CHAPTER XLIV. EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE. References to preceding Reports of the United States Burcan of Education, in which this subject has been treated: In Annual Reports-1870, pp. 61, 337-339; 1871, pp. 6, 7, 61-70; 1872, pp. xvii, xviii; 1873, p. lxvi; 1875, p. xxiii; 1876, p. xvi; 1877, pp. xxxiii-xxxviii; 1878, pp. xxviii-xxxiv; 1879, pp. xxxix-xlv; 1880, p. lviii; 1881, p. lxxxii; 1882–83, pp. liv, xlviii-lvi, xlix, 85; 1883-84, p. liv; 1881-85, p. lxvii; 1885-86, pp. 596, 650-656; 1886-87, pp. 790, 874-881; 1887-88, pp. 20, 21, 167, 169, 988-998; 1888-89, pp. 768, 1412-1439; 1889-90, pp. 620, 621, 624, 634, 1073-1102, 1388-1392, 1395-1485; 1890-91, pp. 620, 624, 792, 808, 915, 961-980,, 1469; 1891-92, pp. 8, 686, 688, 713, 861-867, 1002, 1234-1237; 1892-93, pp. 15, 442, 1551-1572, 1976; 1893-91, pp. 1019-1061; 1894-95, pp. 1331–1424; 1895-96, pp. 2081-2115; also in Circulars of Information-No. 3, 1883, p. 63; No. 2, 1886, pp. 128-133; No. 3, 1888, p. 122; No. 5, 1888, pp. 53, 54, 59, 60, 80-86; No. 1, 1892, p. 71. Special Report on District of Columbia for 1869, pp. 193, 300, 301-400. Special report, New Orleans Exposition, 1884-85, pp. 468–470, 775–781. The total enrollment in the public schools of the 16 Southern States and the District of Columbia for the year 1896-97 was 5,398,076, the number of colored children being 1,460,084 and the number of white children 3,937,992. The estimated number of children in the South from 5 to 18 years of age was 8,625,770. Of this number 2,816,340, or 32.65 per cent, were children of the negro race, and 5,809,430, or 67.35 per cent, were white children. By reference to Table 1 on page 2297 it will be seen that the number of colored children enrolled was 51.84 per cent of the colored school population, and the number of white children enrolled was 67.79 per cent of the white school population. The average daily attendance in the public schools of the Southern States was 3,565,611, the number in the colored schools being 904,505, or 61.95 per cent of the colored school enrollment, and the number in average attendance in the white schools being 2,661,106, or 67.58 per cent, of the white school enrollment. It may be noted that in Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina the colored school population exceeds the white school population. In Kentucky the number of colored children enrolled was 65.52 per cent of the colored school population, a percentage of enrollment for the colored schools greater than in any other State, and larger than the percentage of white enrollment in at least six of the Southern States. In the colored schools of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and South Carolina the average daily attendance was a greater percentage of their enrollment than was credited to the white schools of the same States upon their enrollment. Of the 119,893 public school teachers in the Southern States, 27,435 belong to the colored race. There was one colored teacher to every 33 colored children in average attendance, and one white teacher to every 29 white children in average attendance. For the year 1896-97 the total expenditure for the public schools of the 16 Southern States and the District of Columbia was $31,144,801. The cost of the schools for the colored race can not be accurately stated, but a fair estimate would place the cost of the colored schools at about $6,575,000. This is something over 20 per cent of the aggregate expenditure for the Southern States, while the average attendance of colored children was about 26 per cent of the entire average attendance of white and colored pupils. Since 1870 the amount of money expended for public schools in the South has reached $514,922,268. It is believed that about $100,000,000 of this sum must have been expended for the education of the colored children. The total expenditure for each year, and the aggregate for the twenty-seven years, as well as the common school enrollment of white and of colored children for each year since 1876 are shown in Table 2 on the next page. SECONDARY AND HIGHER EDUCATION. There are at least 178 schools in the United States for the secondary and higher education of colored youth exclusively. For the year 1896-97 only 169 of these schools reported to this office. Of this number 1 was in Illinois, 2 in Indiana, 1 in New Jersey, 2 in Ohio, and 3 in Pennsylvania, the remaining 160 being in the Southern States. These schools are all to be found classified according to their grades in the lists of universities and colleges, normal schools, and public and private secondary schools in other chapters of this annual report, but more complete statistics are given for each of these schools in detail in Tables 9 and 10 of this chapter, and summarized in Tables 3 to 8. Table 3 shows that in the 169 schools there were employed 1,795 professors and teachers, 787 males and 1,008 females. There was a total enrollment in these schools of 45,402 students, 20,243 males and 25,159 females, an increase of 5,275 over the enrollment of the previous year. In collegiate grades there were 2, 108 students, 1,526 males and 582 females, an increase of 653 over the previous year. In the secondary grades there were 15,203 students, 6,944 males and 8,259 females, an increase of 1,640 over the year before. In the elementary grades of these secondary and collegiate institutions there were 28,091 pupils, 11,773 males and 16,318 females, an increase of 2,999 over the year 1895-96. The classification of students according to courses of study is given in Table 4 and part of Table 5. In all the colored schools there were 2,410 students pursuing the classical course, 1,312 males and 1,098 females. There were 974 students in scientific courses, 447 males and 527 females. In English courses there were 11,340 students, 4,667 males and 6,673 females. The business courses had 295 students, 179 males and 116 females. Table 5 shows that there were 5,081 students in normal or teachers' training courses, 2,382 males and 2,699 females. Table 5 shows that there were 117 graduates from college courses, 103 males and 14 females. There were 1,256 graduates from normal courses, 537 males and 719 females. The high school courses had 846 graduates, 333 males and 513 females. The number of students pursuing professional courses and the number of graduates from such courses are given in Table 6. In all there were 1,311 professional students, 1,137 males and 174 females. There were 611 students and 68 graduates in theology, 104 students and 30 graduates in law, 345 students and 71 graduates in medicine, 38 students and 10 graduates in dentistry, 39 students and 20 graduates in pharmacy, and 174 students and 35 graduates in nurse training. Table 7 shows that in the 169 schools for the colored race there were 13,581 pupils and students receiving industrial training, 4,970 males and 8,611 females. The number in industrial training was almost 40 per cent of the total enrollment in these schools. There were 1,027 of these pupils being trained in farm and garden work, 1,496 in carpentry, 166 in bricklaying, 144 in plastering, 149 in painting, 85 in tin and sheet metal work, 227 in forging, 248 in machine-shop work, 185 in shoemaking, 68) in printing, 6,728 in sewing, 2,349 in cooking, and 2,753 in other trades. The financial summary of the 169 colored schools is given in Table 8. In the libraries of these schools there were 224,794 volumes, valued at $203,731. The aggregate value of grounds, buildings, furniture, and scientific apparatus was $7,714,958. The value of benefactions or bequests received during the year 1896-97 was $303,050. The schools received from public funds for support for the year $271,839, from tuition fees $141,262, from productive funds $92,080, and from sources not named $510,097, making an aggregate income of $1,045,278 for the year. TABLE 1.-Common school statistics, classified by race, 1896-97. Estimated number TABLE 2.-Sixteen former slave States and the District of Columbia. State. TABLE 3.-Teachers and students in institutions for the colored race in 1896–97. Total... 51 261 1,856 2,581 4, 437 200 191 391 395 293 658 17 1, 626 1,797 3, 423 372 2,535 3,052 5,587 115 1,001 1,477 2, 478 87 1,976 2, 688 4,664 178 216 394 169 787 1, 008 1, 795 11, 773 16, 318 28, 091 6, 944 8, 259 15, 203 1, 526 582 2, 108 20, 243 25, 159 45, 402 TABLE 4.-Classification of colored students, by courses of study, 1896–97. Students in classical courses. Students in sci- Students in Students in business courses. 17 16 33 0 0 0 28 23 672 860 1,532 201 60 82 97 179 47 15 62 48 Total. |