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most southerly Lenape tribes, who were in possession of the low country along the seashores, and those of Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. Towards the south and the west they extended beyond the river Neuse. They appear to have been known in Virginia, in early times, under the name of Monacans, as far north as James River.

A powerful chief of the Chowans is mentioned in the accounts of the first attempts to establish a colony on Roanoke Island and its vicinity. Lawson, in his account of the North Carolina Indians, enumerates the Chowans, the Meherrins, and the Nottoways, as having together ninety-five warriors in the year 1708. But the Meherrins or Tuteloes and the Nottoways inhabited respectively the two rivers of that name, and were principally seated in Virginia. We have but indistinct notices of the Tuteloes. It has been seen that they had migrated to the north and joined the Six Nations, who brought them forward, in 1758, as one of the younger members of the confederacy. Evans, in the Analysis of his Map, says that the Six Nations had allotted lands on the Susquehanna to several tribes, amongst which he enumerates the Tuteloes from Meherrin River in Virginia; and he further states, that they (the Six Nations) laid no claim to the country of the Tuscaroras who had been driven away, but were not so well satisfied as to the lands of the Tuteloes and Meherrins, whom they had received under their protection. We have no vocabulary of that tribe, and no knowledge that they still exist under that

name.

It appears by Beverly, that the Nottoways had preserved their independence and their numbers later than the Powhatans, and that, at the end of the seventeenth century, they had still one hundred and thirty warriors. They do not appear to have migrated from their original seats in a body. In the year 1820, they are said to have been reduced to twenty-seven souls, and were still in possession of seven thousand acres in Southampton county, Virginia, which had been, at an early date, reserved to them. J. Wood obtained in that year a vocabulary of their language from Edie Turner, who was called their Queen. It was transmitted by Mr. Jefferson to Mr. Duponceau, who immediately recognised it as an Iroquois dialect. They had till then been supposed to be one of the Powhatan tribes of the Lenape stock. Another vocabulary has been obtained by the Hon. James Tresevant, which corresponds with that of

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Wood, and from which we learn that the true name of that tribe is Cherohakah.

on the

The Tuscaroras were by far the most powerful nation in North Carolina, and occupied all the residue of the territory in that colony, which has been described as inhabited by Iroquois tribes. Their principal seats in 1708, were Neuse and the Taw or Tar rivers, and, according to Lawson, they had twelve hundred warriors in fifteen towns. The Albemarle district in North Carolina had at that time been settled more than fifty years; and, although some collisions had occurred, no serious conflict had till then taken place between the white emigrants and the weaker Indian tribes, bordering on the sounds and seated near the mouths of the rivers. The settlements did not extend far inland towards the Tuscaroras; and an accession of German emigrants seems to have been the immediate cause of what that nation considered as an encroachment. Lawson, who was Surveyor General of the Colony, was the first victim of their resentment. Having taken and murdered him, they thought they had proceeded too far to retreat, and, falling unexpectedly on the inhabitants, massacred one hundred and thirty in one day. (September, 1711.) They were joined by several small adjacent tribes, which appear to have inhabited the low country between the Neuse and Cape Fear rivers, the principal of which is called Corees or Coramines. The colony was still very weak and was thrown into great alarm. The government of South Carolina sent to their assistance Colonel Barnwell with six hundred militia and about six hundred friendly Indians.* He killed or took near three hundred hostile Indians, principally of the smaller tribes, surrounded six hundred Tuscaroras, and made with them a peace which they soon broke. In the autumn of 1712, all the inhabitants south and southwest of Chowan River were obliged to live in forts; and the Tuscaroras expected assistance from the Five Nations. This could not have been given, without involving the confederacy in a war with Great Britain; and the Tuscaroras were left to their own resources. A force,

* Two hundred and eighteen Cherokees, seventy-nine Creeks, fortyone Catawbas, twenty-eight Yamassees. Hewatt's Account of South Carolina. The Indians sent the following year, under Colonel Moore, are called Ashley Indians by Dr. Williamson.

Letter of Governor Pollock to the Proprietors, of September, 1712. Williamson's History of North Carolina.

consisting chiefly of southern Indians under the command of Colonel Moore, was again sent by the government of South Carolina to assist the northern colony. He besieged and took a fort of the Tuscaroras, called Narahuke, near the Cotechney, between the Taw and Neuse rivers, (March, 1713.) Of eight hundred prisoners, six hundred were given up to the Southern Indians, who carried them to South Carolina to sell them as slaves. The eastern Tuscaroras, whose principal town was on the Taw, twenty miles above Washington, immediately made peace, and a portion was settled a few years after north of the Roanoke, near Windsor, where they continued till the year 1803. But the great body of the nation removed in 1714-15, to the Five Nations, was feceived as the sixth, and has since shared their fate.*

The Tuscarora vocabulary prepared by Nich. and Jas. Cassick, native Indians, was received through the War Depart,

ment.

SECTION III.

SOUTHERN INDIANS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI.

THE nations still found east of the Mississippi, and south of the territory formerly occupied by the Lenape and Iroquois tribes, are the remnant of the Catawbas, the Cherokees, the Creek confederacy and the Seminoles, the Choctaws and the Chickasas. Of the other numerous tribes, which appear to have formerly inhabited the lower country of Carolina, the eastern part of Georgia, and West Florida, we have but partial and very imperfect accounts.

In the year 1670, when English emigrants first settled in South Carolina, four tribes are mentioned near the seashore between the rivers Ashley and Savannah:- the Stonoes, Edistoes, Westoes, and Savannahs. As the Westoes are said to have occupied the country between the Ashley and the Edisto rivers, it seems probable that the first three tribes were but one nation. They are represented as cruel and hostile, and a war between them and the white settlers began in or before the

*The account of this war is derived from Hewatt and Williamson compared, Ramsay and Hewatt,

year 1680.* They were at the same time at war with the Savannahs, by whom they were shortly after totally defeated and driven away.† The Savannahs remained in the province, and, according to Archdale's testimony, were, in 1695, "good friends and useful neighbours of the English." They are also mentioned by Lawson, who was in Charleston in 1700, as “a famous, warlike, friendly nation, living to the south of Ashley River." The name of Savannahs, most probably derived from that of the river on which they lived, and which is of Spanish origin, is there dropped. Instead of them we find only the Yamassees, occupying the same seats, mentioned uniformly as having been, from the first settlement, friendly to the English and hostile to the Spaniards of Florida; and, as no mention whatever is made of a war with the Savannahs, or that they had been expelled from the province, it may be inferred that they and the Yamassees were the same people, and the last their true Indian name. That of their principal town was Poketalico, which belongs also to a tributary stream of the Great Kanbawa. We have no specimen of their language; but the name of Coosa Hatchie,‡ or Coosa River, is certainly Muskhogee, and renders it probable that they were a tribe of that nation.

The Yamassees had assisted the English in two expeditions, carried on by Governor Moore against the Spaniards of St. Augustine and the Indians living between the rivers Altamaha and Savannah, and again, as late as 1712-1713, against the Tuscaroras. In 1715, they suddenly attacked the colony, massacred a number of inhabitants unaware of any danger, and involved South Carolina in a calamitous and dangerous war. They are said to have been excited by the Spaniards, to whom they had previously been remarkably hostile. Subsequent circumstances render the suggestion probable. But other causes, of which the principal was beyond doubt the progress and extension of the settlements, must have cooperated in forming the general combination, not only of the Yamassees and of the Creeks and Appalachians from beyond the Savannah, but also of the Cherokees, the Catawbas, the Congarees, and of all the tribes as far as Cape Fear River. These

* Chalmers.

† Archdale. Hatchie means River, in the Muskhogee language, and Coosa is the name of a well-known river in their country.

§ Hewatt,

advanced within fifty miles of Charleston, but were finally repulsed; and Governor Craven, with almost all the militia, marched against the Yamassees and their southern confederates, defeated them in a bloody engagement, and drove them across the Savannah out of the province. They were well received by the Spaniards, and still committed hostilities on the frontiers. The warfare continued several years in that quarter. Peace was restored by Governor Nicholson; and that which he made with the adjacent small tribes northeast of Charleston, of which no subsequent notice is taken, does not appear to have been ever after disturbed.* It may be that the small tribe called Yamacraw, which the first settlers of Georgia found near the site of Savannah, was a remnant of the Yamassees.

Of the small tribes northeast of Charleston, both in South and North Carolina, we know hardly any thing but their names. Lawson, who, in 1700-1, travelled from Charleston to the settlement at the mouth of Taw River on Panilico sound, left the seashore at the mouth of the Santee, and proceeded northwardly to the hilly country, and thence eastwardly to Pamlico or Pamlicough. He mentions the Sewees, Santees, Wyniaws, Congarees, Waterees, and Waxsaws, as very small tribes, residing principally on the waters of the Santee. He left on his right the Cheraws and Cape Fear Indians, whom he does not mention. In his progress northwardly he came to an Esaw town, which appears to have been situated on the Pedee. The Esaws were the only powerful nation till he came to the Tuscaroras. They amounted to several thousands, and within twenty miles of their town Lawson found that of the Kadapaws, in which we recognise the name of Catawbas. As no further mention is made of the Esaws, and no other populous nation is ever after alluded to in that quarter but the Catawbas, there cannot, it seems, be any doubt of their identity with the Esaws of Lawson, who probably mistook a local for the generic name of the nation. Between thein and the Tuscaroras of the river Neuse, he places the Saponas on a branch of Cape Fear River,† and in their vicinity the Toteros and

* Nicholson became Governor in 1721. He is said by Hewatt to have treated with the Creeks and Cherokees. The permanent peace with the small tribes is inferred from the silence of Hewatt and Ramsay. Or rather of the Great Pedee, which he does not mention, and some branches of which he evidently mistook for tributary streams of Cape Fear River,

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