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the children were not only permitted but encouraged to attend the chapel instead of church. Strangers are allowed free access to the park and ruins of Hawarden, and we had no difficulty in procuring admission to the orphanage. I have even known of persons being permitted to go through the house itself, which is not a show place, and chiefly remarkable for its numerous books, which are not only in Mr. Gladstone's study and library, but in every one of the living-rooms. In his study he has a table for each variety of work, a literary table, a political and theological one, another for letter-writing, and so on. Over the alcoves devoted to Homer, Virgil, Horace, Spenser, and Shakespeare, are busts and pictures not only of the men themselves, but of their friends and of places connected with them. Over Mrs. Gladstone's desk is the fine portrait of her husband painted by Milais. As there is no public library in Hawarden, every one of the many thousand volumes belonging to the library of the castle is freely lent, the villagers coming to select upon a specific day of the week, when a member of the household acts as librarian. The wealth necessary to support the extensive establishment, and the vast wealth of the family, comes from the finding of coal and iron on the Glynne estates early in the present century. It is nobly and generously devoted to the good of others; but, perhaps, the greatest benefit it confers upon the world is the keeping up of this beautiful historic home, so suitable to the genius and character of Mr. Gladstone Annie Sawyer Downs, in the Christian at Work.

TIPPING. No one thing is a greater nuisance to the traveling public than the now almost universal custom of tipping. When one makes a contract with the owner of a house, he is not expected to pay the agent for carrying out, under the owner's orders, the contract with the tenant. When goods are purchased of a merchant, no one expects to fee the clerk for giving right measure, or the driver of the delivery wagon for delivering the goods in good order. Yet, is it not just as reasonable to fee either of these employés as the waiter who serves you at the hotel table, or the porter who carries your trunk to your room? The contract with the hotel-keeper includes these services. Many advertisements of popular hotels make mention of "first-class service" as a means of attracting guests. Fortunate will the guest be if, when he arrives, he does not find himself forced to put his hand in his pocket in order to see an example of this much-desired and comfort-giving experience-quick, quiet-respecting, and self-respecting service.

It is difficult to decide which is most annoying, indifferent, careless service or cringing, obsequious service. All that any self-respecting person requires from a servant, either at home or abroad, is intelligent service in the capacity in which they are engaged. Few who tip waiters or public servants think of the injury they inflict on the receiver, or the injustice on the fellow-traveler or guest.

Not many years ago, at a hotel at one of the popular resorts in the northern part of the State of New York, where the writer was a guest, the waiters were girls of the class usually found in such employment. The tables accommodated about eight persons, and one servant was assigned to each table. All went well until the appearance of a young man and his wife. The man had the appearance and manners of a smart clerk. After the first appearance of the couple at the table the waitress was demoralized; she had eyes, feet, and hands for no other person until the young man and his wife were served. The secret cause of this devotion was understood even before the young man remarked, when a dish not on the bill of fare was placed before him, "Do you suppose I did not know enough to grease her hands when I first came?" He was so dull of comprehension that he could not see the righteous indignation of which he had been the object for days, and which nearly burst upon him when he made this coarse declaration. He had obtained favors at the expense of every other person at the table.

Never yet has a special service been exacted by a fee from any servant or official that some other person has not been correspondingly inconvenienced or defrauded of service or place to which they were entitled. Many times fees are given for the sole purpose of giving a feeling of importance to the giver. Men of small minds get infinite satisfaction from servile service, even when they know that it is purchased, and not offered from personal respect or admiration. Everybody inwardly protests against feeling. What is needed is concerted action, or, more properly, inaction; a position, not of protesting against the offensive and rapidly. growing custom, but a refusal to submit to it or be a party to its further develop. ment or continuance. It would be one way to develop moral strength.

The silent but impudent protest from the house servants at fashionable resorts against the individual who has the temerity to refuse to pay toll when passing through their domain is about as much as moral kings and queens can endure, and far more than the average traveler can encounter with equanimity. A man that can face the mouth of a cannon in the height of battle quails before the thinlyveiled contempt of the hotel autocrats who have climbed to their present exalted position on human weakness. To refuse allegiance, from principle, to usurped au. thority that holds such power is a proof of moral and mental strength above the average. The Christian Union.

HEAD-GEAR IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.-The hopes excited by the death of Louis XV expressed themselves in head-dresses surrounded by ears of wheat. A complete revolution in favor of simplicity seemed probable, for Marie Antoinette fully appreciated the freedom it gave. But fashion seems strong as fate; the young queen took the virus, and with the aid of her milliner, MĬle. Bertin, and her hair-dresser, Leonard, she reopened the mad dance in fashions so preposterous that sending her portrait to her mother, the Empress Maria Theresa, it was returned with the remark that there was some mistake, for the portrait of an actress had been received, and not that of the Queen of France. This, however, was Marie Antoinette's idea of her vocation: "I am on the stage," she said, "and shall be hissed or applauded." Not only her mother, but her brother, the Emperor Joseph II, was annoyed by this weakness. When the latter came to see her at Paris, he could not suppress his vexation. Seeing her one day laying on the rouge very thick, preparatory to going to the play, he said, pointing to a lady in the room whose face was blazen with paint, "A little more under the eyes; lay on the rouge like a fury, as that lady does." However, it is doubtful whether Maria Theresa herself could have resisted such a legion of devils as possessed the

court at Versailles. They lay all round in ambush, and found their advantage in the queen's craving for dressing her hair (III). One day she saw the Duc de Lauzun in uniform, his hat adorned with a most magnificent plume of white heron's feathers. The duke, being told the queen admired the plume; offered it to her. It was accepted and worn; whereupon the donor supposed he had made a conquest, and became so insulting that the queen said, "That man shall never again come within my doors." About 1775 the feathered head-dress reached its climax. The Duchess of Devonshire wore an ostrich feather more than four feet long, and as she was a reigning queen in the domain of fashion, there was quite a rage for towering feathers. As on former occasions, the ladies became so tall that they could not enter the door of any room. Queen Charlotte tried to stop the practice by forbidding feathers at court, but nothing succeeded until Foote appeared as Lady Pentweazle, with a head-dress at least a yard wide, and no doubt correspondingly high, stuck full of feathers. The king and queen, who were present, greatly enjoyed the caricature, and to heighten the joke, the whole apparatus of feathers, hair, and wool fell off as Lady Pentweazle waddled off the stage. In the same year Madam Campan relates in her memoirs how Marie Antoinette one day found a peacock's feather on her toilet table. Of course, it went on to her head; the effect pleased her; she put on a second; then she added some ostrich feathers. The king came in at the moment; never had he seen a head so well dressed.-Magazine of Art for September.

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A FASHIONABLE MISFORTUNE.-A countryman had been to the city and went home brimful of news. "You 'member the Smiths?" he asked his wife, "th' Silver Crik Smiths, them as got rich on the'r gran'feyther's money." Yes, she remembered them. "I seen 'em. They're way up; live in a gran' house on a street they call a thavenoo. They ride in a double kerridge, and have no end of money." She said she s'posed as much. But, 'Mandy, you wouldn't want ter change places with her. I see her a minnit, and I didn't hev the heart to speak t' her. She's bin humbled right down to the dust. She's as blind as a bat." Blind! She guessed not. "But she is. Fust, she didn't know me, me that's rid down hill and played tag with her, when she warn't knee-high to a turkey. Then, 'Mandy, though her eyes was wide open, she went right along the streets, all dressed up in her fine clothes, and a leetle mite of a dog was leading her along. He was tied to a streeng, and she had hold of t'other end of the streeng. Now, 'Mandy, how'd you like to be her?"-Detroit Free Press.

RELIGIOUS.

RELIGIOUS FLUNKEYISM. In a full column headed "Her First Communion," the admission of Mrs. Cleveland, by letter, to the First Presbyterian Church in Washington, is most minutely described. The President was absent. After a careful account of the lady's dress and bonnet, the writer tells us: "The congre. gation was on its feet, singing the opening hymn, when Mrs. Cleveland entered, and the pleased smile which lit up her pretty face, as she tripped lightly up the aisle, indicated a playful satisfaction that she was in just so that nobody would notice that she had come late. To the numerous fans in motion, as soon as the congregation resumed its seat, she added the graceful play of a lovely white, silken fan, ornamented with a neat little vignette, hand-painted." After a pictur esque account of Mrs. Folsom's toilet, the reporter says: "It was a day of special services. The regular services were to be followed by communion and the rite of baptism. The pulpit was decorated with bright flowers in crystal vases, and in front of the pulpit stood the communion table, with the bread plates and the silver wine-cups peeping out from beneath the white damask covering, on which the summer flies disported in the sunshine." Then come some announcements about the pastor's vacation and the supply of his pulpit during the summer, and this painstaking chronicler of events gives us some excerpts from the opening

prayer:

"Dr. Sunderland offered a long prayer and a special one. After praying for everybody in general, he prayed for our Government, and particularly our President, for whom he besought health, and grace, and wisdom, discernment to see and to know the right and the wrong of questions submitted for his decision. Then the prayer turned on Mrs. Cleveland:

"Oh, Heavenly Father, we pray that thou wilt abundantly bless her whose life is now bound up with his life. We know that thou art able to uphold and inspire her with all gracious dispositions and with true and wise affections, that her walk may be before this nation like a morning light, shedding choicest influences and adding the fragrance of her example to the Christian womanhood of the

times in which we live.""

To which all the people say, "Amen!" It may be questionable, as a matter of taste, to make such direct allusions to the distinguished worshipers. Dr. Newman, in President Grant's time, was much criticised because of it. The writer has heard such allusions to President Grant in the prayers of Dr. Newman, and similar ones in a sermon of his on Thanksgiving Day he has heard vigorously ap plauded. In the Vermont Avenue Christian Church of this city, during the brief period that it was the "court church," the form of prayer for "the President of the United States," which had been uniformly used, was omitted, and for it was substituted, upon grounds of delicacy, the remembrance of those in positions of responsibility, authority, and trust.

But our news gatherer goes on to tell of the sermon:

"The reverend gentleman delivered a beautiful anthological sermon on 'The Pathos of Parting,' and coming immediately after the announcement that he would start on his vacation during the coming week, his hearers for a time regarded his touching words as personal; but when, in closing, he alluded to the Lord's Sup per as the good-bye of Jesus on parting from his friends on his way to the cross, appeared that the sermon was apropos of the sacrament about to be administered." There is nothing like an "anthological sermon " for an audience of dignities. A

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discourse made up of beautiful extracts from different authors, or of flowers gathered from works of devotion, just on the eve of a pastor's vacation, is very helpful to the flock in the way of preparing them for the usual summer separation.

We are told how Mrs. Cleveland remained to communion, and nearly everybody else remained; how the announcement in which all interest centered was that "Frank Folsom Cleveland has been admitted upon certificate from the Central Presbyterian Church of Buffalo;" how the pastor made a few remarks of welcome, and again prayed: "Especially do we commend her whom thou hast called to so high and conspicuous a position in the sight of this great people and in the sight of the world," how "all this time the particular object of interest was looking as devout and angelic as an ideal Sister of Mercy;" how, when Rock of Ages was sung, she "joined in the singing, and did not have to refer to the book for the words."

But now comes the crowning scene of this eventful occasion-waiting for Mrs. Cleveland's cup:

"After this the bread and wine of the communion were passed around. Mrs. Cleveland's seat was just a row or two in front of the line where two wine cups met. One was passed along the front seats, the other was passed among the occupants of the seats behind. The latter, having circulated more rapidly than the former, was presented in turn to members, who, seated immediately behind Mrs. Cleveland, waited anxiously to touch the cup which her lips had graced. When the wrong cup was presented they preferred to wait, and did wait, until the coveted cup came around, actuated apparently by a worthy spirit, like that which inspired the song once so popular among Union soldiers, "We Drank from the Same Canteen." They watched the lady's delicate hand encircle the bowl; they watched her putting the brim to her lips, and when they had touched the same cup they were satisfied.” This, the reader will remember, is the Lord's Supper! "Do this in remembrance of me" is forgotten. The thought seems to be not to commemorate the sufferings and death of the King of Kings, but to touch the same cup with the President's wife.

Again, the ambitious mortal who would preserve this scene in the "art preservative of arts" describes two mothers and two fathers as stepping to the front with two babies to be baptized. Think of it! The mistress of the White House, he tells us, "seemed deeply interested, and moved about in the seat to get a good view of the ceremony." Her interest reached its greatest height when Dr. Sunderland, pouring water on the second baby's head, said, "I baptize thee, Frances." How apostolic as well as graphic!

Finally, we are told how the preacher "walked promptly down the aisle and shook the hand which a few weeks ago he joined in wedlock to the hand of the President of the United States;" how the first lady in the land received the greetings of many ladies of the congregation, and exchanged compliments with her friends on both sides of the aisle as she passed, with many interruptions, to the door;" how "a close carriage was waiting, but there was a rain falling that in a few minutes turned the streets into a flowing river; "how "the gallant policeman who does duty at the door had an umbrella in readiness, and, as soon as the mistress of the White House appeared on the threshhold, placed an umbrella at her service with the address of a Raleigh or a Buckingham;" how "she smiled pleasantly on the uniformed policeman, took his arm, and, under the shelter of his umbrella, skipped lightly across the sidewalk and entered the carriage," and how "her mother followed under another gentleman's umbrella, and the carriage drove off in the rain!"

Of course, all this must be deeply interesting to the public, or the leading papers would not furnish it. Nobody can think that either the Chief Magistrate or his accomplished wife regards it with anything but disgust and abhorrence. The President's course in selecting Dr. Sunderland's church, a plain church in a plain part of the city, and with a small congregation, is sufficient to indicate his own feeling in the matter. Nor has the good doctor ever been charged with anything like an obsequious spirit. But something is wrong when such exhibitions are presented to the world. Evidently the press and the people need a rebuke from every man who respects the cause of religion, who respects himself, or who truly respects the highest dignities. That Christianity suffers from this miserable perversion none can question.-Rev. F. D. Power, in the Christian Standard.

NOTES. There is a warm discussion going on between various prominent Congregationalists concerning the theological tests submitted to candidates for missionary work under the American board.- -Two thousand five hundred people attended the Faith Convention held at Old Orchard, Me.- -The Rev. Mr. Park, of Birmingham, Conn., is giving open-air addresses on Sunday evenings, which are preceded by a sacred concert. -Lieutenant-Governor Ames, of Massachusetts, has donated to the Memorial Methodist Church at Plymouth, Mass., a bell cast by Paul Revere, and which was once known at Boston as the "Liberty Bell," it having been customary to ring it on the issuance of pardon proclamations by the Governor.- -A member of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, is writing a novel with Henry Ward Beecher as the hero.- -The International Missionary Union, which is composed of returned missionaries of all evangelical churches, met at the Thousand Islands, August 4-11.- -In Denver, Col., out of a Chinese population of 500, 175 are in schools and 100 of them under decided religious influence. In San Francisco there are 248 members connected with the Chinese and Japanese churches, 58 having been added during the past year. There are 659 pupils in their schools. There are also 4 Chinese Sunday-schools in Chicago. -At the last Congregational Mission meeting in Chicago, Dr. Davis, of Japan, told what a remarkable change had taken place in Japan within ten years. About 1876 he and a companion had been arrested and tried for distributing tracts. Now the authorities were friendly toward Christianity, and at the tenth anniversity of the mission school the prime minister and governors of two provinces were present. The mission schools are crowded, although it is hard work to prevent the young men from going out to preach before they have completed their studies. -The Russian bishops of Siberia have held a conference at Irkutsk to consult upon energetic measures for the conversion of the heathen.. -Notwithstanding the strict censorship of the press in Russia, all works having the name of Charles

H. Spurgeon are permitted unchallenged, with the exception of his sermon on baptismal regeneration, which is prohibited.The journal of the Centennial Convention of the Episcopal Diocese of Delaware gives the following figures: Clergy, 29; parochial and missionary, 19; total, 48; parishes, 27; churches and chapels, 38; baptisms, infants, 236; adults, 29; confirmed, 162; communicants, present number, 2,282; Sunday-school teachers and scholars, 2,353; total contributions, $44,328.78.- -In England and Wales there are 4,384 Congregational Churches, with sitting accommodation for 1,582,400 persons. During last year there was an increase of thirty-five, with 13,052 sittings. In Scotland there are only 103 Congregational Churches, while Ireland has fewer still, only twentysix. In the islands of the British seas there are twelve, making a total of 4,525. In London there are 260 of these churches, besides 170 mission halls.- Y. M. C. A. work is making great progress; e. g., there are now ninety association buildings in the United States and Canada, and the net value of association property aggregates $5,040,178; 365 associations own libraries of 272,624 volumes, worth $293, 168; 444 reading-rooms, with a total daily average attendance of 22,587 are reported; 131 associations report gymnasiums and other means of physical culture, such as rowing, base-ball, and outing clubs, bowling alley, &c., and 592 report 666 Bible classes, with an aggregate average attendance of 7,340; 487 men are devoting their whole time to the work as general secretaries, librarians, and gymnasium instructors. There are 1,066 associations in the country, including the college, railroad, German, colored, and Indian branches. The annual current expenses of these thousand societies amount to over $800,000. There are 650 of these associations in Germany, 79 in France, 570 in Great Britain, 491 in Holland, 8 in Russia, 2 in China, 3 in Japan, 6 in India, 12 in Africa, 14 in Australia, &c, -Dr. W. Herzberg, the director of the Jewish Orphanage in Jerusalem, is about to visit London and other European capitals for the purpose of arousing practical sympathy on behalf of that institution.- -A Jewish society called the Gates of Heaven Association has been abandoned after three years' existence.

SCIENTIFIC.

The Relations of Color to MUSIC.-Certain analyses between music and color have been the subject at all times of observation, particularly among musicians and painters, in what may be termed their structural relations, especially such as concern harmonies and discords. It is not merely that the painter, like the musician, chooses his key and selects such colors of given depths or degrees of clearness and in such porportions as well create harmony and avoid discords, but that in translating the phrases of music into color the conditions present a striking similarity. The working out of the precise points of correspondence might presently place painting on the basis of a science. A comparison of existing systems of colors favors, however, on the part of the decorative painter, adherence to rules gained by observation and the exercise of taste and common-sense. Light might even be thrown on the nature of our sensations, seeing the effects of the qualities of music and color are not dissimilar. As a note depends on the number of vibrations of the strings, so the color of light depends on the movement of its undulations. It is found that the undulations of color thrown on the iris increase in quantity as they ascend, for instance, from red to violet; the same phenomena occur in the musical scale in passing from the grave to the more acute sounds. In music every note in the gamut may be supported from a fundamental bass note, with the third and fifth forming the common chord. For the three chords required in the base cleff we have a color scale submitted as the best nomenclature attainable. The first chord founded on C, red; E, yellow; G, blue; the second on F, green; A, indigo; C, red; the third on G, blue; B, violet; D, orange. As resulting from the properties and offices of the different intervals of the musical scale, the following names are appropriated to the colors: C, dominant or tonic; D, supertonic; E, mediant; F, sub-dominant; A, sub-mediant; B, sub-tonic. Dominant is applied to the fifth interval from predominance in harmony, mediant to the third, from the position A holds between tonic and dominant. There is a legend of a series of marches, waltzes, and fantasias having been executed by a musician from a score composed of the seven prismatic colors, shades, and tints, now grave, now gay, being introduced. In the musical color scale most nearly perfected, which is made to answer the keynote C, blue and red are set down as primary colors, colors which are stated to occur respectively, taking number and strength of undulations and harmonizing effects as a guide in the first, third, and fifth intervals. The pitch in sounds is regarded in the scheme as equivalent to tint or hue of color, determining their relation to each other.

Without going into rudiments we may here state that sounds in unison are those whose respective undulations render it possible for them to act together without neutralizing each other. Red is assumed to be the analogue of C, the natural key in music, in the color scale, being the least infrangible and its vibrations being longer and slower than any of its own series; so also with other intervals. Undue force of the dominant, as compared with intervals of a perfect chord, is held to be injurious to unity in painting as to unison in music. En passant, Salvator Rosa, Carl Antonio, Guiclo Romano, and Julio Romano, the last named an eminent disciple of Raffaelle, were also musicians, and it may be surmised that their knowledge of music aided them in their designs. The paintings of many of the great masters have been cited by theorists on the subject as illustrating the analogy between music and the color compositions. The painter fixes on a definite key, then localizes the dependent colors, and it is held that the better the composition, decorative or pictorial, the more closely it assimilates to the arrangement of musical chords. From theory nothing is to be expected as long as there is no practical standard, but the continued study of the relations of the musical to the chromatic scale may in time result in the production of a more satisfying color scheme than has yet been developed. In the application of the science of music to color, it is found that alternate colors produce common chords, red, yellow, and blue answer

ing to C, E, and G, and orange, green, and purple to D, F, and A. If we take one primitive, say red, the other two, yellow and blue, must exist either separately or in its complementary green; or, taking a compound color, purple, composed of red and blue, its complementary will be found either in the opposite color, yellow, or in the alternate compounds, green and orange taken together. There is an evident analogy in the effects of interference, both in color and sound. Yellow, in chromatic phrase, is said to be "indifferent to green, red to orange, violet to blue. Now, musically speaking, these intervals, being seconds, are positive discords. When a green opposed to a strong yellow appears blue, a purple to a blue red, and an orange to a red appears yellow, this arises as in musical vibrations from certain undulations interfering with each other, as when green opposed to a strong yellow appears blue, a purple to a blue red, and an orange to a red appears yellow. The Decorator and Furnisher.

THE HEAT OF THE SUN.-Sir Isaac Newton thought the heat of the sun was at least 2,000 times greater than the temperature of red-hot iron. Pouillet calculated that the solar heat which falls on a square centimeter (nearly a seventh part of a square inch) of the terrestrial surface is sufficient to raise 17,633 grains (nearly a troy pennyweight) of water 10 of centigrade every minute, and, having adopted this as what he termed a "caloric," or constant unit of solar heat, he, estimating backward, inferred that the heat issuing from a similar measure on the surface of the sun would there serve to melt a layer of ice 11.80 meters (36 feet I inch) thick every minute. Pouillet spoke of a temperature somewhere between 2,6300 and 3,1700 Fah. as the probable amount of heat of the sun. Ericsson assumed the enormously higher quantity of 4,000,000° Fah. Professor Langley, from observations made with his recently constructed barometer, or ray measurer -a very sensitive instrument, in which calorific vibrations are converted into electric currents-gives as a probably exact result from 1,8000 to 2,0000 centigrade, and by a very beautiful series of experiments of an altogether independent nature, he satisfies himself that the sun's hemisphere radiates eighty-seven times as much heat and 5,300 times as much light as an equal area of incandescent steel in a Bessemer converter, in which the air-blast has been sustained for about twenty minutes. This may, perhaps, be fairly looked upon as the most trustworthy approximation to any definite conclusion that has yet been found possible in this very difficult branch of human knowledge.—The Age of Steel.

STRENGTH OF SUBMARINE CABLES.-A submarine cable is by no means of uniform strength, the thickness depending to a large extent on the depth of water. For instance, a shore-end in the shallowest water, and subject to the greatest danger from the anchors of vessels, will be the heaviest portion, sometimes going as high as 27 tons to a knot. In forming the shore-end cable, the core is covered with hemp and a double sheathing of iron wire, the inner sheathing being of 12 wires of a diameter of 0.165 inch, and the outer sheathing 14 wires, with a diameter of 0.280 inch. The outside is covered with hemp yarn and bituminous compound, the whole weighing about 16 tons per nautical mile. A portion of the intermediate cable is covered with 12 wires, 0.252 inch in diameter, weighing in all 5 tons; another portion is covered with 12 wires, 0.165 inch in diameter, weighing about 3 tons. The deep sea is covered with 12 steel wires, 0.084 inch in diameter, and again covered with tape and 20 hemp cords, each of the steel wires being covered with tape and preservative compound. The steel wire has a breaking strain of 84 tons to the square inch. By adding the hemp cords, the tensile strength is in creased, and the specific gravity reduced so as to enable the cable to be laid in very deep water. The total breaking strain of this cable is about 6 tons, and it will bear about 10 miles of its own length in water.—Manufacturers' Gazette. SPIDER SILK.-The female spider is fiercer and larger than the male. In one tribe of spiders the female is 1,300 times larger than the male. The spider's thread is composed of innumerable small threads or fibres. One of these small threads has been estimated to be one two-millionth of the thickness of a hair. A scientific experimenter once drew out from the body of a single spider 3,480 yards of thread or spider silk—a length a little short of three miles. Silk may be woven of spider's thread, and it is more glossy and brilliant than that of the silk-worm, being of a golden color. An enthusiastic entomologist secured enough of it for the weaving of a suit of clothes for Louis XIV.-Electrical Review.

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NOTES.-President Purroy, of the New York Fire Department, has exhibited a portable electric hand lantern, for use in burning buildings in which the smoke is so dense that an ordinary light will not burn. It is the invention of a Paris electrician, and is said to be similar to those used in the fire department of that city. It consists of a six-cell battery and a seven candle-power incandescent lamp. The lantern is to be tested by the New York firemen.- -Science will be represented in the new English Parliament by Sir John Lubbock, Sir Henry Roscoe, Mr. Nevil Story Maskelyne, and Sir John Playfair.Deprez has proved that at least 50 horse-power may be transmitted round a circular line of 70 miles.fourth annual report of the U. S. Entomological Commission has appeared. It deals chiefly with the cotton-worm, with a chapter on the boll-worm, the two most injurious pests of the South.- -The Prince of Monaco, with Prof. Pouchet, is pursuing a series of observations on the Gulf Stream; also contemplates deep sea and surface zoological collecting.- -The Neurological Review, a. new publication, is to be devoted to medical and psychological science.- -The Ophthamological Society of Heidelberg has awarded Prof. Helmholtz a gold medal and the sum of $50 yearly as the greatest benefiter of science.- -At the last meeting of the French Academy of Sciences, some photographs were presented which were taken at great heights by MM. Tessandier and Nadar. On one occasion they operated when their balloon had reached a height of 800 metres, or about half an English mile; another time the height was 1,150 meters. The district over which they sailed extended from Paris to Mans. The views of Versailles, Sévres, and some other towns were on an exceedingly small scale, but could be recognized.boring at the village of Schladebach, Prussia, near the line between Leipzig and Corbetha, is claimed to be the deepest hole in the world. It has been made by the Prussian government to test the presence of coal, and was bored with diamond

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drills. Its depth is 1,390 meters (4,560 feet); its breadth at the bottom two inches, and at the top eleven inches. It has occupied three and a half years to bore, and cost a little over twenty-five thousand dollars. The temperature at the bottom is 118 degrees Fahrenheit. Red sunsets, similar to those which in 1884 were attributed to a volcanic eruption in Java, are looked for as the result of the New Zealand eruption.The latest advance in astronomical photography is a series of surprising photographs of the planet Saturn, made by the Henry brothers, of Paris. They show. the two principal rings, with the division between them, and their marked contrast in brightness. The "crape" ring is also perceptible, and on the ball of the planet itself the belts and dark polar cap.- -Mr. W. F. Denning has made a series of careful drawing of the appearance of the planet Mars this year, and finds the edges of the seas very brilliant and well defined. The surface markings of the planet are very varied, and in some places distinctly mottled, and during the past few months the north polar cap has been very bright, and in startling contrast to the less luminous regions. Mr. Denning thinks that the atmosphere of Mars, instead of being dense and cloud-laden, is extremely attenuated, and that most of the supposed changes in the latter are really due to changes in the earth's atmosphere. -Domestication softens the whole organic structure. In the feathered species the feathering is not as dense nor as hard as on the wild fowl.- -A regulation as old as the French Academy of Science has just been broken through in Paris. Women have hitherto been excluded from the sittings of the academy, but at the meeting of June 28 the interdiction was raised in favor of Mlle. Sophie Kowlewska, professor of mathematics at the University of Stockholm, and daughter of the eminent paleontologist, Admiral Jurien de la Graviere, who presided, welcomed her in graceful terms, and said that her presence should be a cause of pride and pleasure, not only to the mathematicians present, but to the whole academy. As she entered the whole of the members rose to salute her. She took her place between General Fave and M. Chevreul.The honor of knighthood has been conferred on Mr. Philip Maginis, the head of the City and Guilds Technical Institute at South Kensington. The death is announced of Dr. H. F. Hance at Amoy, at which place he was the English consul. It is said that he did more than any other man to make the world acquainted with the flora of China.—A full catalogue of all the known Chinese plants is now in course of publication.--Under the management of Dr. Bastian the administration of the Berlin Royal Ethnological Museum has commenced to publish a series of original communications explanatory of the collection in that famous institution. It promises to develop into a vast encyclopedia of anthropological subjects.- -According to an official announcement of the trustees of the "Schwestern Fröhlich Stiftung" at Vienna, certain donations will be granted this year in accordance with the will of the testatrix, Miss Anna Fröhlich, to deserving persons of talent who have distinguished themselves in any of the branches of science, art, or literature who may be in want of pecuniary support either through accident, illness, or infirmity consequent upon old age.-The eminent Norwegian naturalist, Leonhard Stejuger, has published in this country "The Results of Ornithological Explorations in the Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka.". -The Siberian lakes are drying up.—Mr. Granville Cole has been appointed to the professorship of geology at Bedford College, London.- -The greatest length of Lake Huron is 250 miles; its greatest breadth, 190 miles; mean depth, 800 feet; elevation, 578 feet; area, 21,000 square miles.- -The inhabitants of the city of Ravensburg, in Würtemberg, have protested against the telephone lately introduced there, on the ground of its attract ing lightning, and so proving a source of danger to the city.A genius has invented an electric fool-guard, the design of which is to prevent any more humanjumping from the Brooklyn Bridge. It consists of a number of electric wires charged with power sufficient to return the "fool" on his back the moment he attempts to jump.- A mirage was witnessed at 7 a. m. Thursday, August 12, in Rondout, which presented a rural landscape. In the foreground cattle were seen lazily chewing their fodder, while close by were the farmer's house, barn, and other outbuildings. In the background was the pictune of a pretty rural scene. lighting the Lachine Canal by electricity will probably result in the United States -The success attained by the experiment made by the Canadian government in Government placing a series of electric lamps along the St. Mary's river, enabling vessels trading to Lake Superior to move at night.

STATISTICAL.

NUMBER OF BREWERIES IN THE WORLD AND THE PRODUCTS OF EACH NATION. The number of breweries in Great Britain in 1880 was 26,114; in Germany, 23,940; in the United States, 3,293, in France, 3,100; in Belgium, 2,500; in Austria-Hungary, 2,297; in Holland, 560; in Russia, 460; in Norway and in Switzerland, 400 each; in Denmark and Sweden, 240 each. The quantity of beer produced in Great Britain was about 49,000,000 hectoliter (the hectoliter equal to about twenty-two gallons); in Germany, about 37,000,000; in the United States, 14,000,000; in Austria-Hungary, 11,000,000; in Belgium, 8,000,000; in France, 7,000,000; in Russia, 3,000,000; in Holland, 2,000,000, ctc. the largest breweries, and there is an average production of 6,950 hectoliters in each, Denmark being credited in this respect with 6,250 hectoliters to each brewery; Austria-Hungary, 4,770; the United States, 4, 182; France, 2,355; Great Britain, 1,900; Germany, 1,550. Norway has the smallest breweries, with an average of 1,300 hectoliters.-Anti-Adulteration Gazette.

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DRY SEASONS.-The following record will be read with interest: In the summer of 1621, in succession, without rain, 24 days; in 1630, 41 days; in 1657,75 days; in 1662, 30 days; in 1674, 45 days; in 1680, 81 days; in 1694, 62 days; in 1705, 40 days; in 1715, 45 days; in 1728, 61 days; in 1730, 92 days; in 1741, 72 days; in 1749, 108 days; in 1755, 42 days; in 1762, 123 days; in 1773, 80 days; 1791, 82 days; in 1802, 23 days; in 1812, 28 days; in 1856, 24 days; in 1871

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42 days; in 1875, 27 days; in 1885, 20 days. It will be seen that the longest drought that ever occurred in America was in the summer of 1762. No rain fell from the 1st of May to the Ist of September, making 123 days without rain. Many of the inhabitants sent to England for hay and grain.-Anti-Adulteration Gazette.

THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.-By the excess of births over the deaths the population of the United States is annually increased by 2 per cent., according to the most careful computation. In accordance with this the number of inhabitants can be ascertained with tolerable accuracy, although a general census is taken only every ten years. To the figures obtained by the census, 2 per cent. annually, including the number of immigrants in the course of the given year, is to be added. This estimate indicates that, at this moment, the population of the United States has already exceeded the sum of 60,000,000. The amount exactly computed reached, on the 1st of July of the current year, the sum total of 60,025,ooo, and the probability is that these figures fall somewhat below the reality, inasmuch as the immigrant report, it is well known, is never entirely complete. At the time of the last census, made July 1, 1880, our population amounted to 50,155,783, so that for the six years which have since elapsed an increase of nearly 10,000,000 is to be noted. There are only three countries whose population exceeds that of the United States numerically, namely, Russia, British India, and China. All the rest fall far behind the United States in the number of their inhabitants. Germany has nearly 15,000,000 less; France, Austria, Great Britain, and Japan have over 20,000,000 less, and among the remaining states there is not one that could exhibit even half as many as this country.-Translated for Public Opinion from the Cincinnati Volksblatt, August 16.

RAILROADS.

THE RAILROAD SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES.-Poor's Manual for 1886 which has just appeared, affords an interesting survey of the progress of the railway system of the United States. The figures therein cited present, it is true, no very gratifying result, for although the mileage of road is augmented in no inconsiderable degree, the increase falls below that of late years-say of 1884, even. Whilst in the year 1882 11,599 miles of new road, 6,818 in 1883 and 3,974 in 1884 were built, in 1885 these figures dropped as low as 3,131, a fall of fully 20 per cent. In the New England States the decrease is most perceptible. In Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut not a single mile of new lines of railway has been laid. New York, since the completion of the West Shore road, has accomplished nothing worthy of note in the construction of railroads; and in Pennsylvania, even, a manifest decrease is observable, due, in some degree, perhaps, to ill-experiences in parallel roads, which became the tools of expensive jobberies on "change; " whilst, on the other hand, the freight traffic sustained a considerable damage in consequence of the laying of numerous oil-pipes. The construction of railroads in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Kentucky has increased, as compared with the previous year, whilst it has decreased correspondingly in all the other Southern States, especially in Virginia, Mississippi, and North Carolina. In the Western States a slight increase is to be noted in Illinois, Indiana, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and Texas, whilst a decrease is manifest in Iowa. The Territories occupy the lowest grade. In Montana, Wyoming, and the Indian Territory not a mile of road has been built. In Dakota 118 miles were laid only, against 263 during the previous year. The Pacific States, with the exception of California, show a similar retrogression. In the State last named the number of miles of road increased from 41.70 in 1884 to 149.55 in 1885, whilst New Mexico appears with 3.30, Idaho with 5, and Utah with 4 miles. vada, Washington Territory, and Arizona remain entirely without increase of lines of road. For the industrial development of this section of country this offers no very encouraging prospect. Despite the fact that there is a great deal of capital in the market seeking investment, capitalists are afraid to lay out their money in industrial enterprises and channels of trade. There must exist, consequently, a well grounded mistrust with respect to a profitable development of this region of country.—Translated for Public Opinion from New York Staats-Zeitung, August 14.

MEDICAL.

amount of mischief that the shaking of mats may have caused? How many young girls early in the morning on their way to business have, so to speak, received their death-blow while inspiring, all ́unconscious of harm, some of the clouds of dust that always greet them? Who can tell? The abatement of this danger and nuisance is a difficulty that almost seems insurmountable. Much may be done by personal habits of prevention.—Lancet.

NOTES.-Professor Bouchard has been elected a member of the Académie de Mediciné. -The Michigan State Medical Society has donated $500 to the International Medical Congress.Neuro-rheuma is the name Dr. W. Hall White wishes to be applied to nervous energy. It means that which flows along a nerve. -It is now proved that epilepsy may be caused by decayed teeth and cured by extracting them.- -The oil of eucalyptus, in doses of ten drops four times daily, is found to be efficient in some cases of malarial disease. -A writer in the Medical Record objects to physicians dividing their patients into the upper, the middle, and the lower class of patients as sounding too monarchical.-Professor Marmaseiu recommends the watermelon as a cheap, but effective, substitute for grapes in the treatment of chronic congestion of the liver, intestinal catarrh, and other similar affections.The Albama Medical and Surgical Journal is authority for the statement that a saturated solution of nitric acid and muriate of cocaine makes a painless cautery.- -Mrs. Leland Stanford has purchased a piece of land on Washington avenue, Albany, adjoining the site of the old Lathrop mansion, and, it is stated, will erect on it a handsome and well-appointed hospital for old men and women, as a memorial of her parents. "Scarpalogy" is the latest science which has come to rival palmistry, and is the art of reading a man's character by the shoes he wears and the way he wears them.- -We learn from Progrès Médicale that a subscription was opened at Copenhagen, last year, for the purpose of erecting a monument to the memory of the distinguished president, Professor Panum, of the last International Medical Congress.- -It is announced that a new monthly journal, bearing the title of the Pacific Record of Medicine and Pharmacy, printed partly in Spanish, will be published in San Francisco. The number of deaths from yellow-fever in Rio de Janeiro, for the fifteen years preceding the last, was 15,338. The fever first appeared in 1849, and has been continuous since, though much more severe at times. In 1850 the number of deaths of cases treated in the hospitals was twenty-six per cent., in 1870 seventeen per cent., and in 1883 thirty per cent. -A study of ten thousand physicians' prescriptions has recently been made sirup of orange-peel, are the most frequently prescribed; then come bromide of by the editor of the Chemist and Druggist. Spirits of chloroform, glycerine, and potash, wine of ipecac, sulphate of quinine, bicarbonate of soda, liquor ammoniæ acetatis, bicarbonate of potash, and sweet spirits of nitre.

FINANCE AND COMMERCE.

THE BUSINESS OUTLOOK.-The indications of the past week point to more general activity of business and trade than the country has experienced for some time. The advance during the week in the rates of discount is one of the surest signs dise, the moving of the crops, and for investments generally. Admit, as many that money is wanted for commercial_transactions-for the purchase of merchanclaim, that the rapid rise in the rates of discount in New York was due to the manipulations of speculators, yet it can not be possible that there has been no unusual demand for money for legitimate business purposes when the rates of discount have so generally advanced, and when the banks have been called upon so generally for larger loans. Money is wanted because, for nearly the first time in three years, there appears to be sufficient confidence in the business community to make investments in the staples of the country. NeDuring the past two or three weeks there has been an unusual demand for money for the purpose of moving the crops. This was not the case last year, or the year before, because no one had sufficient confidence to go into the market. The hardening of the money market and the increased demand for money may be regarded as the surest indication that business is picking up very generally. The reports from the trade centers may be regarded as generally favorable. The shipment of dry goods to the West has been larger than it has for years at this season of the year. This statement is based upon the reports of over twenty distributing centers. At the same time stocks of merchandise in the interior are reported to be of mod erate volume. Clearing-house transactions are not by any means an accurate measure of current business, but even these are favorable, the total clearings in twenty-nine cities the past week being $868,0c4,556 against $849,199,465_the week previous, and against $728,927,045 the second week in August, 1885. The tendency of prices, as a rule, is upward. This is the case in the Eastern markets, where the demand is reported to be good. Wool shows signs of weakening after a steady advance for two months. In regard to the crops, the reports, while not so very promising as they were early in the season, are of an encouraging character. The reports concerning the damage to the spring wheat by drouth have proved to be greatly exaggerated. The fact that a crop of 435,000,000 bushels is generally admitted by those who make estimates shows that there is a good wheat crop in spite of reports to the contrary. It is now admitted that the corn crop will not be equal to that of last year, which was the largest ever harvested. The drouth has injured it to some extent, but not to the extent which the reports of the past few weeks would indicate. The report of the Agricultural Department, collected to August 1, shows that the average condition of corn this year at that date was So.7 against 96 a year ago, which, according to the estimate of the department, indicates a crop of a little over 22 bushels per acre, which, with an estimated acreage of 75,689,000 acres, would give a crop "not much in excess of 1,665,000,000 bushels. The crop of 1885 was 1,936,000,000 bushels. The cotton crop will be an average one. The week's failures, as reported by Bradstreet's, were 132 against 124 the week previous, and 100 during the corresponding week of 1885, and 237 in 1884-figures which show that the period of the greatest business disaster has passed. To put it in the fewest words, it may be said that the situa

THE DANGERS OF DUST.-Darkness, damp, and dust are potent agencies of disease. Everybody recognizes this; but how many fail to adopt its precepts! If there be sermons in stones, surely the summer dust and its dangers would prove a fruitful subject for medical discourse. There is as great a difference between London and country dust as there is between the corresponding muds. Pulverized matter would be harmless enough if it were deprived of its physical property of ready diffusion. The atmosphere is laden and swarms with particulate matter of highly complex nature. Its chief peril to living beings resides in the organic constituents. Largely this organic material consists of minute forms of life in a state of latency, only waiting for a spell of heat and moisture and a favorable amount of light, or it may be darkness, to awaken it into activity. The habits of individuals in every class of society, including the "masses," are not calculated to diminish, but rather to augment, the amount of organic matter in our atmosphere. Mucus, saliva, and humor, popularly known as "matter," must be discharged from the mouth and nostrils to the extent of many gallons daily, and not a little of this comes from infective sources; while we venture to think that the bulk of it mingles with the dust of our streets and courts. If, as seems not unlikely, consumption is largely caused by "germs," then a very ready theory may be advocated concerning the mode in which the contagium is caught. Who can estimate the

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tion is most favorable, not for a business boom, but for a season of large trade which will afford reasonable profits.-Boston Journal, August 16.

ENGLISH CORPORATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.-The United States consul

at Dundee, Scotland, recently made a report on the English corporations doing business in the United States. He states that there are now 42 trust, investment, and mortgage companies engaged in business here, with a paid-up capital of £7,335,319, and an authorized capital of £21,223,456; 23 cattle and land companies, with a paid-up capital of £3,543,603, and an authorized capital of £9,316, 550, and 17 mining companies, with paid-up capital of £4,670,335, and authorized capital, £4,796,321. This makes a total of 82 English corporations doing business in the United States, their total paid-up capital being 15,549,257. It is said that the cattle companies own 2,016,883 acres of land in fee simple, and have under lease 1,455,796 acres, at an average rental of $4.94. They own 672,013 head of cattle, and their dividends last year averaged 4 3-11 per cent. Other companies, so far as known, hold 9,955,559 in fee simple.-The Stockholder.

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NOTES. Dr. Abraham T. Lowe, who for nearly a quarter of a century has been connected with the First National Bank of Boston, and for more than twenty years its president, attained his ninetieth birthday yesterday, the 15th inst. His long life has been one of great activity and in many respects remarkable.- -Strawberries are unknown in Brazil.- -The number of cigars consumed in the United States increased last year 151,925,855, making a total consumption of 3,510,372,539, or 59.2 per capita.- -A train of thirteen cars, containing the second load of tea direct from Yokohama, arrived at Winnipeg, August 5.-The largest barn in the world is probably that of the Union Cattle Company of Cheyenne, near Omaha. It covers five acres, cost $125,000, and accommodates 3,750 head of cattle.According to recent estimates there are 280,000 cocoanut trees in the world. They produce about 10,000,000,000 nuts every year.-An Iowa cattle grower has dehorned 125 cattle with no bad results, and regards it as a great economy. He thinks that horns do $1,000,000 damage annually in Iowa alone.The latest hobby of Mr. Alfred de Cordova, the well-known broker, is that of carrier pigeons. He is at present enjoying a fortune made on "the street" and is leading a luxurious life at his country seat "Chetolah," near Somerville, N. J. He has instituted a half-hourly dispatch by carrier pigeons between his office on Broad street and Chetolah. The arrival of each bird is signaled by an electric bell in his house, which is connected with the pretty and well-organized pigeon house.Mr. Thos. A. Edison is reported to have gone into the shirt-making business. You newspaper people," said Mr. Edison, in a recent interview, "think that I always must have just completed some wonderful invention which I ought to tell you about. Why don't you devour each other's fiction? An American correspondent wrote to a Berlin paper recently a tremendous story about my having invented a wonderful shirt of gelantine, made transparent by electrical treatment. The shirt was supposed to be built in layers of almost inconceivable thinness. Each layer was white and adhesive, and could be taken off when soiled; and, as there were just 365 layers, and it was calculated that each sheet would last a day, a gelatine garment would last a year. Well, this marvelous tale went the rounds of the European press, and at last it was reprinted in Brazil. The gullibility of the South American may be appreciated when it is known that, soon after the shirt story met their eyes, the Brazilians sent me drafts and checks for shirts. One idiotic diamond dealer," added Mr. Edison, mirthfully, "sent me a draft for £100 on the Bank of England. He wrote that he didn't know how much the shirts were, but he did not think they ought to cost over a hundred pounds apiece.". The following little episode is reported by the local Dispatch: An old darkey, speaking to a younger "ward of the nation" about electric street cars yesterday, said: "Huh, boy, you see how these white folks dun took away dem mules' job from 'em? Well, dat's de way dey is gwine to do de poor darkey. Fust thing you know dey'll hab a plow what'll run rite along widout any nigger; and ef dey don't do dat dey'll get some kinder seed what'll grow widout any cultivation. Dese white folks is powerful smart, dey is."- -A new concrete now being used quite extensively in France is composed of eight parts sand, gravel, and pebbles, one part powdered cinders, and one and a half parts unslaked hydraulic lime. These materials are thoroughly beaten together, the mixture forming a concrete which sets almost immediately, and becomes in a few days extremely hard and solid.The Revolutionary War cost the United States $6,000,000; the war of 1812, $115,000,000; Mexican war, $135,000,000, and the war of the rebellion, $6,189,920,908.- -As Congress has made no appropriation to pay the salaries of the superintendent of Yellowstone Park and his assistant, Superintendent Wier says that he will immediately resign.-John H. Venable, chief engineer of the water works, has been arrested at Ottawa in connection with alleged frauds on the city A great sensation has been caused at Havana by the discovery of government.. a deficit of about $1,500,000 in the funds in charge of the public debt board. The governor-general is doing his utmost to discover the guilty persons.. The new steamer La Bretagne, built at the St. Nazaire ship yards of the General Transatlantic Company, has made her trial trip, attaining a speed of 18.05 knots per hour.Reports have reached us of the discovery of a rich oil belt five miles from Livermore, Cal. Competent authorities pronounce the surface indications the finest ever discovered in this country. A company will be formed immediately to develop the field.-Much ill-feeling is manifested in San Francisco at the order

of the Treasury Department to stamp the word "light" on every gold coin presented at the sub-treasury found to be one-half of 1 per cent. below the standard weight. Coins so stamped will have to be sold as bullion, thus entailing serious loss on the holder. Coins even slightly worn will no longer pass current. The measure is viewed as particularly vexatious to the people of the coast, gold being the chief circulating medium and paper money not being used.- -England has proclaimed a protectorate over the Ellice Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean.— The Australian Government has fixed the import duty on woolen goods at 20 per -The triennial conference of German mine owners will meet cent. ad valorem.on September I and last until the 5th. The meeting will be of unusual importance, in view of the crisis in the iron trade. The journal Stahl und Eisen, discussing

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the English rivalry to the home producers, says it is a competition involving life or death, and appeals to German railway companies to not accept English tenders for metal to the prejudice of the German industry.- -Five thousand chain-makers throughout Staffordshire have struck for a 10 per cent. increase in wages.Hungarian town of Sillein has been destroyed by fire. The property burned includes 400 houses, a church, a nunnery, and a school. The loss is $250,000.The eccentricities of trade between the United States and South America are illustrated by a Valparaiso letter (July 1) in the San Francisco Bulletin, saying that "an amalgamating machine was shipped from Chicago to New York, thence to Germany, and thence to Coquimbo, Chili, all to save time and money.". The Canadian government has issued orders forbidding American vessels from entering the Bay of Chaleur on pain of instant seizure, and has stationed the cruisers Critic and Lindsay at the entrance of the bay, while the flagshig Lansdowne plies in the neighboring waters. Besides these the cruiser Conrad has been placed on guard at the mouth of the Miramichi river, the Houlett is stationed at Cascumpec, Prince Edward Island, and the Terror is doing duty at Shelburne. The General Middleton is in the neighborhood of Grand Manan and St. Andrews.- -The Denver chamber of commerce denounces as unqualifiedly false recent reports from special correspondents which have caused a widespread impression that the grain fields and cattle ranges of Colorado have been devastated by drouth, and that herds of cattle have been driven from the State.-Chicago tugmen are reported by the Tribune of that city to be "making barrels of money out of the towing business this season." -The work of enlarging the new Welland Canal is being rapidly pushed. -A German bank will be founded in Berlin as a private institution, under imperial superintendence, by the German East African Company, which has failed to raise money with which to establish a plantation and introduce farming in Africa. The capital of the bank will be $2,500,000.- -Extensive coal fields have been discovered in the vicinity of Dulcigno, Albania. The coal is of the best quality and easily accessible.- -It is proposed to hold an international exhibition ar Barcelona in 1887. The Epoca says there is reason to believe that all the countries of Europe and North and South America will be represented.- -Conrad Khors, a ranchman from Montana, has had an interview with the Canadian government respecting the 20 per cent. import duty about to be imposed upon live cattle. He urges that this action will virtually prohibit the importation of cattle from the United States for stocking the Northwest grazing lands.- -A cablegram, signed Ferdinand de Lesseps, was received at Panama from Paris, stating that 200,000,000 of francs had been subscribed toward the canal loan, and the following day a press cablegram was received, saying that the amount had reached 450,000 of the 500,ooo bonds,

DRAMA.

JOURNALISTS AND ACTORS.-How strange it is that this should be the golden age for actors and the iron one for journalists. An actor is raised from obscurity to eminence in one night by a performance in which he happens to be excellent. We say "happens," for the part may be one for which he is particularly well fitted by nature, and he may have been "coached" for it by the star whom he was supporting. We have known one of the worst actors on the stage to be excellent in one part. We have seen the role of Mr. Dombey surprisingly well performed by an actor who was so bad in every other role that it is a wonder that he could make his living on the stage. Mr. Mantell never made any success worth commendation until he appeared as Loris in "Fedora." For this part he seems to be naturally suited. Moreover, he had the advantage of being instructed by Miss Davenport, who knew the requirements of the role better than he did. The accidental success thus achieved by Mr. Mantell so pleased Mr. Daniel Frohman that he produced the actor the ensuing season as a semi-star, playing him in "Called Back" all over the United States. The enterprise was a failure. Mr. Mantell did not play the part well, though a good many people thought they liked him in it. But it was not the acting of Mr. Mantell they liked, but the personality of the man, which is very pleasing. It had been the intention of the Madison Square management to "The Lady of Lyons," but bring him out in a gorgeous "realistic" revival of that proposal fell through, and no one can say that it is not fortunate for the management that it did.`

Now, a journalist showing just as much ability in his profession as Mr. Mantell does in his would find it impossible to make any reputation thereby. The imper sonality which creeps into journalism to such a vast extent in this country prevents a journalist from making any reputation for himself, unless he becomes the proprietor of a paper. We are speaking now of what is the rule; of course, there are exceptions. As a rule, all individual talent is swallowed up in the journal. The name of the proprietor hides all other names. Nay, the proprietor is sometimes so jealous that he begrudges any reputation made by an employe, even in a field that is purely literary, and entirely outside the sphere of journalism. There are some proprietors worth millions who take every means to prevent their employes from acquiring a reputation for themselves, no matter what their talent or opportunities may be. There are some newspapers again, like the World and the Tribune, that seem to be proud of their editors and contributors, and seize every opportunity to thrust them forward. Joe Howard and Nym Crinkle have thus become known all over the country. Seven years ago the Tribune published an editorial in which it claimed that Mr. Winter was the best living dramatic critic in the world, and that it was proud to possess him, or words to that effect. The Times, too, has behaved with great liberality to some of its writers, and has enabled them to gain reputations which else might have been struggled after in vain. But, as a rule, journalists find it impossible to become known except in an exterior fashion, as, for instance, to members of their profession, to a few publishing houses, theatri cal managers, actors, authors, politicians, and so forth, and to none besides. Actors are entertained by princes, and have their movements chronicled every

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