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wanted to carry out; but the farmer has bred without any specific purpose in his mind, not realizing that his whole salvation depended upon the wisest and most intelligent adjustment of the forces around him, in order to secure success and profit. Now, you know there is not a boy in Massachusetts who would be foolish enough to go out and hunt birds with a fox-hound, or to go out and hunt foxes with a bird-dog, or to hunt either with a bull-dog; but his daddy very likely will be hunting for a butter cow with a beef animal, and then wonder why the tariff does not do better for him than it has done. Why, my dear friends, the waste, the terrible waste of effort which has characterized American agriculture is disheartening, it is fearfully disheartening. We see it in the West worse than you do. Four years ago there was a very severe drought in Rock County, Wis., and half a million of dollars were spent in buying fodder for the cattle, sheep and horses in that county; and at the same time there was an acre of corn fodder there for every animal there was in it. And those men are saying, "Lo, here is the Christ of our agricultural salvation, over in the tariff!" and " Lo, here, in the Farmers' Alliance!" and "Lo, there! "Lo, anywhere," but in the heart and in the head. God said, "By the sweat of thy face" (it is quoted generally "brow") shalt thou eat thy bread." Now, why did he put the sweat on the brow? He did not put it on the back, he did not put it on the hand, he did not put it anywhere else except on the brow. I think he did that for the purpose of indicating to you and me that if the little machine that lies underneath the brow does not work intelligently, there will be a shortage of bread. I read this between the lines, that the sweating must be below the simple covering of the head, and it is very likely to cause an exudation over the brow.

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Now, I have been thinking on this question. I have seen, my friends, I know it is true in Massachusetts, and it is true all over the United States, I have seen the destructively low average of our dairy cattle, — destructively low in the sense of destroying our hope and our profit; and men are working upon farms on the hill-sides and in the valleys all over the country, engaged in handling cattle without an

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intelligent understanding of the animal physiologically, without knowing what a cow is, how she came to be what she is, or how to handle such a delicate piece of machinery.

You see before you in this picture of a Hereford heifer a clear illustration of an opposing temperament. This animal has been bred for hundreds of years to lay on flesh and fat. She shows, in all of the distinguishing characteristics of her outline, the peculiar form and function of an opposing temperament, and I bring her before you in order to make the contrast more sharp. This animal belongs especially to the phlegmatic or adipose temperament, and just in proportion as you enhance this power do you decrease the power of maternity. Now, what is this Holstein cow? She is the enhanced and enlarged expression of motherhood and maternity. Before motherhood and maternity let every man take off his hat! This Hereford cow is a miser. She constantly gathers to herself, and refuses to give up until she is led to the block. This Holstein cow is a benefactor. Motherhood is always a benefaction. The meaning of it is to give, and give every day. Now, the temperament of the Hereford cow is shown clearly in her form. You see her heavy shoulder, the projecting brisket, the round shoulder-blades, the heavy chine, the heavy loin, the marked outspring of the rib from the backbone. Why? In order that her loin may lie there. In the dairy cow the rib springs the other way. There would be no chance to lay the loin if it sprung that way in the Hereford; it would slip off. Therefore you see how widely varied are the forms of these animals; and when you look deeper you find they differ in their temperament, and the temperament seems to determine their function. If you meddle with that temperament at all, and endeavor to unite the temperament of the one with that of the other, so much the less will the dairy temperament enhance your profit. And this is the reason that you see to-day all over the United States this low average in dairy cattle. What has been the folly that has caused it? The universal idea among farmers of a "general-purpose" cow. "I want a cow," says one, as a general-purpose cow;" and so he breeds for a little beef, a little milk, a little this and a little that, and in the end finds himself without profit in any line; and as a

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consequence the average cow of the United States produces only one hundred and twenty-five pounds of butter a year. According to the United States census, it is less than one hundred pounds a year; but I think I am not far out of the way in putting it at one hundred and twenty-five pounds. And yet there is not a cow to-day in Massachusetts that can be kept for less than one hundred and fifty pounds of butter a year. The man who keeps such a cow is universally in

debt for her board.

Now, this Hereford cow gives you this long, straight flank, this heavy ham, Poland-China in its outline; and you will find, if you examine the make-up of this cow with the ends. of your fingers, that she is very closely knit, and that the flesh is even. Sometimes you can almost insert your fingers between the muscles of a dairy cow, and that is one of the indications by which you can judge a good cow. You cannot do anything of that kind with this Hereford heifer, because the phlegmatic temperament has caused her to form a different condition of muscle. She is bred for beef.

She is a square block, with legs attached to it. She has everything about her that indicates the beef temperament.

Now, let me call your attention to this Guernsey cow, for instance. You see how differently she is made. In the first place, you have a different form of nostril. When you get home, look at your cattle in the light of what I tell you. Take out the best cow you have got, and follow the lines I have given you. You will find that a good cow, a cow with a decidedly dairy temperament, has a large, open nostril, the same as a good race-horse, the same as a good fox-hound. In all of those three animals there is an agreeing shape in the nostril. The dairy cow must of necessity be a large breather. The milk is elaborated from the blood, and the blood is affected very largely from the lungs therefore, a good dairy cow should have large breathing apparatus. You see in this Guernsey cow the bony outline of the head; you see how bright and full the eye is. A good cow should show a very large, full eye. Why? Because a full eye is indicative of a decided tendency towards a strong expression of the nervous temperament. A good cow should also show a large development of brain, and that is seen in the length

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