The department of the Seine, which is occupied by Paris and its environs, reported in 1891-92 for public schools only 0.2 per cent of the pupils enrolled in mixed schools and for private schools 9.2 per cent. In secondary schools, public and private, separate education is the universal rule. Germany.-Separate education is the preferred policy in the German States, but is not practicable in the rural primary schools. According to statistics of 1891, in Prussia two-thirds of the children in the common schools were in mixed classes, but in the cities the proportion was only three-tenths. In Saxony only the two lowest classes are mixed, so that separation occurs generally at the tenth year of age-always by the twelfth. Other continental countries.- Similar conditions prevail in the remaining countries of Europe, the tendency toward separation being most strongly marked in the Catholic countries. In Italy the law calls for separate schools for boys and girls, and if they attend at the same building it must be in separate departments, each provided with its own entrance door. The lowest classes, however, may be, and often are, mixed. In Norway, and to a less extent in Denmark, girls are securing admission to secondary schools formerly reserved for boys. The South American republics follow the precedent of the Latin States of Europe. Brazil, like Italy, requires separate schools for the two sexes. In 1888 the experiment of admitting boys and girls to the same class rooms was made in a few schools, but they were seated in different rooms outside of recitation hours. Coeducation in the universities of Europe.-The adverse vote of the senate of Cambridge University upon the proposition to admit women to the university degrees fixes for the present the status of women with respect to the two great English universities. The vote which was taken May 21, 1897, stood 1,707 against to 661 for the resolution. The university colleges established in England since 1868 are open to men and women. By the universities act" of 1889 the Scotch universities were authorized to open their doors to women. Edinburgh admits them to the classes with men. Glasgow has affiliated Queen Margaret College for women, and more recently (1895) opened all lectures in the faculty of arts to women. The University College of Dundee, affiliated to St. Andrews, is coeducational. In France women have never been legally deprived of university privileges, and since 1863, when the first woman was enrolled in the Paris faculties, the number of women matriculates has been gradually increasing. Women have recently been admitted to courses in the universities of Germany, Austria, and Hungary, special authorization being required in each individual case. The University of Athens was opened to women in 1890. COMPULSORY SCHOOL LAWS. United States.-Twenty-nine States and two Territories have passed compulsory school laws defining the ages to which the law shall apply, the annual term of school attendance, and the penalty imposed upon parents or guardians for violation of the law. These requirements are summarized in the following table: Maine State. Compulsory education requirements in the United States. New Hampshire.. Vermont. Massachusetts.. Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania............. District of Columbia. 12 weeks; 6 consecutive. 7-13 12 weeks. Penalty on parents or guardians. Fine, $25 (maximum). Each offense, $10 (maximum). Each offense, forfeit not exceed- Each offense, fine $20 (maximum). For each week's neglect, fine $5 (maximum). First offense, fine $5 (maximum); Each offense, $10 to $25 or impris mum). Fine, $20 (maximum). Fine, $5 to $20 (first offense); $10 to $10 to $50; aiso, if court so orders, imprisonment 2 to 90 days. Fine, $3 to $20. First offense, $5 to $10; each subsequent offense, $10 (minimum). Fine, $3 to $20. First offense, $10 to $25; each sub- First offense, $5 to $20; each sub- Each offense, $10 to $50. 12 weeks; 6 consecutive... First offense, fine $5 to $10; each ...do 12 weeks 8-14 12 weeks; 8 consecutive. 8-14 16 weeks; 10 consecutive.. Nevada Idaho Washington 8-15 12 weeks. 12 weeks; 8 consecutive... 8-14 Two-thirds of school subsequent offense, $10 to $20. Each offense, $5 to $20 or 30 days' imprisonment. Each offense, $25 (maximum). Fine. $1 to $25, or imprisonment for First offense, $5 to $25; subsequent First offense. $20; each subsequent offense, $20 to $50. a To 16 if unemployed in labor. b The law applies to youths 12 to 16 years of age if discharged from employment in order to receive instruction. Compulsory education in foreign countries. Country. Age. Austria Bavaria.. Belgium England 6-14 a 6-14 Attendance required. Until scholar has a c- ..do..... No compulsory law 5-13 No compulsory law. Penalty. Fine $3.50 (maximum) or impris onment up to 2 days. Fine $11 (maximum) or 8 days' imprisonment. First and second offenses, warning: subsequent, fine, $3 (maximum) and imprisonment 5 days. Determined by local by-laws. Fine $5 or imprisonment 14 days. 66-12 8 months, country; 10 Fine from 35 cents to $1.50. 6-14 months, town. No fixed rule 12 weeks per annum 8 years, or until element- d7-15 Same as Austria.. Scotland Holland. Hungary Italy 6-9 Norway (c) Prussia Saxony Sweden Geneva Neufchatel Tessin (Switzerland). 6-14 Vaud (Switzerland). Wurtemberg British Columbia. 7-14 34 weeks 6-15 7-16 4 days a week, 6 hours a After 13 years of age, 10 28 hours a week for 6 to 9 6-16 Every day; penalties for New Zealand. Nova Scotia 7-12 Ontario 7-13 100 days a year Each offense, 10 cents to $2. Each offense 70 cents (maximum), Do. Fine 38 cents (minim m) or im- Fines or imprisonment. Fine or imprisonment. Fine $10 (maximum). Fine $2. $1 per month for each of the children not attending a school. Fine. Fine $5 to $25, or imprisonment 7 c From 8 until confirmation; in town from 7 until confirmation. d Special dispensation after 7 years' attendance and 1 year's prolongation for ignorance. e Compulsion not yet enforced. TEMPERANCE INSTRUCTION. Legislative provisions relating to scientific temperance instruction in the various States. EXPLANATION OF MARKS. The cross signifies that scientific temperance is a mandatory study in public schools. The star signifies that this is a mandatory study, and that a penalty is attached to the enforcing clause of this statute in the State or Territory to which it is affixed. The dagger signifies that the study is not only mandatory but is required of all pupils in all schools. The double dagger signifies that the study is required of all pupils in all schools, and is to be pursued with text-books in the hands of pupils able to read. The parallel indicates that the study is to be taught in the same manner and as thoroughly as other required branches. The section indicates that text-books on this topic used in primary and intermediate schools must give one-fourth or one-fifth their space to temperance matter, and those used in high schools not less than 20 pages. The paragraph indicates that no teacher who has not passed a satisfactory examination in this subject is granted a certificate or authorized to teach. a The alpha indicates that text-books on this topic shall give full and adequate space to the temperance matter. 8 The beta signifies that a definite number of lessons for each school year has been made compulsory. The letter a indicates assent or "yes," referring to the conditions signified by the character at the head of the column. WOMEN IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION. There are at present 2 women holding the position of State superintendent of schools, 12 that of city superintendent, 228 that of county superintendent. The status of women in respect to directive influence in school affairs is tersely summarized as follows: Women may hold any school office in Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania,1 South Dakota, and Wyoming. Women may be county superintendents in Kentucky (if holding a State teacher's diploma), Montana (district offices also), Tennessee, and Wisconsin (city, town, and district offices also). Women may be commissioners and school district officers in New York. Women may be local town or district officers in Arizona, California, Colorado, Iowa (where a woman must be a member of the State educational board of examiners), Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, New Jersey, Ohio, and Vermont. Women have like suffrage with men in Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming. They may vote (1) on general school questions in Minnesota (at any election or at any district meeting), in North Dakota, and South Dakota; (2) on local school questions in Arizona, Iowa (on issue of bonds or increase of tax levy), Kansas, Kentucky (if widowed parents or guardians or spinster guardians of school children), Michigan, Nebraska, New York (if parents and taxpayers), Montana (at district elections), New Hampshire, New Jersey (restricted from voting for members of boards of education), Ohio (for members of boards), Oregon (widows with children to educate and taxpayers), Vermont (on all questions pertaining to schools), Washington (for directors), and Wisconsin. WOMEN STATE SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. Colorado, Miss Grace E. Patton, Denver. WOMEN CITY SUPERINTENDENTS, 1896–97. Leavenworth, Kans., Miss Mamie E. Dolphin. Brewer, Me., Mrs. Mertie M. Custis. Orange, Mass., Lizzie A. Mason. Marquette, Mich., Anna M. Chandler. Logan, Utah, Jennie D. Hubbard. Brattleboro, Vt., Miss M. Belle Smith. Appleton, Wis., Carrie E. Morgan. Depere (East Side), Wis., Violet M. Alden. |
