were hungry all the time. I never saw calves eat so much, but they did not grow, and they got poorer all the time, and by spring they got so poor that I had the skins of half of them spread on the fence. Now, if I had only heard this lecture a year ago, I should have understood why my calves, when they were nicely sheltered, did not need to eat so much, and I should have saved both hay and calves."

Let me give you another fact that shows the effect of quiet as well as warmth in fattening. In Italy they regard as a special delicacy a little bird called an ortolan. This bird, which is wild, is caught and fed until it becomes very fat, and the method pursued is this: The ortolan only feeds at sun rise; taking advantage of this, the birds are shut in a dark room and grain is plentifully scattered over the floor, then a light is put in a window, and the birds wake up and begin to feed. After awhile the light is taken away and all is dark, so the birds go quietly to sleep again. In three or four hours the lignt is brought back and they wake up and feed again. This is repeated three or four times a day, until the little ortolan becomes as fat as butter.

I have already said that young animals require food that contains phosphates to supply the growth of bone; oil cake, cotton-seed cake, and field peas meet this want. When my father began to keep Leicester sheep in Ohio almost fifty years ago, he found that the larger he could have his young rams, the better they sold. He, therefore, grew a field of peas every year, and the crop in the straw was fed to the ewes and lambs; the consequence was that the lambs grew wonderfully, and their wool grew in the same proportion. After a few years, the peas were so much injured by the pea-bug that we ceased to grow them, and for several years after we fed with linseed cake, with oats and wheat bean-all these contained more phosphates than corn. I have said that fattening animals should be kept warm and quiet, but this plan is not adapted for the development of a young animal. Plenty of food and plenty of exercise will best secure the growth of muscle and develop a full and rounded form.

In regard to milking cows, the selection of food is not so simple a problem as at first view it may appear. If cows are driven home to milk and back to pasture some distance morning and evening, this exercise will diminish the amount of butter, but it will probably increase the amount of cheese. A first rate pasture will ensure a good production of butter, but it will not in the same proportion favor the production of cheese, for a poorer pasture, over which the cow must travel further for her feed, will often produce more cheese; so keeping cows in stables will increase the butter, but may diminish the cheese. For milking cows, a dollar's

worth of wheat bran, with its large proportion of phosphates and albumenoids, will make more milk than a dollar's worth of corn. I will soon read you a table of food analyses, from which we may see what to do when the articles we are accustomed to feed become scarce and dear, and learn how to make up a new bill of fare, with its due proportion of carbohydrates and albumenoids. When I practiced medicine some years since, I usually fed to my horses the best hay I could find, and as much of it as they would eat, and, in addition to the hay, a peck of oats night and morning. One year hay was so dear in the fall that I did not buy any, but secured some good bright straw instead, and from a flouring mill near I bought two or three tons of bran and shorts. The straw was cut and moistened, and mixed with the mill feed; the horses ate it well, and kept in first rate condition, worked well, and were kept through the winter at less expense than I had ever kept them before. Another winter when I was living upon the farm, in consequence of unusual drouth, we secured but little hay. I had, however, a large field of excellent corn. The corn was cut early, and, after husking, the stalks were nicely saved. These stalks were cut up by a cutter which crushed as well as cut them, then they were moistened and mixed with a certain amount of wheat bran and Indian meal, and upon this feed they throve quite as well as they would have done upon the best of hay.

The analyses I am about to read, I regret to say, are all English or German. In England a wealthy gentlemen, Mr. Lawes, established, many years since, an experimental farm at Rothampstead. He employed a competent chemist, Mr. Gilbert, who made analyses whenever it was required, but these were not regarded as final until every problem had been further submitted to the test of practical experiment. The publication of the results of the experiments made from year to year by Lawes and Gilbert have proved of incalculable benefit to English farmers. In Germany the government maintains more than sixty experiment stations, where all questions about the relative value of different kinds of food, as well as other matters of interest to the farmer, are determined. The little book I hold in my hand is a German farmer's calendar, which contains most of the facts upon which what I have said is based. When Ohio farmers come to see that such experiments have the same value here that they have in other counties, they will doubtless ask the Legislature to make the necessary appropriation for such an experimental station in Ohio. The State of Connecticut has such an experimental station, and perhaps you may be surprised to learn that so also has North. Carolina. How long Ohio can afford to be without a well-equipped experiment station, time will show. Possibly some of you are ready to ask

"Why the State University does not undertake such work now?" To this my answer is, that the professors at the University have their hands full of teaching, which the law of Congress, when it gave the endowment, made their appropriate business. When original investigation is desired, the State must provide the means.

I will now read the analyses of a few common kinds of stock food, omitting most of the fractions. Fuller tables may be found in Professor Johnson's excellent little book, "How Crops Grow." A still later, and possibly more accurate table, may be found in the American Agriculturist for December, 1879:

THE SHORTHORN INTEREST.

ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE OHIO SHORTHORN ASSOCIATION CONVENTION, IN SESSION JANUARY 6, 1880.

BY T. C. JONES.

Gentlemen of the Convention:

These meetings of breeders of Shorthorn cattle ought to be interesting and profitable, not only to ourselves, but also to all classes of farmers, for the reason that men who interest themselves in the improvement of the quality of our live stock are everywhere found to be among the most intelligent and public spirited of the country's population.

They become the advocates of the superior blood, because they are satisfied, from careful investigation of the condition of the various branches of the farmers' business that a resort to this method of improving their stock is essential to profitable agriculture.

But they know that improvement can not be successfully advanced without a general co-operation among all intelligent farmers, and for this reason, as well as on account of their direct bearing upon the general prospects of the country, associations of this character appeal especially to the sympathies of all generous and public spirited men.

You will pardon me for suggesting in this convention, whether in these days of the supremacy of trade and commerce over all other pursuits, intellectual as well as industrial, there is not reason to fear that even country life has been invaded by this all-absorbing spirit of speculation, so that we find, among leading and intelligent farmers, less of generous devotion to public interests than was manifested by this class of our citizens forty or fity years ago.

The Trimbels, McArthurs, Vauces, Marions, Worthingtons, Renicks, Sullivants, Van Meters, Crouses, Hustons, Seymours, etc., we know, some of us from personal recollection, and others from the marked history of their generous deeds, regarding these associated efforts for the promotion of the general welfare as among the highest of their public duties.

When enterprises of the character of our association were undertaken by these pioneers in our great industry, we know that the paramount and controlling purpose was to advance the public interest, and not merely to make money for themselves. Therefore, when the first importation of cattle was ordered, the instructions given to their agent was to select, without regard to breed or price, such stock as would be best suited to promote the cattle-growing interests of the country.

Contrast this high and generous devotion to the welfare of the country with the selfish purpose indicated by the instructions of a modern importing company to their agent. When the shareholders o this latter company were asked for instructions, they at first replied: "We are willing to trust the judgment of our agent" But when the more specific question was propounded by this agent: Is it your desire that I shall select such stock as I think the best, or such as, in my judgment, will make the stockholders the most money?" the unanimous answer was, "bring us the animals that will make us the most money."

I think, gentlemen, it may be truthfully claimed for your organization, that the controlling purpose of its members has been, in the highest degree, liberal and public spirited; not that we have been unmindful of personal interests, but as intelligent citizens we have not overlooked the well recognized truth that here, as in other avocations of life, the policy which best promotes the public prosperity, is the most favorable to the advancement of individual interests.

In looking over the transactions in Shorthorn cattle during the last twenty years we are astonished by the fluctuations they exhibit, as well in the changes of taste and fashion as in the range of prices. The changes in fashion occasion, in large measure, if they have not been the sole cause, the fluctuations in prices.

To the public it seems almost incomprehensible that an industry so essentially practical as the breeding of farm stock should be subject to the whims and fancies of fashion; but when we reflect that it is only when this fascinating art is undertaken by men who are not practical agriculturists, but were amateurs and speculators, that the whims and fancies of fashion USURP authority to dictate tests of excellence, the mystery is explained, and yet we should not think it strange that common sense farmers are unable to comprehend how it can be that with only three plain and easily understood tests of excellence in cattle, to wit, the largest and most economical production of the best quality of bef and milk, combined with early maturity, there should be any possible reason or excuse for a constantly changing standard.

What was good beef, and the best and most economical form of carcass