Table IX gives a total of 365 colleges and universities, as against 370 for the preceding year. Seventeen institutions reported in 1883-'84 do not appear in the present table. Three of these classify themselves now in Table VI, one in Table VII, and one in Table XXII. Two colleges of Illinois, viz, Abingdon and Eureka, have united, making one strong college at the latter place.

Ten colleges and two universities not reported in 1883-'84 are in the present table; all of these are supplied with buildings, and five report productive funds varying from $1,500 to $23,000. The greater part of their students are in the preparatory department.

Of the total 365 colleges and universities, 16 report only preparatory students, 323 report collegiate students, 21 fail to report the classification of students, and 5 make no report of students; nearly all have a four-years' course.

The following totals are brought into comparison with those of 1883-'84, the latter being placed in brackets:

The increase noticeable in the totals of property, valuation, income, etc., is due in a large measure to the greater fullness with which these particulars are reported for the current year.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.

The year covered by the present Report has been characterized by great activity in all departments of college and university work, and by free and earnest discussion of important questions pertaining to the conduct and development of these institutions. Prominent among these questions is that of the separate functions of colleges and universities. Notwithstanding the interchangeable use of these terms that prevails in the United States, distinct ideas are attached to them, and the distinction is maintained in all sound discussions of the provisions for superior education.

These distinctions are best illustrated by reference to particular institutions in which they are practically embodied. Williams College, Massachusetts, may be taken as a representative college; and Michigan University, Ann Arbor, as a representative of one type of the university organization as it exists among us.

REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION.

ENGLISH: Grammar; composition; literary analy- ENGLISH: Grammar; composition; rhetoric and sis.

CURRICULUM-(catalogues of 1884-'85).

PHILOSOPHY: History of philosophy; study of VI. PHILOSOPHY: Empirical psychology, special

POLITICAL ECONOMY: Perry's text book; U.S. VIIL POLITICAL ECONOMY: Elementary course, Constitution, text and lectures.

CURRICULUM-(catalogues of 1884-'85) -continued.

Williams College-Continued.

PHYSICS: Text book and lectures.

CHEMISTRY: Text book and lectures; laboratory practice (elective).

Michigan University-Continued.

XI. PHYSICAL SCIENCES-PHYSICS: Experimental lectures, theoretical physics, problems, advanced physics laboratory work. CHEMISTRY: Laboratory methods, experimental lectures, gas analysis, kinetic theory of gases, qualitative analysis, organic chemistry, quantitative analysis, physiological chemistry, assaying ores, blowpipe analysis, original investigations, chemical technology. ASTRONOMY AND METEOROLOGY: Theoretical astronomy, modern meteorology, colestial mechanics, spherical and practical astronomy; course for time, latitude, and longitude.

XII. MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY-MINERALOGY: Short course, mineralogy and lithology. GEOL OGY: Facts and doctrines, advanced geology and palæontology, laboratory work, economic geology, geology of United States, comparative ge. ology.

XIII. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES-ZOOLOGY: Systematic zoology, study of vertebrates, of inverte brates, conchology; comparative anatomy and physiology, embryology. BOTANY: Cryptogamic botany, structural botany and microscopy, forestry. HISTOLOGY AND MICROSCOPY: Practical physiology and microscopy, animal physiology. Laboratory work throughout all the courses in biology.

XIV. DRAWING: Geometrical, mechanical, freehand, topographical, architectural, and water. color drawing.

XV. SURVEYING: Use of instruments, U. S. surveys, field work.

XVI. ENGINEERING CIVIL ENGINEERING:
Strength and resistance of materials, theory of
construction, graphical analysis of structures,
design, mechanism, machine dynamics, hydranl-
ics, stereotomy. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING:
Forging, prime movers, wood work, dynamics,
thermodynamics, machine construction and mill
work, steam engineering, pattern and foundry
work. MINING ENGINEERING: Mining.

XVII. METALLURGY: Fuel and refractory mate-
rial; metals, base and precions.
XVIII. MUSIC: Choral music, harmony, counter-
point, masterpieces of choral composition.
XIX. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Historical, material, and
intellectual bibliography.

Colleges like Williams confine their efforts chiefly to the thorough intellectual and moral preparation of young men for the studies and duties of educated manhood; their graduates in some cases remain after acquiring the degree of "bachelor of arts," to study more extensively some subject or subjects in which they wish to become thoroughly versed; such graduate students often become tutors and assistants in the teaching corps, and may become professors in the college faculty.

It is usual in such colleges to confer the degree of "master of arts" upon bachelors of three years' standing, who are pursuing further studies or who are engaged in literary or educational work, if they apply therefor; but each college confers such master's degree "in course" only upon its own baccalaureates; masterships “honoris causa" are seldom conferred by reputable colleges, except upon professional or literary men of signal merit.

These colleges have generally a prescribed course for the first two or three years, with electives for the senior, or for both junior and senior years.

The following remarks in the Williams College announcement express so exactly the general reasons for a required college curriculum, that they are quoted as the best possible oxplanation thereof:

This order of studies is so arranged that the work of freshman (first) year is given chiefly to the ancient languages and the mathematics. A close connection is thus maintained with the studies of the preparatory schools.

While the mathematics and the ancient languages form also a considerable part of the studies of the sophomore (second) year, the natural sciences are introduced and receivo much attention during the remainder of the course. In the junior (third) year political science and modern literature are introduced; and the course has its culminating interest in the required studies of the senior (fourth) year, which relate principally to man himself as a physical, intellectual, moral, and religious being. In an important sense, the required studies of the senior year are a system by themselves.

The department of literature, science, and the arts of Michigan University provides courses of study enough to fill four years or eight semesters, at the end of which successful candidates receive, according to the lines of work followed, one of the following degrees: bachelor of arts, bachelor of science (general), bachelor of philosophy, or bachelor of letters.

Five exercises a week during a semester, whether in reading and explanations, laboratory work, or lectures, constitute a full course of study; before presenting himself for a degree the candidate must have accomplished the following amount of work:

The four degrees last mentioned are preceded by courses of study which might be called of a polytechnic, rather than of a university character.

All candidates for baccalaureates in arts, general science, philosophy, or letters, must pursue the prescribed studies during the first college year to the following extent each week:

In other words, the first-year students must complete three and one-fifth full courses in each semester.

During the second year of collegiate attendance, the department of literature, science, and the arts requires the following studies, if not done as elective work in the first year:

Either Greek and Latin, or Greek and mathematics, or Latin and mathematics, or Latin, Greek, and mathematics; mathematics, Latin, and Greek, respectively, being dropped in the first three cases, and the studies pursued being continued as "major" or "minor" studies in the third and fourth years of collegiate study.

The third and fourth years of the collegiate curriculum are occupied by elective studies, it being understood that candidates shall follow to some extent the courses which give names to the degrees conferred in this department.

The university offers advanced instruction in all the following subjects in this department: Classical languages and literature; mathematics; modern languages and literatures; English and English literature; history; philosophy; pedagogics; political economy; sanitary science; international law; physical science; mineralogy and geology; biological science; drawing; surveying; engineering; metallurgy; bibliography; forestry; ethics. In addition to the department of science, literature, and the arts, the university includes a department of medicine and surgery, a department of law, a school of pharmacy, a homœopathic medical college, and a college of dental surgery, each having a faculty of instruction charged with its special management. "The university senaté is composed of all the faculties, and considers questions of common interest and importance to them all."

The libraries of the university are as follows (in 1884): (A) The general library, 42,364 volumes and 9,406 pamphlets; (B) the medical library, 2,636 volumes, 614 pamphlets, and files of 35 medical journals; (C) the law library, 4,500 volumes, etc.,

etc.

The museums of the university include nine collections, viz: (A) Fine arts and history; (B) zoology, archæology, and ethnology: (C) mineralogy; (D) geology; (E) botany; (F) applied chemistry; (G) medicine and surgery; (H) homœopathic medicine; (I) dental surgery.

The university has physical, chemical, geological, zoological, botanical, microscopical, histological, mechanical, physiological, and dental laboratories, all furnished with recent and abundant instruments, etc. The medical faculties are in charge of two hospitals, and there is a fine astronomical observatory, with a smaller one for use in instruction.

The University of Michigan, like many others, confers no degrees on ordinary graduates honoris causa. Master's degrees in arts, science, philosophy, and letters, and doctorates in philosophy, science, and letters, are conferred on bachelors who prosecute liberal studies in those several subjects after graduating as bachelors. Professional studies cannot be undertaken without passing preliminary examinations, and degrees in law, medicine, and pharmacy cannot be obtained until a final examination is passed.

MOVEMENTS IN CERTAIN COLLEGES.

Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Princeton may be regarded as in the stage of transformation from the college to the university.

The first two are now generally designated as universities, except in such legal instruments as require the corporate name for their validity. The president of Princeton said recently: "I have hitherto discouraged all proposals to make Princeton College a university. I am of opinion, however, that the time has now come for considering the question." In his report for 1882, President Barnard, of Columbia College, after calling attention to the great expansion of the college in twenty-five years, adds: "The college has thus taken on the functions and assumed the aspect of a university." Prominent among the measures by which this transformation has been furthered is the substitution of electives for a uniform course of prescribed study. As stated in my last Report, Harvard was the first, and so far is the only one of the four, to extend this system to the entire undergraduate department. In the president's report for 1884-'85, it is announced that "with the change in the work of the freshman year the reason for the rule restricting the preliminary examination to prescribed subjects disappeared, and the faculty accordingly voted to allow a candidate to present himself in any subject, prescribed or elective."