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MEDICINE-continued.

NEW JERSEY: Foreign diplomas must confer the right to practice all the branches of medicine and surgery in the country in which they are issued, and must be certified to by a consular official of that country.

NEW MEXICO: We license applicants on diplomas; require examination of applicants from foreign countries, partly because we can not easily be well informed as to the standing of their schools, and partly because of discrimi nation against American physicians in foreign countries.

NEVADA: No person shall practice medicine or surgery in this State who has not received a medical education and a diploma from some regularly chartered medical school, said school to have a bona fide existence at the time when said diploma was granted. NEW YORK: No distinction is made between applicants who hold a diploma from a medical institution incorporated under New York State laws or the laws of another State of the Union or from a foreign school of medicine. The diploma must be from a medical school registered as maintaining at the time a satisfactory standard.

NORTH CAROLINA: No attention is paid to di ploma.

OHIO: No distinction for recognized medical colleges located in the United States. Foreign graduates are required to furnish evidence of graduation through the United States consul.

OKLAHOMA: No distinction is made between diplomas from schools in the United States and those from schools in foreign countries, if the school is in good standing.

OREGON: No attention paid to college diplomas..

PENNSYLVANIA: All applicants for license must pass a State board examination. (New Jersey | is the only (?) State from which certificates are accepted in lieu of examination.)

RHODE ISLAND: No foreign diplomas accepted. Full examination on eleven branches of medi cine required. Fec, $10.

SOUTH CAROLINA: The law says applicant must present a diploma from some school or medical college authorized by law to grant same.

Licentiates of the State boards of medical examiners of New York and Pennsylvania alone are indorsed by this board without examination. Licentiates of other States and foreign coun tries must pass our examination. Foreigners must (1) present evidences of good preliminary education and (2) a high grade of medical education, to be determined by exami nation by the board.

Every physician or surgeon when about to take up his residence in this State shall file with the county recorder a copy of his diploma and shall be identified by two citizens as the person named therein or shall swear to the fact himself. Applicants examined and licensed by other State examining boards registered by the agents as . maintaining standards not lower than those provided by New York State laws, and evidence that the applicant has received the degree of bachelor or doctor of medicine from some regis tered medical school or a diploma or license conferring full right to practice medicine in some foreign country, with evidence of five or more years of reputable practice of medicine, may, without further examination, en payment of $10 to the regents of the University of the State of New York, and on submitting such evidence as they may require, receive from them an indorsement conferring all rights and privileges of a regent's license issued after examination.

The same requirement as from anyone. No recognition of diplomas or licenses from other boards.

All physicians are required to present their diplomas before a certificate is granted. Other State licenses [i. e., granted by the State of Massachusetts or Delaware, for instance, to a non graduate of a medical college] are not accepted.

Certificates from other States or countries have no value when their holders desire to qualify in this Territory.

Stand an examination before the State medical board.

Must pass State board examination (New Jersey excepted).

Same as if not possessed of such certificate. Certificates of other States not accepted.

Must hold a certificate from Stato [South Carolina ?] medical examining board and then register with clerk of county court. "None but graduates are entitled to examination," and it is understood that none but those who have passed an examination are given a certificate.]

SOUTH DAKOTA: None

MEDICINE-continued.

TENNESSEE: Our law pays no attention to diplo mas, but requires all applicants to stand an examination.

TEXAS: No distinction made between applicants who hold a diploma from first-class medical schools either at home or abroad.

UTAH: No distinction so long as school is repu table.

VERMONT: No distinction is made, provided the diploma is from a reputable and recognized school.

WASHINGTON: The State medical examining board does not regard a diploma of any State as sufficient to entitle holder of samo to practice in the State, but will consider such diploma in connection with the examination of the holder of same for a license.

WEST VIRGINIA: Applicants for certificate to practice medicine in this State must pass a satisfactory examination by the State board of health. Diplomas [of schools] or certificates from the boards of other States are not recog nized.

WISCONSIN: No distinction....

WYOMING: No distinction. But institution must be reputable and regularly chartered at time diploma was granted.

! Must possess a diploma of a college having three full courses of lectures of six months each, no two full courses to be taken during the same

year.

All are examined regardless of license from other States or countries.

To practice legally in Texas the applicant must obtain a certificate from an examining board. [But it appears that the courts hold a diploma to be equal to a certificate and the possessor can force a certificate from board. ]

Every applicant must present diploma and pass an examination before the State examining board. They must secure a license from a board of censors, who are required to furnish a license to those holding a diploma of a recognized college. Have to stand a regular examination before the State medical examining board.

All required to pass examination.

Presentation of a diploma of an institution hav ing three courses of not less than six months each; after 1904, four courses of six months or more cach.

Must have diploma and must file a copy of same or a certificate from dean of medical school at which holder graduated.

LAW.

Concurrently with the letters addressed to the medical authorities of the several States as noted under medicine, others were addressed to the attorney-general, containing among others these inquiries:

Is a diploma of an institution incorporated under the laws of your own State or of another State of the Union considered in granting admis. sion to the bar!

The answers are:

ALABAMA: Yes; [but only a] 'diploma from the University of Alabama.

ARKANSAS: No.

ARIZONA: Yes; a diploma granted by any regularly chartered school of law will admit holder.

Would a thorough knowledge of the civil law and the law of one of the continental countries of Europe (as certified to by a diploma of a reputa ble foreign university) be of assistance to an applicant for admission to the bar in your State? The answers are:

Only to the extent of aiding the applicant to answer questions propounded to him. [Members of the bar of such States as permit Alabama lawyers on motion are likewise admitted in Alabama on motion of attorney-general. Citizenship required.]

No. [No member of the bar of another State admitted except through examination. Applicant must be a citizen of the State.] Yes; a thorough knowledge of the civil law and one of the continental countries of Europe will be sufficient to grant license if the moral standing of applicant be proven.

LAW-continued.

CALIFORNIA: Yes; not as a diploma, but as testifying to what and how long he has been studying; but an examination is required after a diploma has been filed.

COLORADO: Yes..

DELAWARE: It is; but is optional. [A practicing lawyer of three years' standing admitted without examination by courtesy if a resident of the State.]

CONNECTICUT: Yes; as satisfying the requisites preliminary to an examination by a committee of fifteen.

FLORIDA: NO: only so far as it will impress the examining committee or presiding judge.

GEORGIA: Diplomas of certain law schools in this State will entitle holders thereof to a license.

IDAHO: In the district courts, yes; but in the supreme court applicant must present license from supreme court of a sister State or undergo examination.

ILLINOIS: Yes; holder will be granted a license

if diploma be granted by a school incorporated under the laws of the State, and having a two years' course of thirty-six weeks each year.

INDIANA: Not necessary. (See next column.)

IOWA: Yes; if from law department of State University.

LOUISIANA: Yes; as law of 1877 requires two years of study in law.

MAINE: No. It has no legal effect, but would doubtless have weight with the examining committec.

MARYLAND: A diploma from the law schools of our own State admits without examination.

No answer. [Every citizen of the United States or person resident in this State who has bona fide declared his intention to become a citizen in the manner required by law, who has been admitted to practice law in the highest court of a sister State or of a foreign country where the common law of England constitutes the basis of jurisprudence, may be admitted to practice in the courts of this State upon the production of his or her license and satisfactory evidence of good moral character; but the court may examine applicant as to his or her qualifications.]

Yes.

Would be evidence of qualification, but an examination would be made.

No response.

[Applicants from other States must be citizens of the United States and must pass examination, though already admitted to the bar of their own State.]

No response. [Admission to practice in the Federal circuit courts or in the supreme court of another State is a license to practice.] Would be of considerable assistance, but the ap plicant would have to stand examination. [Citizenship and examination required except in case of States and countries allowing Georgians same courtesy as to nonresidence and recognition of license.]

No. [Member from another State admitted on license.]

No. [Holders of licenses from other States having a standard as high as that of Illinois admitted on motion; must be a citizen of State, unless same courtesy of noncitizenship and acceptance of license is accorded by State or Territory whence applicant comes.]

Every person of good moral character, being a voter, shall be entitled to admission to practice law in all courts of justice. (Constitution, Art. VII, sec. 21.)

It would, but a knowledge of the laws of the State would be required. [Attorneys of highest court of another State are admitted on motion.] Yes; of material assistance, as he must be proficient in the Institutes of Jushman, Domat's Civil Law, and Pothier on Obligations. [Must be a citizen, etc., but the supreme court will relax rules at discretion.]

Not directly. [Attorneys of other States admitted on motion.]

It would not in itself. [Admission a mere matter of reciprocity.]

LAW-Coutinned.

MASSACHUSETTS: All candidates, whether grad nates of a law school or not, are required to pass an examination. As a matter of practice, the examiners are accustomed to ask the preliminary question whether the applicant is a graduate of any law school, and that fact is treated by them as of some weight.

MICHIGAN: Graduates of the University of Michigan law department.

MINNESOTA: Yes; as a prerequisite to admission to an examination.

MISSOURI: Yes; the diplomas of the three law schools in this State.

MONTANA: Yes; as a prerequisite for examination.

NEBRASKA: Yes; of the college of law of the State University.

NEW JERSEY: No; not by the letter of the law...

NEW MEXICO: Examination required........

NEVADA: NO

NEW YORK: Yes; as one of the papers to be filed in making application for admission to bar. NORTH CAROLINA: Probably yes; as testifying to at least one year of study of law. NORTH DAKOTA: Only so far as it shows that two years have been spent in the study of law.

Онг: No.......

OKLAHOMA: No; not yet.

PENNSYLVANIA: Yes, to a certain extent. It seldom obviates the necessity of a formal examination.

I can not say that knowledge of the civil law would be regarded as of any weight with the examiners. I am quite sure [our correspondent is an experienced examiner] that no questions of civil law, except as it is incorporated in the common law, are ever put. Members of the bar of another State file petition, which is referred to bar examiners, but unless there is suspicion of callowness the petition is granted without examination of the petitioner. No response. [In general, residents of other States are admitted to bar on motion.] No response. [An attorney of other States, of five years' standing may be admitted on motion.] Only as a recommendation; no legal weight or effect. [Member of the bar of another State is examined same as a student applying who is not a graduate of three law schools. Actual resi dence required.]

No response; but attorneys who declare their purpose to become citizens of the State and who have been admitted to practice in the courts of another State or a country where the common law of England is the basis of jurisprudence is admitted to practice on motion. No response; but must pass an examination of the principles of the comunon law. But attorneys in the courts of record of another State or of a Territory having business in the courts of Nebraska may be admitted on motion. No response. [Any counselor at law from any other of the United States, of good standing there, having a case in New Jersey, may be admitted pro hac vice to speak in that case.] No response. [Production of a certificate from a judge of the highest court of original jurisdiction in another State or Territory that they have practiced law.}

No. [Foreigners who have been admitted to practice law in the higher courts of their own country may be admitted on motion.]

Yes. [Citizenship is required in all cases.]

A thorough knowledge of the civil law would be of great assistance to an applicant. Only as it would enable applicant to pass oral examination in open court. [Residence in State required.]

Only in a general way. [Five years of practice in the courts of one of the United States may be admitted.]

Its only value would be the secondary effect attributable to a knowledge of such principles as a basis for the understanding of our own laws. [Authenticated certificate that applicant is member of the bar in a foreign country will admit.]

In my opinion probably little; it would depend entirely on the feeling of the examining committee and rules of [county] court. [Citizenship required. Admission of members of bar of other States or countries dependent on county court rules.]

LAW-continued.

SOUTH CAROLINA: Yes; law school of State University.

SOUTH DAKOTA: No....

TENNESSEE: Yes, if given by a school within the
State.

TEXAS: Yes, if given by the law department of
the University of Texas.

UTAH: No

VERMONT: Yes, as showing study of law for a part of the three years of study with an attorney.

VIRGINIA: Yes

WASHINGTON: No..

WEST VIRGINIA: Yes, if given by the law department of the University of West Virginia. But in case of other law schools the diploma must be an actual admission to the bar; otherwise it is not considered.

WISCONSIN: Yes, if given by law department of the University of Wisconsin; but none other.

[blocks in formation]

Yes. [Virginia seems to be courteous in the matter of extending opportunity to the members of the bar of sister States or of a foreign country.]

The knowledge would be of assistance, but a certificate from a foreign State would not be considered; from a sister State it would if given by a court of last resort.

No, except so far as it would assist applicant during his examination. [Members of bar of other States admitted on motion, but law makes no provision for foreign cases.

It might be of assistance in influencing the State board favorably. [Members of the bar of sister States and the Territories are admitted to Wis consin courts, but the statute is silent upon the admission of members of the bar of a for

eign land. Nevertheless, "by courtesy residents of foreign lands have been permitted to appear and take part in the proceedings in the State courts when represented, also, by a mem ber of the bar of Wisconsin; and it is probable that upon presentation of the certificate of admission to the bar of the bar of the courts of foreign countries to the board of examiners that the board would issue the certificate which is required to be issued by them, upon satisfactory evidence that the applicant is entitled to practice and without much examination."] (Letter of Attorney-General Mylrea.)

NOTE A.

In America the university is a corporation, governed by a board of trustees who elect a president and appoint professors. There is, in brief, a business body accountable either to the State, to a religious or other society, or to no one except it be to a somewhat vague body called the alumni. In France all this is different. The State grants diplomas as the United States grants patents, and a French diploma has the same value as an American patent, that is to say, it is protected by law. This is the foundation of the Université de France. It was the State regulating higher instruction. Thus all that was neces sary was an examining board at convenient places and these were called faculties. But the faculties soon became schools and in French terminology a faculty of science and a school of science, for example, are perfectly convertible terms. Thus each school in France became a part of the huge machine operated from Paris. In 1883 M. Jules Simon, the minister of public instruction, and others began to look for

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