or six hundred head of game, and among them were 96 zebra. For several weeks I had a couple of cowboys over there, good riders, and we had some Somalis and others; and we tamed the zebra in a way and rode them. One out of the whole herd seemed to have a quiet disposition so gentle that I have even allowed my son, who was then a little boy 5 years old, to ride it.

But the final conclusion that we arrived at in regard to the zebra question was this: It is possible to ride them; it is possible to drive them; but they are sullen and have not got the heart to pull and work that either the mule or the horse has.

It is possible that after many generations, constantly selecting the gentlest and the best dispositioned, a breed of zebra might be produced that would be valuable. We tried to produce them there on account of the tsetse fly being so abundant, and killing all domestic animals. We discovered that when we corraled the zebra and held him in a big pasture, feeding him the same grass that he ate right in his natural habitat, he developed a disease in the way of some small pinworms that worked into the aorta (the big artery coming out of the heart); and it killed a good many of those 96 that we captured. We had a very good veterinarian there from England in charge of the work-a Mr. Sturdy, a man enthusiastic in the propagation and crossing of the animals.

Another experiment was carried on in Rhodesia, when we took the American coaches from Johannesburg to Buluwayo, a drive of 500 miles, by mules; and a great many of them died of the tsetse fly. Mr. Ziebrink, a very enterprising man, introduced the zebra, and they domesticated them and hitched them into the coaches. But there, again, the animals get sulky; they refuse to pull, and you can do nothing with them. They are more like a burro-more like a donkey; they have a disposition more like a donkey. They are quite gentle. They would come up and eat out of your hand; and we had them loose, running around the streets of Petersburg there perfectly free, more like a pet burro or a donkey. But as a pulling animal the zebra is probably too closely allied to the wild. It would take many, many generations to make a success of it, and I should expect the same results in this country as in that.

The CHAIRMAN. .What has been your experience with the cross? Major BURNHAM. The cross seems like almost all hybrids; it seems to inherit the evil dispositions of both father and mother. Whether that applies to man or not (I think it does, too), it certainly applies to all the animals.

Mr. HAWLEY. Does the zebra have a characteristic gait?

Major BURNHAM. He has a swift trot. In harness he trots a good deal like a mule. Of course he can gallop. It takes a very good, quick horse to pick up a zebra. Of course a good horse will pick him up all right, right in his native habitat. I ran down some zebra on the first expedition I made into Rhodesia. A couple of wellknown hunters in Rhodesia and myself ran down some zebra and captured them with our saddle horses, but they were excellent horses, brought up from Cape Town.

The experience I have had in the Southwest makes me believe there is nothing in the climate of the Southwest to prohibit the introduction of practically all the game animals that were men

tioned by Captain Duquesne. I believe that is true. I think we are allowing one of our great assets to lie idle and go to waste by confining ourselves, as Mr. Irwin said, to only three or four animals, and even those animals were imported.

The original condition of this continent was that it was almost devoid of any valuable animals. We brought into the country the horse, the cow, the ass, the sheep, and the goat; and they have all gone wild and thrived. Great herds of cattle roam the western plains, and great herds of horses. The average American thinks that they have always been here and that they were found here, but it is not so. They were brought over by the Spaniards, and the Mexicans adopted them. If those animals could be adopted into our western country, I do not see why the game animals can not be adopted, too, and find the particular food which they are used to, which is more of a desert food. We know that in Africa the wild animals live where the domestic animals will not live. We know that there are probably thousands of square miles of desert land in our own country, and I believe these animals can be utilized to fill it. We may have some failures or even a good many failures about their introduction. One can not always avoid mistakes. The farmer does not take one seed and plant it and expect that from that one seed he will raise a whole crop. We must not make the mistake of taking one pair of animals and expecting that they will populate the whole territory. But with reasonable care and skill and brains, and with the Department of Agriculture having charge of the matter, I do not see any reason why we can not have great success. I thank you, gentlemen.

Mr. HAWLEY. I should like to ask one more question on a different subject. Do you think the date palm would thrive in the Southwest ?

The

Major BURNHAM. I believe it would, but I can not say that I am an authority on the subject. I am interested in a great irrigation reclamation scheme in the Southwest, in Sonora, where we are taking water out of the Gila River on to about 1,000,000 acres of land. question of the date palm has come before us very strongly, and the dates there seem to thrive very well. There are several coarse varieties that grow there and mature, and are quite palatable. We have robbed the Government of what we believe to be one of their good men a soil expert by the name of Mackay, who is in our employ. He is taking up that very question in conjunction with a couple of horticulturists of Texas, whose names have passed out of my mind for the moment. We have had quite a correspondence on it; and if we have any results of value, it will give me great pleasure to let the department here know.

Mr. BROUSSARD. Major, you own a ranch out in California, I believe?

Major BURNHAM. Yes; and I am sending some game there now from Mexico. This matter of the introduction of strange animals is a lifelong hobby of mine. I got the hobby when I helped capture that wild camel, and it has clung to me ever since. Just now I am sending some game from Mexico into California. I have a ranch right adjoining the forest reserve under Mount Whitney; and I am

introducing there the small white-tailed deer of Sonora, whose flesh is most delicious, and also some of the peccaries.

Mr. BROUSSARD. The "havilinas?"

Major BURNHAM. Yes; that is what they are the havilinas.

Mr. BROUSSARD. Major, can you tell the committee something with regard to the government reservations and what use could be made of them in this respect?

Major BURNHAM. Yes. About three or four years ago some friends of mine and myself offered to put up $50,000 to put some game animals into the forest reserves. We then asked that the President be given permission to set aside some of the forest reserves as game preserves also to prevent some county jumper running out with a rifle and shooting the game the next free Sunday after he heard it was turned loose. We asked that the forest rangers be made deputy game wardens, to arrest anybody that would shoot these animals for a certain number of years, leaving the matter entirely in the hands of the government department to control in the finish. But I was very busy at the time, and I had to go to Mexico; and "the child died a-borning,"

Mr. Cocks. How about the hybrid buffalo? Is there any possibility of doing anything with it?

Major BURNHAM. I do not think the African buffalo has ever been crossed.

Mr. Cocks. I mean our bison.

Major BURNHAM. Our bison? There are so many men in this country that are more expert on that question than I that I do not like to be quoted at all. I am familiar with the buffalo, of course. In my boyhood days on the plains, and all that, I was familiar with it. But what I know about it is more from observation and hearsay, and not from practical experience.

Mr. BEALL. It is a fact that Mr. Goodnight, up in Texas, has extensive herds, is it not?

Major BURNHAM. Oh, certainly. They have been crossed, and we have every reason to believe that they will be a success, and be of great value.

Mr. BEALL. He calls them "cattalos."

Major BURNHAM. "Cattalos;" yes. We have not made use of our own game animals. Take California, for instance: In my boyhood. days the elk were there in herds. We slaughtered them. Now we are just beginning to preserve them a little bit. In the forest reserves and in the Yosemite National Park they have a few of them, and they are just beginning to breed again. Last year, down close to my place, I saw two young ones; so it is encouraging, and I know they will grow again if we give them a proper chance. In the case of the wild turkey, we are just importing a few of them from Mexico. I have just had a request from the game warden, in Sonora, asking me if we could not assist them to get some wild turkeys. They are quite difficult to get; but I believe they, too, could be imported successfully.

Mr. BROUSSARD. You live in California, Major. Have you ever been to the ostrich farms?

Major BURNHAM. Oh, yes. The ostrich farms are a success there.

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Mr. BROUSSARD. They do well, do they?

Major BURNHAM. They do well. I have helped catch them, and have used lots of them in Africa. I am quite familiar with the ostrich.

Mr. BROUSSARD. They thrive?

Major BURNHAM. Oh, yes; they thrive the same as chickens.
Mr. BROUSSARD. What about the reindeer?

Major BURNHAM. The reindeer that were introduced into Alaska are all right. Mr. Jackson brought in the first herd. They had a good many difficulties and a good many things to learn about them. They brought some Lapps along, but the Lapps themselves did not know everything, because the conditions were different. But as the result of the combination of the Lapps with some scientific study of the subject, I think it is conceded by the Alaskans themselves that the importation of reindeer is now a success. I think that can be looked to as one of the great successes.

Mr. BROUSSARD. When did they commence bringing reindeer into Alaska?

Major BURNHAM. I saw the first herd of reindeer in Alaska in 1898, I think.

Mr. BROUSSARD. Do you know how many were brought in?

Major BURNHAM. I should not like to be quoted on that point. It was not a great many; I think only about 28.

Mr. IRWIN. They were brought from Siberia.

Mr. BROUSSARD. But how many were brought?

Mr. IRWIN. Twenty-eight, I think.

Major BURNHAM. You will find it all in Mr. Irwin's book.

Mr. BROUSSARD. There are quite a herd here now, I believe.

Major BURNHAM. Do not quote me on that point, please. I believe there are now something like 19,000. They have imported other herds since.

Mr. BROUSSARD. Have you ever shot pheasants in Oregon?
Major BURNHAM. Yes; I have. They are fine.

Mr. BROUSSARD. They were imported, also?

Major BURNHAM. Yes.

Mr. BROUSSARD. Do you know when they first brought them into Oregon ?

Major BURNHAM. I know that in 1885 they had been in just a very short time. At that time I saw a few of the pairs that had been turned loose in 1885 in the State of Washington, in what is now Okanogan County.

Mr. BROUSSARD. They are very plentiful there now?

Major BURNHAM. Oh, yes; they are very plentiful now.

Mr. HAWLEY. The ring-necked pheasant, as we call it, is a very fine game bird.

Major BURNHAM. Yes; a very fine, beautiful bird.

The CHAIRMAN. Are there any further questions? If not, we are very much obliged to you.

(The following article from the Independent of February 10, 1910, was, by direction of the committee, included in the record at this point as a part of Major Burnham's statement:)

TRANSPLANTING AFRICAN ANIMALS.

BY MAJ. FREDERIC RUSSELL BURNHAM.

[Major Burnham writes with exceptional authority on the possible adaptation of selections of the game of Africa to the semiarid regions of our Southwestern States and Territories. From earliest boyhood the life of this remarkable son of a Protestant missionary on the Minnesota frontier has been a drama of farranging experience and thrilling adventure, graphically sketched by Richard Harding Davis in his "Real Soldiers of Fortune." For fifteen years he roved the West from Hudson's Bay to Mexico, until he was tempted to try his fortune as a prospector on the South African gold fields in 1893. Soon after landing at Cape Town he was induced to head the scouts in the Matabele wars and the conquest of Rhodesia, and when he sought the new field of the Klondike he was recalled by a cable from Lord Roberts to become chief of scouts for the main British army in the Boer war. His daring service made him heroic in the eye of the army and people and he was signally honored by the presentation of the Distinguished Service Order by King Edward personally. After the war he headed an expedition to explore East Africa as a director of the British East African Syndicate and spent two arduous and perilous years in determining the resources of the new province and the openings for settlement. He in now closely associated with John Hays Hammond as executive head in the reclamation of a great tract in Sonora, Mexico.-Editor.]

There is in Africa a wonderfully varied range of interesting animals. Most of the desirable ones could easily be introduced into our own Southwest. They would multiply where our own domestic animals can not live. Vast tracts of our lonely deserts could be teeming with life interesting, beautiful, harmless, very useful for food and leather, displacing not a head of our cattle or other domestic stock, offering a grand hunting ground, a true pleasure land to all lovers of animal life.

Throughout all the foothill region and far south into Mexico, the bushbuck would thrive. It is mostly a browsing animal, about the size of our deer; one variety has peculiar white markings, like a harness, and it is called the harness buck; the horns are slightly spiral, measuring about 15 inches in length. Great skill is required to stalk it, and a quick, sure shot when found, or it will escape every time. Its flesh is of very fine flavor, and its hide makes one of the strongest leathers known. It is commonly used by the Boers to make forelashes on their immensely long ox whips and stage whips. Another possible importation is the oribe, a marvelously swift and graceful gazelle, weighing about 30 pounds, which ranges over the drier regions of Africa, especially in the north. The gemsbok, called the oryx in the north, is a much larger animal, which is equally adaptable to conditions in this country. Its marked characteristic is its perfect, straight, tapering black horns, that reach a length of 36 to 40 inches. The buck weighs from 200 to 250 pounds, and will fight savagely when hard pressed. It has been known to kill a lion with its dagger-like horns. The gemsbok is a true game animal, and can live out on the desert a hundred miles from water. Its eyesight is wonderfully strong, so that it is exceedingly difficult to stalk. Its meat is well flavored and its hide equal to the best calf. The gemsbok should have for a pal on our plains the speedy sesipe. I think most of the hunters of South Africa are well agreed that the sesipe is the fleetest antelope known. Some swift horses are bred in South Africa, but it is a rare one that can outfoot this game. The Posselt brothers had the only horses in Rhodesia that I ever personally saw run down a sesipe.

The springbok, that corresponds to our pronghorn, is readily bred. It is a beautifully marked antelope, and exceedingly agile. Often a whole herd in running will give a series of marvelous bounds several feet high, and, it may be, 30 feet span, apparently for sheer joy in the sport. A wagon road across the veldt will almost always tempt them to show how far they can leap. The Boers on the farms now preserve them, and have a series of great hunts every year, coming with their families and wagons and making a picnic of the chase, each farmer taking only what he needs, or what the herds can well spare, to avoid overstocking. In the hilly country the roi buck and duiker, as well as the quick darting stembok, add variety to the small game, all successfully preserved now, and adding to both the food supply and the charm of life in the African veldt.

East Africa, broadly viewed, seems designed by nature as a vast game preserve, and should be held largely with this aim in view, for the greater part of the country is of no value for settlement. The English Government, on the strong advice of its local officials, has set aside a domain that shelters everything-the elephant with its valuable ivory, even the lion. Yet these officials, almost to a man, are skilled hunters and fond of sport. But they restrict themselves, as well as others, and allow in no part of the country indiscriminate slaughter. Possibly from this preserve we may, at some future time, be allowed to bring enough specimens to start a herd in our own country. We, too, have an immense area, fully 1,500 miles long and 1,000 wide, that would hold