case, and the further entry of the sixteenth year of the High Priest Pinotem I, written upon the outer winding sheet of the mummy, over the region of the breast. The presence of this last inscription having been verified by his highness, the Khedive, and by the illustrious personages there assembled, the first wrapping was removed, and there were successively discovered a band of stuff (sic) twenty centimeters in width rolled around the body, then a second winding sheet sewn up and kept in place by narrow bands placed at some distance apart, then two thicknesses of small bandages, and then a piece of fine linen reaching from the head to the feet. A figure representing the Goddess Nut, one metre in length, is drawn upon this piece of linen, in red and white, as prescribed by the ritual.

The profile of the goddess is unmistakably designed after the pure and delicate profile of Seti I, as he is known to us in the bas-relief sculptures of Thebes and Abydos. Under this amulet there was found another bandage, then a layer of pieces of linen folded in squares, and spotted with the bituminous matter used by the embalmers. This last covering removed, Rameses II appeared. The head is long, and small in proportion to the body. The top of the skull is quite bare. On the temples there are a few spare hairs; but at the poll the hair is quite thick, forming smooth, straight locks about five centimeters in length. White at the time of death, they have been dyed a light yellow by the spices used in embalmment. The forehead is low and narrow, the brow-ridge prominent. The eyebrows are thick and white. The eyes are small and close together. The nose is long, thin, hooked like the noses of the Bourbons, and slightly crushed at the tip by the pressure of the bandages. The temples are sunken; the cheek-bones very prominent; the ears round, standing far out from the head, and pierced like those of a woman for the wearing of ear-rings. The jawbone is massive and strong; the chin, very prominent; the mouth small, but thick-lipped, and full of some kind of black paste. This paste being partly cut away with the scissors disclosed some much-worn and very brittle teeth, which, moreover, are white and well preserved. The moustache and beard are thin. They seem to have been kept shaven during life, but were probably allowed to grow during the king's last illness, or they may have grown after death. The hairs are white, like those of the head and eyebrows, but are harsh and bristly, and from two to three millimetres in length. The skin is of earthy brown splotched with black. Finally, it may be said that the face of the mummy gives a fair idea of the face of the living king. The expression is unintellectual, perhaps slightly animal; but, even under the somewhat grotesque disguise of mummifica tion, there is plainly to be seen an air of sovereign majesty, of resolve, and of pride. The rest of the body is as well preserved as the head; but, in consequence of the reduction of the tissues, its external aspect is less life-like. The neck is no thicker than the vertebral column. The chest is broad; the shoulders are square; the arms are crossed upon the breast; the hands are small, and dyed with henna; and the wound in the left side, through which the embalmers extracted the viscera, is large and open. The legs and thighs are fleshless. The feet are long, slender, and somewhat flat-soled, and dyed, like the hands, with henna. The corpse is that of an old man, but of a vigorous and robust old man. We know, indeed, that Rameses II reigned for sixty-seven years, and that he must have been nearly one hundred years old when he died.-Professor Maspero, in the London Times.

BARON PAUL SHILLING.-The centennial of the birth of Baron Paul Shilling was celebrated at St. Petersburg on the 2d of May. Baron Shilling is claimed by his countrymen to have been the inventor of the electro-magnetic telegraph, but until recently his name has been almost unknown to the general public. He was a descendant of an ancient and noble family, holding many estates near Kaustadt. His father having emigrated to Russia and entered the military service, the Baron Paul was born in Revel in the year 1786. By special order of the Emperor Paul I, he received, at the age of nine, an ensign commission in a regiment of riflemen

of which his father was the commander. After the death of the father the youthful officer entered the First Military Academy, and in 1802 graduated as lieutenant in the royal suite. The following year he was transferred to the ministry of foreign affairs, but during the Napoleonic wars he returned to his regiment, took part in many battles, and was present at the entrance of the Russian army into Paris. After this he again entered the ministry of foreign affairs and was commissioned to visit Mongolia and the Chinese borders. He studied the Chinese language with care and collected a great number of Mongolian, Thibetan and Chinese manuscripts which now form a special collection in the Scientific Museum of Russia. In 1832 Baron Shilling invented an important improvement on the telegraphic apparatus of Ampere. In 1836 he received a written invitation to construct a telegraph line in England. He refused, however, as he wished to introduce the invention first in his own country. Spending all his means for the purchase of books and scientific apparatus, Baron Shilling died on the 6th of August, 1837, a poor man, and was buried at the expense of his relatives. In an out-of-the-way corner of the Protestant section of the Smolensk Cemetery at St. Petersburg there stands a modest monument bearing this inscription: "Here is buried the State Counselor Paul Ivowitch Shilling." Such was the fate of the Russian scientist who did so much for the development of the electro-magnetic telegraph. His invention was appropriated by others and he himself died in poverty. At the present time ten submarine cables cross the Atlantic, and 2,031,054 miles of telegraph wires are used to transmit the world's news. In Russia alone, according to the latest statistics, 66,100 miles of line and 155,295 miles of wire are used, 11,000 persons are employed in operating the lines, and the government gains from this source a yearly revenue of $4,000,000.-Scientific American Supplement.

POSTAL SERVICE OF THE FUTURE. “In 1986 such a thing as a postman or a carrier walking ten or fifteen hours a day delivering mail matter will never be heard of, for the simple reason there will be none in existence then," remarked a scientific man the other day. "How will the mail be delivered ?" "Everything will be reduced to a fine system, and a letter will be delivered in three seconds after its arrival in the post-office. Each house in a big city will be connected with the general post-office or branch station, as the case may be, with a pneumatic tube large enough to carry a good-sized package. At present such a system of delivery can not be put into practice because it would be too expensive. A century hence civilization will rise to such a high and prosperous point that a system of quick delivery by means of pneumatic tubes will certainly be in vogue. It could be done now, only it would bankrupt a city. The tube from Twenty-third street to the Western Union building shows how nicely it works. A letter or telegraphic message takes just two seconds to go the two and a half miles. The quickest means of transit are sure to be adopted in the long run. It is the evolution of progress, and nothing can stop it short of the universe. Not only will private houses have these tubes, but all of our large cities will be pneumatically connected. Chicago will be perhaps ten seconds by letter from New York, and San Francisco a minute or so. It will change a great many things, and do away with the steam cars as a mail carrier. The system is yet in its infancy. New York will by that time have a new system of sewers, much better than Paris now, and the tubes can be run along in them instead of having to dig up the earth, as is the case with gas and steam pipes at present. The postage on letters will not be one-twentieth what it is, and the expense to the Government will be less. Of course the delivery will have to be regulated to so many during the day. Say five or ten in the morning and that number in the afternoon and evening. And yet human nature is so constructed that even with such improved facilities I believe many kickers could be found who would protest against the limited number of deliveries of mail and the slow time made. All these things will come to pass, and it takes no prophet to plainly see the handwriting on the wall. The overworked characters will have a

long rest."-New York Mail and Express.

A BELL WITH A PATHETIC HISTORY.-The city of Breslau lately celebrated the 500th anniversary of an occurrence which was memorable in the history of the town, and is known wherever German poetry finds a home. The bell which hangs in the southern tower of St. Mary Magdalen's church, and is named "St. Mary's bell," but is usually known as "the poor sinner's bell," rang out morning and evening on the 17th of July to remind all who heard it that it was cast on that day 500 years ago. Next day, Sunday, the preacher reminded his congregation of the pathetic story which has made it singular among bells-how, when all was ready for the casting, the bell founder withdrew for a few moments, leaving a boy in charge of the furnace, warning him not to meddle with the catch that secured the seething metal in the caldron. But the boy disregarded the caution, and then, terrified on seeing the molten metal beginning to flow into the mold, called to the bell founder for help. Rushing in and seeing what he had intended to be his masterpiece ruined, as he thought, angered to madness, he slew the boy on the spot. When the metal had cooled and the mold was opened, the bell was found to be an exquisite work, perfect in finish, and of marvelous sweetness of tone. Coming to his senses, le recognized his bloody work, and straightway gave himself up to the magistrates. "Blood for blood was the law; he was condemned to die, and he went to his doom while his beautiful bell pealed an invitation to all to pray for "the poor sinner," whence its name. W. Muller has enshrined the sad story in a ballad of touching simplicity:

"War einst ein Glockengleszer,

Zu Breslau in der Stadt."

-Scientific American.

A NATIONAL WALTZ.-The public will learn with great pleasure of the philanthropic efforts of the American Society of Professors of Dancing to remedy some of the evils which have gathered about terpsichorean pleasures. These efforts are directed toward the formation of a national waltz step which will enable a Boston girl, for instance, to tread the mazes with a Western man as partner without stubbing her cultured toes over his less intellectual feet. "'Tis a consummation devoutly to be wished," though it would take away the favorite excuse

of poor dancers when apologizing for their clumsiness: "You will pardon me, Miss X; but, you know, I am used to the Chicago step and don't find the New York style easy to catch," etc., etc.

But if we had a waltz step which was universal from Maine to Texas and from sea to sea, the Union of the States would be just so much the more firmly established.

Another change which the A. S. P. D. will inaugurate this year will consist in slower time for round-dance music. This innovation is made in the interests of dudes, so-called. It has been observed for some time past that these more or less essential factors of society were gradually growing tired. The slow waltz during the coming winter will be used at balls and germans in order that the dudes need not go home fatigued and faded. They have, as a rule, boycotted the summerresort hops this season, and their action was taken on the ground that the gentler sex insisted upon dancing too rapidly. The A. S. P. D. has come to the rescue in time, and the cry now goes up, "On with the dance," let joy forever last, when dudes and maidens meet, and do not dance too fast.-New York World.

REMARKABLE COLLECTION OF HOMING PIGEONS. An enormous flight of pigeons, consisting of some seven hundred or eight hundred birds, took place at Dover, England, on the morning of August 30, for a race from that place to Brussels. The birds were brought over on Saturday night in baskets, which formed part of the deck cargo of the Ostend mail packet. The pigeons belong to different Belgian societies, and were flown in connection with the society Sans Peur, of 'Laeken, near Brussels. The start was a very interesting sight. The channel being fairly clear, the baskets were placed in tiers on the quay, the flaps on a given signal were let down, and simultaneously the birds rose like a cloud, and, after circling in the air for a moment, headed southward and made off in the direction of Calais, all being well away within the space of two minutes. A similar race is being arranged from London to Brussels. Some five hundred birds, trained to act as messengers in case of war, and belonging to different societies in and around Paris, were also recently flown from Dover to Paris. As our readers probably know, the training and flying of homing pigeons has become the national sport in Belgium. Almost every family has a pigeon chamber in the upper part of the house. Baseball in the United States is nothing as compared with the homing pigeon sport in Belgium.-Scientific American.

A PUZZLING SUM.-The following sum was set the pupils of the Liegnitzer Mädchenschule, who, after a three-days' trial, gave it up, not being quick enough to see the trap laid for them. The sum is this: From 880,788,889 take the number 629 as many times as possible. From this wording, the pupils took it for granted that it was simply a subtraction sum, and so determined to work it out as an ordinary subtraction sum. Having tried only three days at it, no answer was forthcoming, much to their bewilderment. It was explained to them afterward that if they had gone on subtracting until a proper answer was got, it would have taken them one year and four months to do it in, allowing that one can subtract the number three times in every minute, and working 12 hours a day. The proper way of doing the sum was, of course, simply dividing 880,788,889 by 629, which equals 1,400,300 189-629.-The Cultivator and Country Gentleman.

A NOVEL USE OF CATTLE.-A new use for cattle has been apparently found in Prussia, where a band of "smugglers" employed a cow in their attempts to avoid the tax on lace. A strong ten-months'-old cow was wrapped round with a quantity of lace valued at $1,000. Over this was fitted a false skin so ingeniously constructed as to defy detection. They passed the cow quite easily at the customs office, the men there admiring her size and beauty, some of the excise officers even offering her bread. The owners of the cow were kept in suspense, while the cow quietly strolled on, quite unconscious of the numerous whacks and pokes she received from the smugglers, who wanted to hasten her gait. However, all things have an end, and the cow was at le th got out of the dangerous vicinity of the excisemen, much to the relief of her owners.-Ibid.

RELIGIOUS.

Symbolism of Precious Stones.-Diamond: Light, innocence, purity, and joy. Sapphire: Hope, truth, constancy. Emerald: Hope, faith, joy, and victory. To paz: The goodness of God, charity. Ruby: Divine love. Carbuncle: Blood and suffering. Five carbuncles on a cross signify the five wounds of Christ; they are placed in each limb and in the center. Sardius: The blood of martyrs. The amethyst signifies sorrow, deep love, and suffering, in accordance with its color. The pearl is the emblem of purity, innocence, and humility.-The Decorator and Furnisher.

NOTES.-There are 7,000 Esquimau converts in Greenland under the care of the Danish Missionary Society.- -The number of Japanese in the Mikado's em

pire professing the Protestant faith is now 11,602, showing an increase during the past year of 2,706. The total number of churches is 151.- There are 23,000,000 of people in the Punjab among whom there was no Christian effort made till 1870; but so numerous are the Christians there now that last year they purchased tracts of land to the value of 10,000 rupees.

-The Wesleyans of Victoria celebrated their jubilee on May 19, when promises of $105,000 to a thanksgiving fund were received. There are now 791 churches in the colony, with 113 ministers, 751 local preachers, 818 class leaders, and 4,691 Sunday-school teachers.-The Spiritualists are the only religious body in Wareham, Mass., who pay a tax upon their house and place of worship. Wareham assessors tax the Temple and land upon a valuation of nearly $6,000; the headquarter building and lot-used wholly and exclusively for its purposes-for several hundred more.The large court yard of the Pine (Pigna) at the Vatican will be covered and given up as a place for the exhibition that will be held in the Vatican on the occasion of the Pope's Sacerdotal Jubilee next year. Besides this, the vast Hall of the Tapestries and that of the antique vases and candelabra, splendidly restored by Leo XIII last year, will also be used as exhibition halls on this same occasion.The Grand Duke of Baden has sent to His Holiness an autograph letter thanking him for the catalogues of the Palatine library, lately sent to him by His Holiness. Accom panying this letter was the gold medal of the Heidelberg Jubilee, sent by the same Grand Duke.

The Maronites of Tripoli and Syria have addressed a telegraphic dispatch to His Holiness, Leo XIII, to ask his protection against their oppressors -The negotiations between the Holy See and Montenegro have ended in a very satisfactory result.The Little Sisters of the Poor established a mission in Rome in 1880, and the new chapel of this institution was blessed by the Cardinal Vicar, August 11, 1886. Leo XIII has given great encouragement to this work of charity. By his desire a house of these sisters was established in Perugia a few weeks ago. This work of charity is widely spread throughout the world. In France there are 100 houses; in England, 22; in Spain, 36; in Belgium, 11; in Italy, 10; several in America, 3 in Africa, and 3 in Prussia. The report of 1881 gives the total number of sisters as 3,400, who feed and take care of 23,000 pour persons. Since their establishment in 1840 they have cared for 60,000 poor per sons of both sexes.- -Very Rev. Father Favier, Prefect of Lazarists' mission m China, has offered some presents to His Holiness, Leo XIII, among which is s beautiful reproduction in enamel of Leonardo da Vinci's celebrated fresco of "The Last Supper" in the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie at Milan.-The for tieth annual conference of the Evangelical Alliance will be held at Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, on September 21-23, inclusive. The aggregate value of the Protestant Episcopal Church property in the diocese of Pennsylvania is estimate at nearly $10,000,000,

-A number of young Lutherans in St. Louis have formed

an association to secure funds and erect a statue of Martin Luther in front of their seminary in that city.- -Mr. McMasters, of Toronto, who erected the building for the Baptist Institute at Woodstock, Canada, and endowed seven of its professorships, has recently added $250,000 to his gifts for the purpose of making it a full college.- -The present summer has witnessed an unusual number of prominent American divines in England-Evangelist Moody will shortly open his sixth training school for Christian workers in Chicago, where $150,000 has been raised toward the sum néeded for suitable buildings.- -The Metropolitan Tabernacle, of which Rev. C. A. Spurgeon is pastor, records for the past year an addition of 267 members, which brings the number up to 5,314. The Colportage Association, connected with the Tabernacle, has a staff of eighty men, who are continually engaged in visiting from house to house, and selling Bibles and religious books.The agents of the Bible Society make a rather startling report from Maine. During the past they visited 30,004 families, and found that 14,653 attend no church; that 15,253 children attend no Sabbath school, and that 1,662 Protestant families were without the Bible. In the town of Gray, 264 out of 361 Protestant families were non-church goers, and 325 children were not attending any Sabbath school.A new charity for children, to be known as the Children's

Home, was formally opened on September 1, in Fiftieth Street near Second Avenue. It is in connection with the work of Rev. A. B. Simpson, of the Gospel Tabernacle, and will be in charge of Mrs. Schultz, sister of Rev. Mr. Funk, assistant pastor of the Tabernacle. This work is to be conducted on the "faith" principle-that is, no subscriptions will be solicited, but the income is to be derived from contributions volunteered in answer to prayer.- -At the last meeting of the Pastoral Conference held at Strasburg it was agreed to urge the authorities of the Lutheran Church to rule that every theological student, on completing his studies, should be required to serve one year as a curate, and at the end of that period to undergo an examination in practical theology.- -The St. Paul Globe relates that as Bishop Whipple was walking along a street in that city one day last month an alleged "savage" on the opposite sidewalk pointed him out to a companion and said: "There goes one white man who never lied to an Indian."- A cable dispatch states that an American citizen, who was recently arrested at Simferopol for spreading heresies, has been released, as a result of the interposition of Mr. Lothrop, the United States Minister, and has been ordered to leave Russia. His offense was baptising persons of the Lutheran faith.- -The Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago has for a quarter of a century supported a free bureau of employment as a convenient exchange between employer and those in search of work. During the time the bureau has given work to 75,000 men and boys, a very large proportion of whom have been scattered throughout the Western States and Territories.- -A call has been issued for the anti-instrumental conference resolved upon at the last General United Presbyterian Assembly. The meeting is to be held in the Fourth Church, Allegheny, on the second Tuesday of November.- -The international Sunday-school executive committee, at its meeting at Chautauqua fixed upon Chicago as the place and June 1 to 3, 1887, as the time for holding the next international triennial Sunday-school convention.- -The Episcopalians of Long Island have a Lay Helpers' Association, before which a course of free lectures was lately given, especially for lay readers. The subjects covered by the course were the duties of the lay reader's office and the history and use of the prayer-book.If the Northern and Southern Presbyterian churches were united there would be a church extending to every part of the country, with 8,479 churches, 6,621 ministers, and 805,551 members. The income of these Presbyterian bodies amounts to very nearly $12,000,000.- -The colored Baptists of the Northwest have sent two missionaries to the Congo field, and are showing increased interest in that mission. They have a membership of about 930,000 in the United States. -The captain of a river steamer on the Lower Niger states that in every trip during the last two years the natives, among whom a missionary is unknown, have boarded his ship with the invariable question: "Is God palaver man aboard? or, "When is he coming? If he come to teach us so that we know white man's book, then we build him house and school and give him chopplenty." The Roman Catholics are said to be ready to occupy this field.Bartholomew's church, New York, will soon receive two handsome tablets of brass and marble, in memory of the late Jacob Reese and William H. Vanderbilt, both of whom were members of the vestry for many years.- -The two churches in Charleston St. Michael's and St. Phillip's-which have been ruined by the earthquake, both possess great historic interest. The tower of St. Michael's was the chief or only beacon in the period of the Revolution, and was painted black when the assailing British fleet was anticipated, in order to prevent their use of it as a guide to the harbor; black against a blue sky was a less certain land-mark than white. Close beside the church is the tomb of John C. Calhoun. Both St. Michael and St. Philip were frequent marks of Federal gunners during the war. St. Philip's was founded in 1711, though not used until 1723. Its tower was 200 feet in height.-All the Lutheran churches of the South have united. The Holston and Tennessee Synods were the last to agree to the Church Constitution of 1884. The United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South has six States, eight synods, 182 ministers, 354 congregations, and 31,000 members. It is planted on the Augsburg confession of faith.- -The First Colored Baptist Church of Nashville, Tenn., has a $35,000 house, and a membership of 3,100.Statistics of the Brooklyn Children's Aid Society work for this summer up to the present time show 728 mothers and 1,021 children to have been entertained in day excursions, and 518 mothers and 836 children who have been kept one week and provided with board, lodging, and bathing privileges at the Health Home. Home is located on Coney Island.- -A memorial church is to be built at Pittsburgh, Pa., in honor of Bishop Kerfoot. It will cost $50,000.- -Dr. William C. Baker, formerly of Philadelphia, one of the founders of Ocean Grove and the Asbury Library Association, died at Ocean Grove August 30.- -The largest Protestant Sunday-school in Philadelphia is the Bethany Presbyterian, with 2,456 scholars.-The Church Mission to Deaf-Mutes, of which Thomas Gallaudet is general manager, is holding sign-services in twenty-five different places in the dioceses of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con

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necticut, Albany, Long Island, Northern New Jersey, and New York, besides in other ways promoting the temporal and spiritual welfare of deaf-mutes after they leave school.- -Within the last eighteen months the Presbytery of Boston has organized eight new Presbyterian churches in Eastern New England. They are composed, for the most part, it is said, of immigrants from Scotland, the North of Ireland, and the provinces.

FINANCE AND COMMERCE.

THE BUSINESS SITUATION.-The reports published in commercial papers indicate that the business of the country is in a prosperous condition, and that the outlook is most favorable. The last report of the Agricultural Department shows that the wheat and cotton crops are better than at the date of the previous report, while the condition of corn is not so favorable, but a crop of 1,600,000,000 bushels is promised. The receipts of the railroads known as the Granger lines were decidedly larger during last August than during August, 1885. This is due to the larger wheat crop in part, but more to the fact that the crop is being shipped to the seaboard and exported to a much greater extent than was that of last year. The shipment of wheat has put money into the pockets of the producers, which has had the effect to stimulate trade. The prices of most agricultural staples, except. cotton, are firm. Cotton is weaker, and the promise of a crop of 6,575,000 bales to 5,706,000 bales last year indicates that there will be no scarcity in the supply. There has been little change in the money market during the past week. Money is in active demand, but there is not such a stringency as interferes with business. Silver bullion has risen during the week from 43 pence per ounce to 44 pence. This advance is attributed to the appointment of a commission by the British government to consider the silver question. General trade the past week, particularly in the West, has been brisk and in large volume.-Boston Journal, September 13. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN DAIRYING.-The dairy literature of the United States and Great Britain is so freely exchanged through the press that the people of the two countries are pretty well posted in regard to each other's dairy practices. The dairymen of each country—the reading dairymen-have ample opportunity to pick up any improvements, facts or suggestions which are afloat in the other, and hence their modes of management naturally assimilate pretty closely. But changes in either country seem now to be moving rather slowly, more slowly perhaps in England than here. The factory system has been growing in England since 1869, but the number of factories has only got up to 80 in the 17 years it has been progressing, and yet they seem to be doing fairly good work; judging from the few factories visited and the cheese seen, they are turning out quite as good work as factories in the States, but not as good as the Canadian factories, especially those in Western Ontario, in the neighborhood of Ingersoll. The best cheese I met with was from Western Ontario, and it everywhere took the lead in reputation and price. Not all the cheese, however, from Western Ontario was fine. All I saw that was made on the old acid process, still too much in vogue in Canada as well as in the States, was no better than State or English cheese, if as good. It was the cheese made by drawing the whey sweet, and giving the curd a long ripening after it is out of the whey, by keeping it warm, that has given to Canadian cheese the good name it has acquired, and it seems a pity that other factorymen, and especially our own, are so slow in adopting it. This process is as much superior to the acid process as the factory system is to private dairying, which the English dairymen are adhering to with a tenacity that looks to us like a blind and stubborn conservatism; but many of our own factorymen show a conservatism equally blind and stubborn in their stupid continuance in the old acid rut. The English have the advantage of us in respect to conditions favoring cheese-making. Their rich soil and moister climate produce grass that makes a curd that will average mellower and richer than in the States or Canada, and their lower and more even-tempered atmosphere in summer is more favorable to good curing. They ought to beat us in the cheese branch of dairying, and they may yet do so if they study the philosophy of the art as industriously as many of our dairymen do. But before they can get ahead of us in this line they will have to abandon what they significantly call the "home rule" in dairying, and allow their cheese to be made on the associated plan. Whether the product is butter or cheese, so long as the bulk of it is made in families, there will be about as many varieties as there are families making it, and while some of it may be fine and as fancy as it is possible to make, yet the bulk will always be inferior, because the great majority of makers are not experts. A few can always be found in any community more skillful than the rest, and it is by submitting the milk of the many to the skill of these few that gives the associated system an advantage in quality and uniformity over private dairying that it will always retain. So long as the English stick to their present preference of making cheese in families, the great bulk of it will continue to be inferior to that made by their kin in America who associate and employ their best experts. In the midland counties, where most of my time was spent, English butter, I became well satisfied, was not quite as high flavored or as high colored as American butier, either States or Canadian, when all were uncolored and otherwise made alike. A rich soil, all other conditions being equal, contributes to richness of milk and to high flavor in butter, and seeing that the soil averaged richer in England, I anticipated finding higher flavored butter, and was surprised and at first a little puzzled to account for its being lower flavored instead, but after studying the situation awhile, I thought I saw two causes operating to produce the unlooked-for qualities. One of these was the want of sunshine and hot weather. In England there is more foggy and cloudy weather than here, and the grass there gets much less sunshine. England has a more equitable climate than we have. It is warmer there in winter and cooler in summer than with us. Flavor in grass, as in fruit, is the combined product of sunshine and warm weather. Other circumstances may modify the flavor of grass, but where all other conditions are equal, the lower the temperature at which it grows the less flavor will develop in it. That growing grass is sweetened