cases the cuts-ulcers have a special tendency to increase in depth-if the preceding tubercles have been large-while in others a tendency to grow in circumference is prevailing. The latter is the case especially if the tubercles have been small and close together. Both kinds of ulcers, however, like those in the mucous membrane, produce abundant exuda tion and matter, a peculiarity by which deep glanders-ulcers situated in the skin are easily discriminated from farcy-ulcers or glanders-abscesses. Besides that, the latter are always kettle-shaped, have red and elevated borders, and are situated in the subcutaneous connective tissue, while the former have their seat in the skin.

THE CAUSES AND ORIGIN OF GLANDERS.

As to the cause and origin of glanders, opinions, especially in former times, have differed very widely. A great many veterinarians, particularly in France, and there until quite recently, either denied its contagiousness altogether (La Fosse, sen and jun., Fromage Defeugre, and Dupuy barely admitted the possibility of an infection; Coleman (English), Smith (English), and Rodet considered only acute glanders as a contagious disease, as did Hutrel d'Arboval and many others), or expressed doubt as to the existence of a contagion.-Dutz. Consequently a spontaneous development or the possibility of the same was not questioned except by a few decided contagionists, such as Volpi in Italy, White in England, and, in modern times, Gerlach in Germany. Nearly all Germans, most of the English, and a great many French veterinarians (it is but just to mention among the latter Solleysel (1669), De Saunier (1734), Bourgelat (1765), Garsault (1770), Vitet (1783), Gohier (1813), Delwart, and Leblanc) admitted that most cases of glanders owe their origin to infection, but did not doubt the possibility of a protopathic, and even of a deuteropathic development. Even at the present day an auchtochthonous and a deuteropathic development, too, are looked upon as something possible, or even self-evident and of frequent occurrence, not only by non-professional men, but also by a great many veterinarians of high standing. As causes of auchtochthonous glanders, all possible injurious agencies have been accused, the same as in all other contagious diseases, such as pleuropneumonia of cattle, for instance, which latter, as is now more generally admitted, spreads, and is caused exclusively by infection or by means of the contagion. The principal causes of glanders have been considered spoiled, decayed, and insufficient food, or food of a bad quality or unsuitable composition; dirty, crowded, and ill-ventilated stables; overwork, hardships, and exposures of any kind or description; in short, nearly everything that is calculated to have an injurious effect upon the

animal organism. A great many horses in every country and in every clime are exposed to some or to all of the injurious influences just enumerated, and there is not the least doubt that these influences are well able to weaken the constitution of an animal, to produce emaciation and debility, and to cause a whole army of more or less dangerous and frequently fatal diseases, but still glanders is not any more frequent among horses thus exposed and suffering than among others which are well kept and well treated in every respect. In every country and in every clime a larger or smaller number of horses are exposed to all those injuries mentioned, are worked to death, starved to death, suffocated to death in foul stable-air, poisoned to death with spoiled food and with impure, stagnant water, and still there are countries in which glanders is an unknown, or, at least, an exceedingly rare disease, while in other countries in which horses, on an average, are not kept any worse, or, may be, are kept much better, glanders is a very frequent disease, and causes annually great losses. As a general rule, which, however, suffers apparent exceptions as I shall show hereafter, glanders is frequent in all those countries in which a great many horses are imported, and rare in all those countries in which more horses are raised than needed, or from which horses are exported. Besides that, nobody has ever succeeded in producing glanders by merely exposing or subjecting a horse that has never been exposed to the influence of glanders contagion to any or to all the injurious agencies and influences which have been mentioned as being accused as the causes of protopathic glanders. In the West, where I have lived and practiced during the last thirteen years, glanders, as I have been informed by reliable persons, used to be an almost unknown disease before the civil war, but has been spread by condemned army horses during and immediately after the war, and is now frequent and can be found everywhere.

Among asses and mules glanders is comparatively not as frequent a disease as among horses, notwithstanding that the former have more predisposition, are easier and sooner infected, and succumb quicker. If a protopathic development were possible, or frequently taking place, one would suppose that it would occur especially in those animals (asses and mules) which possess the greatest predisposition, or, in which, if affected, the morbid process is always the most rapid and the most violent. Besides that, asses and mules particularly, are, as a general rule, more exposed to bad treatment and to all those calamities which have been. looked upon as probable causes of glanders, than horses. That glanders is not so frequent among asses and mules as among horses, is simply due to the fact that the former are less numerous and usually less exposed

to the contagion, because less used on the road and for traveling pur. poses, than horses. An exception, perhaps, may be made with the American army, or any other army in which mules are extensively employed, and in them, I suppose, cases of glanders are just as frequent, and perhaps more frequent among the mules than among the horses.

In modern times, most veterinary writers, it seems, have abandoned the possibility of an autochthonous or idiopathic origin of glanders, but the deuteropathic development is yet upheld by a great many. The diseases supposed to terminate in glanders are especially strangles or distemper, influenza, catarrhal affections of the respiratory mucus membranes, and ulceration in various parts of the animal body. To enumerate all the cases recorded in the veterinary literature in which glanders is said or believed to have developed from other diseases, or been pro duced by an absorption of matter, would lead too far, for the same are very numerous. As to the different theories that have been advanced, I have to refer to what has been said in the first part of this treatise. To show, however, how easily mistakes may be made, I may be allowed to relate a case that occured last summer in Chicago. Several horses, constituting the stock of a bankrupt circus, all animals in a very fine condition, were put up for keeping by the authorities in charge, in a certain livery and boarding stable. In the same stable influenza prevailed, and nearly every horse, excepting those circus horses, became affected with influenza in its so called catarrhal rheumatic form. Deaths did not occur, but some horses became affected severely. After the circus horses had been in the livery stable for several weeks they were sold by the United States Marshal, and the day after the sale it was found that one of them, a fine black gelding, was affected with plainly developed nasal glanders, and had communicated the disease al ready to his stall mate, which exhibited sufficient symptoms, a slight discharge from the right nostril and a characteristic swelling of the right submaxillary lymphatic gland, to warrant the diagnostication of glanders. After the discovery had been made, it leaked out that the black gelding had been "running from the nose " for over eight months. When the sale took place, some of the livery and boarding horses had not yet fully recovered from their influenza. Now, if one or more of the same should have become infected with glanders, and if the merely accidental discovery of the existence of that disease in one of the circus horses had not been made, the cry would have been raised immediately that glanders had developed from influenza. Further comments, I think, are unnecessary. It may suffice to suggest that a great many apparent developments of glanders from other diseases may have taken place in a similar way. There also can be no

doubt that a great many cases of occult glanders (so-called nasal gleet) have been looked upon and treated as distemper, catarrh, influenza etc., and afterwards, when plain symptoms of glanders made their appearance, it was more convenient all around to suppose that glanders had proceeded from the disease first diagnosticated, than to admit a diagnostic mistake. So with farcy. It undoubtedly has happened a great many times that the first symptoms of farcy have been mistaken for an inflammation of the lymphatics, and as farcy in its further course becomes frequently complicated with glanders, it is easy to conclude that an inflammation of the lymphatics constitutes a primary disease of glanders. Under certain circumstances I admit it is rather difficult to discriminate at once an inflammation of the lymphatics and subsequent ulceration or formation of abcesses from genuine farcy, and so mistakes, undoubtedly have occurred.

Besides all that the diseases looked upon as the possible progenitors of glanders are similar to the latter only in regard to a few external symptoms, but entirely different as far as the morbid process is concerned. They lack altogether during their whole course, from first beginning to their final termination, the specific characteristics of glanders, and a conversion of any one of them into the latter disease must be looked upon as just as impossible as it is to change a cow to a horse, or a goat to a hog. Still, this does not exclude the possibility of an animal affected with one of those disorders, or with any other disease, becoming infected with glanders or farcy. On the contrary, a diseased condition of the respiratory mucous membranes seems to facilitate an infection if an exposure to glanders contagion is taking place. At any rate the morbid process of gianders is always much more violent, and makes a more rapid progress in a diseased organism than in one that is otherwise perfectly healthy. To get at the bottom of the facts, and to guard against mistakes, it will be necessary never to lose sight of the specific characteristics of the glanders process.

Notwithstanding all those cases of apparent deuteropathic development of glanders which can be found in the veterinary literature of nearly every country, I am not afraid to say I do not believe that a case of real deuteropathic glanders, one that can stand a thorough and unbiased investigation, has ever occurred. Gerlach, in his treatise, repeatedly mentioned, says on page 115: "A genuine development (protopathic and deuteropathic) must be considered as not proved."

Glanders, as well as pleuro-pneumonia, Russian cattle plague, and scab and mange, will cease to exist if a propagation by means of infection is made impossible. If, for instance, within the limits of the United States

all animals affected with glanders were destroyed at once, and at the same time every place where glanders contagion may be existing were thoroughly disinfected, and if any importation of glandered horses or of the contagion were successfully prohibited or prevented, glanders would at once become extinct, and would never make its appearance again within the limits of the United States, unless imported again from other countries. It is a disease that can be eradicated.

I said before that glanders is most frequent in those countries in which numerous horses are imported from other countries. This is an undeni able fact, except in regard to those commonwealths in which good veterinary schools provide a sufficient number of thoroughly educated veterinary surgeons, and in which stringent laws enforce the immediate destruction of every animal effected with glanders, prohibit veterinary quackery, and do not allow anybody to keep or to treat a glandered animal unless he is a qualified veterinary surgeon, and gives sufficient bonds to pay possible damages.

I know very well that I shall be contradicted, but mere denials, or questions asking where glanders originally comes from, if a spontaneous development does not take place, will not do. Such questions, of course, I can not answer. When Gerlach first pronounc d pleuro-pneumonia of cattle a pure contagion—that is, a disease propagated exclusively by means of infection-Professor Spinola asked pertly if Gerlach had imported pleuro-pneumonia from the moon, but failed utterly, and every body else, too, to show a solitary case of an unmistakable and wellauthenticated spontaneous development. If any one can show me a case of spontaneous glanders, not caused by infection, or give satisfactory and unmistakable proof that a protopathic or deuteropathic development of glanders has occurred, I will take back what I have said, but not before.

The Contagion.-The contagion must be considered as the exclusive cause of glanders. When I lived in Dixon, Lee county, Illinois, from the fall of 1865 to September, 1868, I had an opportunity of observing numerous cases of glanders. A friend of mine, D W. McKinney, dealer in horses and proprietor of a livery stable, knew nearly every horse in the whole county. and taking special interest in those cases of glanders. assisted me in inquiring into the history of every horse affected. result, every case, without exception, was traced back to an infection by condemned United States army horses that hal been sold to the farmers. The contagious principle is developed during the very first stages of the disease, and even before plain symptoms have made their appearance. It exists most concentrated in the immediate products of the morbid process, but especially in the discharges from the nose, and in the con