It also ought to make it plain to the extremists among the "progressive" faction of the alumni that the most revered of college traditions will not be allowed to interfere with the good of the institution under the new dispensation, while Professor Dwight's training, and the influence which elects him, guarantee the perpetuation of the wise conservatism under which the college has flourished in the past.-Buf falo Courier, May 22. THE election of a president of a college or university, especially in the case of one so venerable and distinguished as Yale, is an event of great importance. This fact has entered, though perhaps unconsciously, into the popular interest which has been manifested as to the choice of the Yale corporation for the succession to President Porter. Undoubtedly the activity of the younger alumni of Yale has served to keep the matter prominently before the public, but we know that in the university world, at all events, considerations higher than merely personal ones have been taken into account. Professor Dwight's election cannot be called unexpected, for the well-informed had some months ago settled upon him as the coming man. But there are elements in the choice which make it a peculiarly happy one. In the first place, no college, however progressive, can afford to break entirely with its past, to which, after all, it owes its present. The fact that Professor Dwight graduated from Yale in 1849, and has for more than thirty years been connected with the college as tutor and professor, identifies him sufficiently with the traditional policy of Yale to insure that it will not be inconsiderately abandoned. Then there are elements in the newly chosen president's personal views and opinions which promise that Yale will not be left behind in the race of development. He has carefully considered the details of university policy and organization, and we may be sure that he will guide Yale on the forward path as rapidly as the college can travel-but no more rapdidly. That is the great point; Yale must grow and develop, but she must not lose her character in the process. Educated men throughout the country look to Professor Dwight to secure this happy mean.— Science, May 28. It is fortunate for Yale College that the election of Professor Timothy Dwight to the presidency was assured from the first. Such an overwhelming preponderance of conviction among the alumni and the officers and friends of the college furnished ample assurance that in Dr. Dwight's election no mistake would be made. We believe no mistake has been made, and we believe further that it would not have been possible to make so good a selection from among any other of the names mentioned. The new president has had long experience in educational matters, having been for several years a tutor in the college, and during the past twenty years professor of sacred literature in the Theological Seminary. Dr. Dwight is what would be called a "progressionist"; he believes in keeping abreast with the spirit of the age, and is not tied down to old methods. And then he is a Congregational minister of evangelical views, of deep and broad learning and wide sympathies. Under President Dwight the religious influence will be dominant in the future as in the past, while there is every reason to believe that as a material administrator his course will be onward and upward. Dr. Dwight favors the university idea, and he has hearty sympathy for the optional system of study which has been so successfully introduced into Yale. On the whole, the election of Dr. Dwight is an admirable choice, and one which speaks loudly for the future growth and usefulness of old Yale.-Christian at Work, May 27. THE election of Professor Dwight to the presidency of Yale College was perhaps the only decision of a long-debated question which would have been accepted as at all satisfactory by both parties. The general controversy about educational systems, waged between what may be called the partisans of the widest practicable extension of the elective method and non-denominational control, and the conservative friends of the old curriculum system and of ecclesiastical domi.nance, was for many months conducted with great earnestness to determine who should be President Porter's successor. But the enemies of ecclesiastical dominance brought forward no candidate, and the government of the college and its system of instruction will continue according to the conservative Congregationalist idea. Yet Professor Dwight comes nearer to the more liberal notions of the other faction, perhaps, than any other Congregationalist preacher.-Brooklyn Union, May 21. clergyman, like his predecessor. Yale has not ventured, like Harvard, to surren- PROFESSOR DWIGHT comes into this office, which is one of the most responsible WE cordially congratulate Yale College on its election of Dr. Dwight to the presidency. It signifies a determination to maintain in the institution that religious spirit which has characterized it from its foundation, and, unless we greatly misapprehend Professor Dwight's position, not to substitute for regular courses of instruction the go-as-you-please system of universal optionals. Dr. Dwight is a man of rare executive ability, has lifted Yale Theological Seminary to its present front rank, while himself keeping always in the background. His catholic sympathies, his progressive instincts, which preserve in him a perpetual youth, his practical wisdom, his fund of humor, and his profound religious sentiment, wholly free from cant, unite to make him at once respected and beloved by all students who come within his influence.-The Christian Union, May 27. YALE COLLEGE, its alumni, and the country at large, are to be congratulated upon the promotion of Dr. Timothy Dwight to its presidency. The retirement of Dr. Noah Porter is less serious, in view of this election and acceptance, than it would otherwise be. Dr. Dwight's election was prompt, unanimous, and hearty, and about a thousand students, alumni, and others, called to congratulate him and the college that evening. In view of the history of the college, the association of the name with its history, the intellectual character, the popular gifts, the close attachment of a wide circle of friends, this choice is most satisfactory to all friends of Yale. Whatever freshens, strengthens, ennobles the collegiate life of America benefits the Nation and especially dignifies the teaching fraternity. Journal of Education, May 29. THE appointment of Dr. Timothy Dwight as the successor of Dr. Noah Porter will doubtless be satisfactory to the majority of Yale graduates. It is a choice in harmony with the traditions of the college, Dr. Dwight being a Congregational NOTES. The Critic is of opinion that the Blair bill has a strong taint of dema- -In bably that Prof. T. C. Chamberlain, of Beloit, will be made the president of the MEDICAL. HYDROPHORIA: CURIOUS REMEDIES AND SUPERSTITIONS.-Dr. Berkenhout, writing about hydrophobia in 1783, tells us that he knew not of any human attempt which hears a better resemblance to the Knight of La Mancha's attack on a windmill than that of combating vulgar errors, of reasoning against received opinions. If the worthy physician lived in the nineteenth century, he would be astonished at the persistency of popular prejudice, the survival of old customs and superstitions. We are particularly indebted to Lipscomb, who published in 1809 his history of canine madness, for some of our information. Most of the old remedies have obtained a repute because there was no proper distinction made between persons who had been merely bitten by an enraged animal and those who were really suffering from hydrophobia. Dioscorides recommends burnt river crabs, the bitten parts to be extirpated, scarification, cripping, and burning by fire, and salt meat to be applied to the wound. Hellebore was his favorite remedy; he also recommended madwort. He mentions that Themison had the disease and recovered. Scribonius mentions an amulet used in Crete by Zopyrus-a piece of hyena skin bound on the left arm of the person bitten. We are also indebted to him for the antidote of his preceptor, Apuleius Celsus. It consisted of nard, saffron, myrrh, pepper, cinnamon, opium, and other drugs. It was to be taken for thirty days to prevent the disease, which he observes "brings on death with great agony, and of which no person was ever known to be cured." Celsus, from whose writings there is a favorite quotation in every book on hydrophobia, advised cupping, the hot iron, emollients. When the cautery could not be applied, corrosive medicines were to be used. He refers to the use of the warm bath, but, in his opinion, there was only one remedy. The patient is to be suddenly thrown into a pond, and if he cannot swim he is to strnggle in the water and be suffered to sink, being occasionally raised so that he may be compelled to drink. If he can swim he is to be forced under water that he may be made to drink, and thereby be freed from the thirst peopl direct the b varie revea head raw, stock nitre almo WOD whi the eate rel the मर thirst and dread of water at the same time. He considerately adds that weak people are in danger of convulsions from this sudden submersion, and therefore directly after it they should be put into a bath of warm oil. Pliny informs us that the bite of a mad dog in his time was considered incurable. He mentions a great variety of remedies. The dog rose, which cured a Roman soldier, and which was revealed in sleep to the man's mother; sheep's wool and the ashes of a dog's head to be applied; the liver of the mad dog which bit the patient to be eaten raw, if possible; otherwise, if the patient be delicate, to be boiled a little. His stock of remedies were almost inexhaustible. He tells us of goose grease, honey, nitre, fuller's earth, garlick, rue, hoarhound, fleur de lis, fig-tree leaves, bitter almonds, the hair of a man's head, calves' feet, colewort, as applications to the wound. He also says there is under the tongue of a mad dog a slimy saliva, which, being given to those who are bitten, prevents rabies, and that the worm in the tongue, called "lytta," should be carried three times round a fire and then caten. He does not forget the actual cautery, which he says "gives immediate relief even after hydrophobia has developed." Thrasyllus had a preference for the river crayfish. His preceptor, schrion, prepared them with method. They were burnt alive on a copper plate and then finally powdered. This process was always performed in the summer, after the rising of the dog-star, when the sun had entered Leo and the moon was eighteen days old. Galen also mentions the antidote of the great King Mithridates, which was supposed to consist of forty different remedies; but, if we are to believe Samonicus, when Pompey took the bag gage of the Pontic king, the prescription of the famous antidote consisted only of twenty leaves of rue, two figs, two walnut kernels, to be eaten with a grain of salt each morning. Galen enumerates the remedies of Cratippus, Belchionius, Zeno, Claudius, Apollonius, Menippus, and Menclaus, which were all of a similar character. Berkenhout states that Andromachus, a contemporary of Galen, composed an antidote of more than sixty ingredients-it was called a Theriaca, from the Greek word for a wild beast-as a preventive against the bite of mad or poisonous animals. This notable hodge-podge is said to be found in the London dispensatory. Berkenhout accounts for the invention of Theriaca as a trick of some arch apothecary's apprentice rather than on the idea that in so great a number of ingredients it was possible some of them might hit the mark, for the same reason that some sportsmen prefer a number of small shots to a single bullet. We may pass over Oribasius, Ætius, and several others until we reach Paulus Egenita and Avicenna. The former described the appearance of a mad dog very correctly. His remedies were simply copies of those of Galen.-Provincial Medical Journal. THE NEW INTEMPERANCE.-Dr. Frank Woodbury gave prominence at the Sanitary Convention recently held here, to renewed warnings against the ruinous dependence on "soothing" drugs, which now exists to a serious degree. Instead of seeking health by judicious exercise, wholesome food, pure air to sleep in, clean bodies and clean homes, many people take quinine "to build them up" and give them the stimulus to overcome such bad conditions. When they are overstrained in mind and their bodily composure disturbed by the cares or strife of business, the pelty ambition to outshine neighbors, or when harassed by watching speculations that are hoped to make their dupes suddenly rich, they take to "bromides" to give them tranquility. If matters grow worse, they get somebody to prescribe chloral, so that sleep or tranquility may be suddenly turned on, as if from a faucet, no matter what happens when they wake. When the streets are noisome, the drinking water impure, the house smelling of the sewer, and the sewer evidently more a bog of foulness than a drain, instead of mending these matters, they spend their substance again on quinine, trying to oxygenize their own systems, instead of disinfecting elsewhere. When the struggle for social or business prominence have so upset their nervous systems that food does not digest, they take the pepsins, the pancreatic emulsions, and the prepared foods generally, to enable them to digest rich and unwholesome dishes. When they are languid, for want of exercise and fresh air, they take a "pick-me-up" in the phosphates, iron or steel bitters, tincture of bark. These little fillips to strength come in most inviting form. They are wrapped up in sugar-plums, frothed in sparkling beverages, distilled into soups, disguised with lemonades and other fruit flavorings. Lozenges of "digestive" extracts and meats alternate with the acids, and the phosphor elixir-the brains and the gluten of animal and vegetable, are compounded with medicinal extracts; and wonderful Greek names describe medicines that a Medea might call her own, for making old folks new again. Instead of feeding and sleeping properly, the excitable person takes morphine in surreptitious ways. Instead of inhaling the fragrance from the fields and orchards, the fine lady takes a whiff of ether to compose her nerves. Scores of tons of bromides are said to be used every year in this country; a ton of chloral a day, says Dr. Woodbury, is consumed in America and England. For a large part of this abuse the doctors are held primarily to blame. They do not appear, as a body, to have been on the alert to forbid the filling of opium, morphine, chloral and bromide prescriptions over again by patients who had found solace in illness and continue the use of prescriptions long after the doctor's last visit had been paid. The alcohol habit used frequently to be charged upon the dependence on stimulants, which the medical man had fostered in his patients; and now the "bromide habit," the "morphine habit," the "chloral habit" too often follow the seductive experience and recollections of the patient who has once used, medicinally and after an orthodox prescription, the now intoxicating drug taken deliberately to intoxicate. Few novices, perhaps, would begin to take these things without some such preliminary advice or the connivance of the pharmacy-for the soothing nostrums, it must be remembered, are not placarded and puffed as the "pick-me-up" preparations are. They do not come in either sweets, fizz" or beef tea, at least, are not temptingly so set forth. But it is not the fault of the doctors that the populace runs after "patent" remedies. There must be some survivals in modern civilized beings of the old beliefs in magic. Cures are alleged to be made by stuff that nobody knows anything about-except its magical results and the strength of testimonials in print. The Alaskan buys his chill remedy, the Texan his colic cure, the New Yorker his nerve invigorator at a thousand-mile range of faith. The American Indian is no more superstitious about the powers of his "medicine man" than the American people are in running after physic without a doctor." There seems to be a belief that almost anything will "take" to a disease, if only it is taken by private enterprise in a much-wrapped bottle. Dr. Woodbury's suggestions are well-timed and rightly voiced. Instead of true hygiene, of self-denial from unwholesome foods, wrong habits of life, sluggishness, exhausting pleasures and over-worry, people do as they please, eat what they like, break every rule of health from breakfast to bed-time, and keep on dosing themselves with correctives, instead of living temperately. There is a temperance in work, as in food and drink, and in pleasure as in business, just as there is a growing intemperance in drugs.-Ledger, Philadelphia, May 24. SANITARY FURNITURE.-Though so much has been written concerning domestic hygiene, no general principle has yet been promulgated to govern the construcAdtion of furniture. Dr. Gustav Jaeger, however, seeks to supply this want. mitting the soundness of the theory on which he founds his sanitary clothing reform, Dr. Jaeger further urges that dead wood, as well as cotton, linen, and other vegetable matter, retains its powers of absorbing noxious animal exhalations. These the living plant digests, but the dead fibre of wood only harbors such poisonous gases for a time, and then throws them off again when there is a change of temperature. For instance, if a room is closed for some days, an unpleasant odor will be noticed on re-entering. This is especially apparent in German government offices, where the innumerable shelves and pigeon-holes are made of plain unvarnished wood. Sanitary furniture must therefore be rendered non-absorbent by carefully polishing or painting all the woodwork, both inside and outside; and the same rule applies to the flooring, wainscoting, etc., of all habitations. A room may be cleaned and purified after infectious diseases; but very powerful fumes are required to reach the interior of a closed drawer. From a sanitary point of view, the inside, the unseen, the back parts of furniture equally require to be treated with varnish, paint, or other substance, to render this wood non-porous. In practical Germany, sanitary furniture has become an article of commerce, and in England also we have recently inspected some such furniture. To carry out the above principles, the wood employed was prepared beforehand and rendered non-porous. This process, when applied to furniture made exclusively of wood, such as wardrobes, chests of drawers, sideboards, etc., involves an extra cost of not more than 5 per cent. Old furniture may also be rendered sanitary for a small outlay, by covering the interior and unseen parts with a substance that will close the pores. The "un pleasant feeling" sometimes noticed by those who use upholstered furniture is due to the odorous exhalations stored in the vegetable fibre, and which vitiates the atmosphere of ill-ventilated rooms. The polished wooden seats of our ancestors are preferable, unless the chairs and couches are stuffed and covered with materials of pure aniinal fibre, dyed with fast wholesome dyes; and this, it is calculated, would necessitate an extra cost of about 10 per cent. All textile material not of animal fibre, such as the stout webbing required underneath upholstered seats, is soaked in a solution which forms an impervious coating and prevents absorption. Carpets and curtains made or adulterated with vegetable fibre are obviously incompatible with this definition of sanitary furniture. White window-curtains, we are assured, will, if examined closely, emit a sour odor when they have been in use for a little time. A woolen curtain would give rise to no such unpleasantness, even when exposed in an inhabited room for a much longer period. Thus, to sum up, Dr. Jaeger maintains that all woodwork should be rendered non-porous, the walls should be painted or the paper varnished, and the upholstery, bedding, carpets, rugs, and curtains should consist of animal fibre sanitarily dyed.-Lancet. NOTES.-There are eight female physicians in Philadelphia who are said to have an income of $20,000 a year, twelve who have an income of $10,000, and twentytwo who have $5,000 or over. Dr. Horowitz, of Frankfort-on-the-Main, has published a work entitled "Jüdische Aerzte in Frankfurt," in which the author mentions the fact that as long as 450 years ago Jewesses practiced in that city as doctors. They especially devoted themselves to opthalmia. The female oculist, Dr. Zerlin, in the year 1428, ventured to reside outside the Judengasse, and be lieved that she could claim exemption from the payment of taxes on account of her talent and the general esteem in which, she was held. The municipal council rejected her application, and in 1489 they ordered that Jewish lady doctors should either quit the city or pay taxes like other Jews. A Jewish doctress was, however, more fortunate in the year 1494. She was relieved from the payment of "sleeping money," a tax imposed on foreign Jews for every day that they stayed in Frankfort.- -Two lady physicians of the M. E. Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, in India, and one assistant, treated last year 28,253 patients.- -The death of M. Legrand du Saulle, founder of the Société de Médicine Légale is announced.It is reported that a physician and his daughter, who were addicted to the hypodermic use of cocaine, attracted the attention of the police of Elmira, last Monday, by their insane actions in the room of a hotel at which they were staying. They were removed to the City Hospital, and it became necessary to administer a hypodermic injection of cocaine in order to quiet their ravings. The physician, who belongs in another State, is said to be a man of education, who, with his daughter, contracted the habit by experimenting with the drug, and it is alleged that he has taken forty grains a day. SCIENTIFIC. NATURAL HISTORY IN PHILADELPHIA. The Zoological Society of Philadelphia has just issued its annual report, from which we learn that a few interesting specimens have been added to the garden the last year. The managers lament the fact that the receipts have fallen off very much, and that the financial condition of the society is not more promising. Mr. Brown, general superintendent, says in his report that one of the rarest additions ever made to the collection was a specimen of Whitney's owl (Micrathene whitneyi). This miniature of the larger species of the group is hardly larger than a well-fattened English sparrow. It is, in fact, the smallest of known owls, and, being an extremely scarce bird, is looked upon with much interest by ornithologists. The limits of its range are not fully known, the few specimens which have been collected coming from Arizona and the adjoining province of Sonora. A pair of them were captured near Tucson by Mr. Herbert Brown, of that city, who kindly presented them to the society. One of the pair unfortunately died during the long journey, and the other lived only a few weeks after arrival. Through the kindness of Prof. Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, the society has been able to exhibit one of those rare prizes which have but seldom fallen to its lot, in a tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris). This bird was brought from the Samoan Islands-its native region-by the late Dr. Canisius, U. S. Consul at that point, and was by him presented to the U. S. National Museum, and subsequently, with his consent, deposited in the garden, where it has done exceedingly well. Aside from its curious appearance and habits, a special interest is attached to the species, from the relationship which it alone, of existing birds, bears to the strange and almost anomalous pigeon-like dodo, which formerly inhabited the islands of Mauritius and Bourbon, but which is believed to have become extinct within the last two hundred years, and of which no remains now exist except a few bones and feathers in museum collections and a few badly-executed drawings in the published works of early explorers.—Scientific American, May 29. THE INVENTOR OF THE TELESCOPE.-A long article is contributed to Ciel et Terre, in which the writer maintains that the real inventor of the telescope was John Lippershey, a spectacle maker at Middleburg, Netherlands, who was born in Wesel, Germany. James Metius, who, according to Descartes, has been regarded as the inventor, wrote on the 17th of October, 1608, to the provinces of Holland, stating that he, as well as the spectacle-maker of Middleburg, was manufacturing the instrument that brings objects near. Another document is a petition to the same provinces from Lippershey for a thirty years' patent. This was refused him the first time because the instrument could not be used with both eyes at once, and a second time, after he had made the instrument double, because telescopes were then being made everywhere.—Scientific American, May 29. AN ARMOR PLATE THAT SHOT Cannot Pierce.-The latest victory in the long drawn match between the gun and the armor plate has been scored in favor of armor. At Spezzia a German chilled steel armor plate 5 feet 9 inches in thickness, weighing 100 tons, was fixed against the face of the cliff and battered with chilled shot from the 100-ton gun. A thunderbolt weighing almost exactly a ton was hurled against the face of the plate by the explosion of 71⁄2 cwt. of powder without produciug more than a slight indention and some trifling cracks. Three shots failed to make any serious impression on the plate, which has thus come off victor in the struggle. It would seem that no shot yet invented will go through 6 feet of chilled steel.-Pall Mall Gazette. NOTES. -The summer courses in chemistry to be given at Harvard University this year will be conducted under the direction of Dr. A. M. Cowey, and will be open from July 5th to August 14th.- -Wood oil is now being made in Sweden from the refuse of timber cuttings and forest clearings. It has to be burned in lamps especially made for it.- -Prof. Vischrow says that the German Colonial Society has sent circulars to all European colonies settled in the tropics, requesting data concerning phenomena developed during the period of acclimatizing of Europeans.- -An exhibition of articles required in fitting out scientific travelers will be held in connection with the German naturalists' meeting next September. -Herr L. Ruttenberg has presented the Natural History Society of Bremen the sum of £2,500 for a Ruttenberg fund in commemoration of the services rendered to science by his son, who was murdered in Madagascar.- -Dr. Dubois, of Paris, has been experimenting on the properties of vaseline as food with excellent results. in celestial photography. Dr. Auer von Welsbach's incandescence system of -The Marquis de Nadaillac gives man's range of endurance of temperature as equivalent to at least 1320 C., or 2360 Fahr. His estimate is based on the recorded facts of -650 C., or -850 Fahr., observed in the Kara Sea, and 67.70 C., or 151.80 Fahr, in the country of the Tuaricks, in Central Africa.- -Dr. Andries, having studied the causes of the increasing number of accidents from lightning, has concluded that the main cause is in the increase of manufactories, locomotives, &c., which fill the air with smoke, dust, steam, &c. His experiments show that electrical phenomena of the air increase in intensity with the increase of impurity in it.The London Sanitary Protective Association registers more than 1,000 members.- -The deaths of Dr. Moser von Moorsbruch, of Vienna; M. Felix Leblanc, of Paris; Johann Jacob von Tschudi, of Switzerland; Mr. Richard Edmunds, of England, and Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold, of Scotland, are noted in the Popular Science Monthly.- -The conversazione of the Royal Society of Eng. land was even more successful than usual.- The British Association for the Advancement of Science will meet this year at Birmingham.-Prominent among the exhibits of the Royal Society was a microscopic section of the third or parietal eye discovered three days previously in the New Zealand lizard, Hatteria punctata, by Mr. Baldwin Spencer, of the University museum, Oxford. Mesial sections of a frozen chimpanzee and a frozen orang-outang, by Prof. D. J. Cunningham, attracted much attention, as did a collection of micro-organisms by Mr. F. R. Cheshire, and of photomicrographs of bacteria by Mr. E. M. Crookshank. To chemists specimens of the new element, germanium, were specially interesting. Mr. Howard Grubb exhibited a model of the proposed equatorial and observatory for the great 36-inch refractor for the Lick Observatory in California. Various electrical appliances, such as the powder-magazine lamps of Mr. J. Pitkin, weighing six pounds and lasting ten hours; De la Rue's chloride-of-silver battery, arranged for electric lightning, and the miner's electric lamp of Mr. Swan, illustrated the advances in practical electricity. Objects connected with the Hell Gate explosion, exhibited by Dr. H. Sprengel, were shown, and near them was a new and extremely powerful electrical-influence machine with eight disks working within a glass case. Captain Abney and General Festing exhibited their color photometer, and several series of stellar and solar photographs by the brothers Henry, Janssen, the solar physics committee, Common Dr. Gill, and others illustrated the recent advances FINANCE AND COMMERCE. THE BUSINESS OUTLOOK. THE salient features of the industrial situation are simply these: A failure, more or less general, of the eight-hour agitation; a moderately successful move in the building and some other trades to establish the nine-hour day; a failure of over onehalf of the strikers for higher wages; a general resumption of work throughout the country; a slight and promising increase in the volume of business and in orders for manufactured products of all kinds; a returning confidence among capitalists and investors, and a reasonable hope for a continued improvement throughout the summer.-Railway Review, May 29. EXCEPT in lines of trade which at present are "between seasons," the general business outlook is hopeful, and derives encouragement from the improvement One of the " straws was reported last week at several points in the Northwest. the inability of a steel-rail buyer to place an order in Pittsburgh for 900 tons, While trade has received some set-backs that have resulted in seriously lessening the The same paper has the following encouraging item with respect to general trade: Interviews with several prominent merchants yesterday elicited the encouraging information that trade was fairly active in a number of branches of merchandise that have been very dull for some weeks past. They could only account for the improvement by the supposition that Western merchants have neglected replenishing their stocks for so long that they have been at last obliged to stock up without delay. The St. Paul Pioneer-Press also noted a decided improvement last week in the Northwestern bread-stuffs trade, and says: Unless farmers' deliveries should increase very much, the 1st of September will find The empty bins, both in this city and the country elevators in Minnesota and Dakota recent decline in wheat has enabled millers to make a little profit on their production, as flour has not declined in the same proportion; although prices are a little lower. There is a steady demand from Eastern buyers and from interior points in the South, and most millers say they can sell all they make. -New York Journal of Commerce, June 1. SPANISH TARIFF AND IMPORTS ON ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES.-The Spanish customs authorities in Madrid have just given their decision in an appeal against the imposition of somewhat heavy duties upon the import of galvanized iron fasteners for the support of telegraphic insulators. Last year a large consignment of 4,650 kilogrammes of these fasteners was made to Santander, and the clearing agent attempted to pass them through the custom-house under section 27 of the Spanish tariff, which runs as follows: "Wrought iron and steel in bars of any shape, in sheets up to six millim. thickness; axles, tyres, plates, and springs for carriages; and iron hoops--13 pesetas per 100 kilos. for non-treaty nations, and 8 pesetas 65 cents for treaty nations." The custom-house officials, however, levied duties under section 30, the terms of which are as follows: "Iron nails and screws although with brass heads-20 pesetas for non-treaty and 14 pesetas 85 cents for treaty nations." The consignee petitioned the central authorities against this charge, and submitted that section 27 of the tariff ought to be amended so as to include imports of the goods in question. The request has been refused, and the customs journal, El Eco de las Aduanas, has published a royal order to the effect that iron screws or nails for supporting telegraphic insulators shall pay duty under section 30 of the tariff. Shipments from this country will therefore have to pay an im port duty of about 16s. per 100 kilos., as compared with a charge of about IIS. iod. per 100 kilos. upon similar goods imported from France or Belgium. Should the arrangement for a modus vivendi just arrived at be ratified by the Cortes-and there is little fear that it will be opposed by the English Parliament-English goods will thenceforward enter Spain on the same terms as those of our continental competitors. It is to be hoped that the treaty may soon come into operation, as the introduction of electric lighting and of electric appliances generally is making rapid progress both in Madrid and in the Spanish provinces.-The Times: BONDED GOODS.-An account of the quantities of bonded goods remaining in the customs and excise warehouses of the United Kingdom on April 30, published by the B Bill of Entry, shows a total of 6,618,577 lbs. of cocoa, against 7,655,483 lbs. on the same day in 1885 and 8,218,553 lbs. in 1884; of coffee, 483,558 cwt. against 444,771 cwt. in 1885 and 639,832 cwt. in 1884; tea, 82,985,351 lbs. against 48,531,443 lbs. and 99,417,687 lbs., respectively; currants, 281,372 cwt., against 237,181 cwt. and 214,261 cwt., raisins, 92,828 cwt. against 68,262 cwt. and 92,527 cwt.; rum, 9,617,809 proof gallons as compared with 8,393,285 and 7,343,080 proof gallons; brandy, 4,887,538 proof gallons, against 4,740,824 and 5,543,801 proof gallons; and unmanufactured tobacco, 82,985,351 lbs., against 65,753,947 lbs. on the last day of April, 1885, and 70,588,231 lbs. in1 884. The total bonded stock of wine was 7,613,883 gallons, against 8,286,151 gallons last year, and 8,630,025 gallons two years ago.--Times. FIVE CENTS A BUSHEL FOR CORN.-A receiver in this city yesterday forwarded to a shipper in Nebraska just five cents per bushel as his share on a consignment of corn. The property had been sold in store here at twenty-seven cents per bushel, twenty-two cents of which went to pay railroad cost of transportation, the storage, and commission. In another case this week, the Nebraska shipper received the magnificent sum of $26.50, being the whole amount coming to him from the sale of a car-load of some 550 bushels of corn, the railroad freight on which to this city was $147.50. The average of charges on these two parcels was five times, and the warehouse charges alone one quarter, the sum remitted to the country shipper of the corn.-Chicago Tribune. MACKEREL.-The House of Representatives has passed the bill, by a vote of 120 yeas to 60 nays, prohibiting for a period of five years from March 1, 1887, the importation into the United States, or the landing upon its shores of mackerel (except Spanish mackerel) caught between March I and June 1 of each year. The penalty prescribed for a violation of the act is the forfeiture of the mackerel imported or landed, and if the vessel violating the act be a United States vessel, a forfeiture of its license. Nothing, however, in the act is to be held to apply to mackerel caught off shore with hook and line from open row-boats less than twenty-feet keel and landed in said boats.-American Field. The IMPORTS OF FRESH MEATS AT LONDON.—According to the B Bill of Entry the quantity of beef imported during April was 63,037 cwt., against 74,159 cwt. in the same month of last year, the United States consigning 59,507 cwt. against 69,999 cwt., while of the total Liverpool received 45,626 cwt. against 54,779 cwt. imports of mutton were 37,948 cwt. against 41,492 cwt., New Zealand sending 25,417 cwt. against 21,183 cwt., and the Argentine Republic 9,353 cwt. against 5,968 cwt. The quantity landed in London was 34,935 cwt. against 30,233 cwt. The month's imports of pork were 4,816 cwt. against 6,416 cwt.—Times. THE REVENUE OF VICTORIA.-The Melbourne Argus of April 8 states that the revenue returns of Victoria for the quarter ending March 31 show that the amount actually received for the quarter was £1,783,547, an increase of £102,183 over the corresponding quarter of last year. Nine months of the current financial year have now been accounted for, with the result that there is an excess of £64,180 over the proportion of the budget estimate for that period. In July last Mr. Service, the late treasurer, anticipated a revenue of £6,285,308, of which £4,778,161 has already been received. -It NOTES. Silk manufacture in Pennsylvania is fast growing in importance. In Philadelphia alone there are nearly one hundred mills spinning and weaving silk and silk mixed goods, and employing about eight thousand persons. Plushes and velvets have recently been added, and there are two mills on dress goods.requires the annual slaughter of 100,000 elephants to keep the world supplied with ivory. England alone uses up the product of 30,000 elephants, or 1,200,000 pounds. -Kentucky has passed a law forbidding convicts from working in mines. -The New York State Labor Bureau is to investigate the apprentice system.Great Britain's drink bill for 1885 was £123,268,805 or £3,000,000 less than in 1884.A yearly advertisement, one column in length, in the Chicago Tribune costs the advertiser $26,000. The New York Herald receives for its lowest-priced column $39,000, and the highest, $384,000. The New York Tribune, for the lowest, $28,754--America now makes one-fifth of the iron and one-fourth of the steel of the world, and is second only to Great Britain. In steel, America will probably lead the world in 1890. We already lead the world in Bessemer steel; in 1870 we made only 40,000 tons; in 1882 we made 1,500,000 tons.- -Andrew Carnegie, the millionaire steel manufacturer, has given $250,000 to Allegheny City for establishing a free library and music hall. This is in addition to his gift of $500,000 to Pittsburgh.- Business in England is stagnant.- -Experts are not sanguine concerning the new orange crop.- -The Dry Goods Chronicle does not take a "blue" view of the immediate future. Quite the contrary. In its review of the trade for last week it announces the conclusion, and gives the facts on which it is based, that "unless all signs fail the volume of trade for autumn, 1886, will be the largest of any period since the great boom of 1879 and 1880." It adds: "There will be this difference, however. Then it was purely speculative; this autumn it will be purely legitimate, growing out of the natural law of supply and demand." But the Pittsburgh Dispatch says: "With decrease of nearly $80,000,000 in exports and an increase of $32,000,000 in imports for the year ending April 30, it does not seem that the trade balances of this country are in a condition to defy criticism or bear fooling with."- -It is reported that the Chilian governments intends to destroy fiscal notes to the value of 100,000 pesos inonthly, acquiring silver for the same value and forcing banks to guaranty their emission; also to obtain power from Congress to issue, whenever convenient, fiscal notes, guarantying the emission by an equivalent deposit of specie. RAILROADS. FRENCH RAILWAY EARNINGS IN 1885.-The complete returns, now issued, of the working of the French railways in 1885 show a serious falling-off. The total length of line open at the end of last year was 30,474 kilometres (18,894 miles), which is an increase of 1,090 kilometres (676 miles) on the previous year. Notwithstanding the increase of the mileage, however, the total earnings, amounting to 1,027,004,698 francs, were 38,623,505 francs less than in 1884, equal to a difference of 7.21 per cent. The average receipts per kilometre of the great companies was 39,323 francs in 1884, and 36,384 francs in 1885, the Northern occupying the highest place with 46,287 francs, followed by the Southern with 43,706 francs, and the Mediterranean with 41,135 francs. The other companies, Eastern, Western, and Orleans, ranged between 31,000 francs and 32,000 francs. The receipts on the circular railway connecting all the lines on the north side of Paris for the goods traffic from one to the other are set down at 238,231 francs, which was also a decrease of 39,804 francs on 1884. The railway duty on passengers and parcels paid during the year amounted to 87,324,746 francs, or an increase of 450,000 francs compared with 1884, due to the fact that the receipts from passengers increased, while those from the goods traffic diminished. All the great companies have also a considerable deficit in their earnings in the first quarter of the present year as compared with 1885. The Paris and Mediterranean loses 4,348,466 francs, or 8.63 per cent.; the Northern, 478,978 francs, or 4.25 per cent.; the Western, 354,670 francs, or 4.94 per cent.; the Orleans, 3,530,527 francs, or 12.37 per cent.; the Eastern, 1,367,436 francs, or 10.42 per cent.; and the Southern, 2,814,409 francs, or 12.81 per cent. In 1885 the different companies lost from 2% to 5% per cent. on 1884.-Iron. ANULLING GRANTS TO RAILWAYS.-Both in the Senate and the House of Representatives legislation for annulling important land grants to railways is threatened. In some cases the roads in aid of which these grants were made have been completed, and the lands were included in the assets on which the companies raised funds for their building. To now take away these lands by force is a performance which would be called robbery if railway companies were not the sufferers. There is, however, a class of legislators who seem to believe that any injustice will be approved by the public if it is committed against the railroads. It is also well known by those behind the scenes that some of these land grand forfeiting schemes probably be found behind nearly every one of them.-Railway Review, May 29. are really stock jobbing operations. In fact, a "job" either in stocks or land will THE PURCHASE OF INDIAN RAILWAYS.-The bill promoted by the Secretary of State for India for the purchase of the three railways now known as the Scinde, Punjaub and Delhi Railway, which was set down to be heard before a select committee of the House of Lords, has been referred to the chairman of committees as unopposed, the petition deposited against it by one of the stockholders having been withdrawn. By this bill, which has already received the sanction of the House of Commons, the Secretary of State for India proposes to buy up this railway, which has a capital of £11,075,319, at a cost of 14,009,124, by the payment of an annuity for 99 years of £571,828, to be payable half yearly from January 1, 1886. This annuity is made chargeable on the revenues of India.-The Times. NOTES. There is a strong movement in England toward Government control of the railroads.- -Superintendent Kerrigan, of the Missouri Pacific, estimates the losses caused by the recent strike on that system to amount to $1,000,000 to to the employes, $2,000,000 to the company, and two or three times that to the public.The National Senate has granted the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company the right to build a bridge over the navigable water which separates New Jersey from Staten Island.- The Manitoba Government has decided to aid the Hudson Bay enterprise by guaranteeing the interest upon $4,500,000 of the company's bonds for twenty-five years.- -The East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad has been sold under foreclosure.- -The New York, Lake Erie and Western is conducting its own express business.The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis are said to operate for the benefit of the public and at an actual loss to the owners of the property.- A Tourists' Bureau and Strangers' Club to furnish information to travelers and to make them comfortable has been established at Sidney, Australia.-- -The Pennsylvania Railroad Relief Association now has about 12,000 members and the membership is increasing daily. Already $10,000 have been paid in death benefits and about $8,000 on account of sickness.annual report of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, presented at a meeting held on May 26, shows the net earnings to be $1,300,483 as against $1,617,055 for the preceding twelve months. The decrease is ascribed to the reduction of business on the China Line through the loss of the steamship City of Tokio and the cessation of the subsidy received from the overland railroads.- -The Erie and Western Transportation Company contemplate issuing a loan of $250,000 to provide means of increasing the company's shipping facilities on the lakes. The company has $3,000,000 capital. -The -Richard Mayo Smith in The Independent. LONDON PAUPERISM.-Census of Paupers, exclusive of lunatics in asylums and vagrants, taken on the last day of the weeks named hereunder (enumerated inhabitants in 1881, 3,815,000): Fifth week of April, 1886-indoor, 54,145; outdoor, 38,998; total, 93,143, excluding patients in the fever and small-pox hospitals of the Metropolitan Asylums Board; the number of these patients on the last day of the week was returned as 255. Fifth week of April, 1885-indoor, 53,408; outdoor, 35,112; total, 88,520. Fifth week of April, 1884-indoor, 53,922; outdoor, 35,167; total, 89,089. Fifth week of April, 1883-indoor, 52,560; outdoor, 38,664; total, 91,224; Vagrants relieved in the metropolis on the last day of the fifth week of April, 1886-448 men, 169 women, 17 children under 16; total, 634.-The Times. DRAMA. NOTES. Salvini has a passion for candles.- -Brandor Thomas, of the Vokes family, does not like America. At a supper a few nights ago his denunciation of everything American and his laudation of everything English were disagreeable to his admirers, who were entertaining him.- -Not fewer than five English adaptations of "Le Monde ou l'on s'ennuie," have been made, and only one, "Our Society," by Clinton Stuart, has been successfully produced. The others are called "Culture," "Caprice," "Washington," and "Love's Young Dream." The first of these, by two Englishmen, was presented, on an afternoon, in London, and failed dismally.- -The late Mrs. Pendleton was the daughter of Francis Scott Key, the author of "The Star-Spangled Banner." She was also the aunt of James Barton Key, the well-known actor and manager, between whom there was a strong tie of affection.- -Ladies hats are now so large that theater managers begin to complain.. -Irving is coming again next season, but it is thought the dramatic event will be the tour of Edwin Booth under Lawrence Barrett's management. Every theater in the country is competing for the appearance of the American tragedian.- Lydia Thompson plays every night, and nurses her daughter, who is dying of consumption, all day.- Gath thanks God that he has had nothing to do with the stage.- -Dixey's "Adonis" has been hooted in London.- -The Shelley Society has been instrumental in reviving "The Cencii."- -A new theatrical bureau has been started.. -A base-ball match between comedians and tragedians was played on the New York Polo Grounds for the benefit of Mrs. Bartley Campbell. The comedians won.- -A theatrical observer and statistician asserts that every five years the public undergoes an almost complete change. In other words, if a play is presented only at intervals of five years in any city, its audiences will be composed of a new set of people. The growth of boys and girls into men and women and the mortality among adults, according to this mathemasician's calculations, are the factors of this transformation. He further argues that the recognition of this fact should justify the revival of good plays from time to time which have been shelved in the belief that they are worn out.- -An aged scrub-woman of the old Amphitheater, Liverpool, now the Royal Court Theater, lay upon her death-bed. The priest had come to minister the last sacrament. While he was thus engaged the old woman looked up wistfully and asked: "Yer riverence, will me sowl pass through Ireland on its way to Heaven ?"At an afternoon performance Mr. Wilson Barrett was inadvertedly stabbed in the arm by one of the "Athenians," but not seriously hurt.- -A special performance, in which Mrs. Langtry took a prominent part, was lately given to provide a bed in the French hospital, London, for the use of French dramatic artists.- -Mr. Charles Dickens intends to come before the public as a professional reader. He is said to possess a remarkable share of his father's talent in this direction, and will read from his father's writings.- -The Japanese drama is said to be much more. like ours than is the Chinese.- -Managers already take a great deal of interest in M. Rochefort's new play. The reason is that M. Rochefort is not an American."Prince Karl" is not a good play. It is popular, and in some places amusing, but it is not good.--Despite his long and varied experience as an actor, Mr. George Clarke is so stupid when he attempts to write a play, that he shows himself to be absolutely ignosant of what motives should create the action of a good melodrama. His "Strange Disappearance" proves this. That it will disappear will not be strange. So says The Hour. " MUSIC. NOTES.-Despite the liberal advertising, the Cincinnati May Music Festival, which closed 22d, was a loser to the extent of $8,000 or $10,000. The expenses -While the will exceed fully $33,000, while the receipts were about $25,000.Queen was staying at the Newsham House, Liverpool, during her recent visit to that city, the telephone was successfully brought into operation so as to enable Her -Carl Rosa has Majesty to hear the performance of an opera two miles distant.made a brilliant discovery, a new tenor in the person of Mr. Edward Scovel.——— The Bohemian Girl" has been received in Australia with all the zest and furore that usually attends a new piece.- -Mme. Christine Nilsson and Paoli Tosti, the song writer, were summoned by royal mandate to Osborne recently for the edification of the court circle.—Mme. Patti will sing only in concert this season in London, and will be married to Nicolini on the 7th of June. -Herr Vogrich, who was well known here in musical and social circles a few years ago, has recently returned from Australia with many new compositions of his own for orchestra, piano and voice, and, most important of all, a young wife.who is a magnificent vocalist. -Rose Bell, who a few years ago made a great hit in opera bouffe, recently died in London at the age of fifty-two.- -Grover Cleveland's wedding marches are swarming like the frogs of Egypt. ART. NOTES. A number of Dutch artists have united to found a periodical devoted to etching, called Le Chardon, to appear every alternate month. Each number will contain two prints, with descriptive letterpress by the famous art critic, Mr. C. Vosmaer. The publishers are Frederick Muller & Co., of Amsterdam; and the annual subscription is 10 florins (say £1 Is.). If we may judge from the two specimens sent us, the publication will be worthy of the land of Rembrandt. One of these, by W. Steelink-a figure subject-shows a remarkable sense of atmosphere in its landscape background; the other, by Carel L. Dake, is no less noteworthy for its skillful drawing.- -We may also mention that English Etchings, which has now for five years presented its subscribers with three prints a month, will henceforth be published quarterly, instead of monthly. The price of each part remains the same, but the annual subscription is reduced from £2 25. to 145. The first quar terly part will appear in July. Messrs. Sampson Low, the publishers, recognizing that in such a matter quality is of at least as much importance as quantity, have obiained permission to issue 200 new impressions from the original plate of one of Mr. Whistler's most famous works, the "Marchande de Moutarde," which first appeared several years ago in the French Set.-An "Exposition communale" of the works of living artists will be held this year at Amsterdam, from September 27 to October 31. The time for receiving pictures, &c., is from August 23 to September 7. It is a condition that all the works sent must be the actual property of the artist. The municipality of Amsterdam offers ten gold medals, each of the value of 100 florins (say, 10), to be awarded by a jury of seven, of whom four will be elected by the exhibitors themselves.- -The work of copying the celebrated frescoes in the Ajanta caves in Bombay, which was begun, under the auspices of the governments of India and Bombay, so far back as 1872, has recently been completed. These caves, as is well known, are situated about fifty-five miles from Aurungabad, and consist of twenty-four monasteries and five temples hewn out of the solid rock, supported by lofty pillars, and richly ornamented with sculpture and highly finished paintings. The caves derive their chief interest from these last, which are assigned to periods ranging between B. C. 200 and A. D. 600, thus affording a continuous display of Buddhist art during eight hundred years. Some idea of the magnitude of the work which has just been completed at a cost of a little over £5,000, may be gathered from the fact that the copies made cover 166,888 square yards of canvas. There are in all 165 copies of paintings, 160 copies of panels, and 374 water-color drawings of the ornamental panels of the walls and ceilings, executed on a reduced scale with a view to their publication. The paintings vary in size from 25 feet by II downward. The whole of the copies are to be finally deposited in London, and are to be reproduced by chromo-lithography and the autotype process on a reduced scale, and published in book form.--The miniature painting of Gen. Nathaniel Greene's daughter, by Malborne, which has been in the possession of Dr. Henry E. Turner, of Newport, is said to have been |