dialects, belonging indeed to the same stock, but quite distinct from the Algonkin. They are called respectively Skoffies and Sheshatapoosh or Mountainees. The origin of the last name is not known; but the language is not that of the Tadoussac Montagnars. The vocabularies of both were taken from a native named Gabriel; and extracts will be found in the annexed comparative vocabularies.

The tribe of the Nova Scotia Indians, near Annapolis in the Bay of Fundy, with which the French first became acquainted, was called Souriquois; and a vocabulary of their language has been preserved by Lescarbot. They are now well known by the name of Micmacs, and inhabited the peninsula of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, several other islands within the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and all the rivers emptying from the west into that Gulf, south of Gaspé. The words in the comparative vocabulary are taken principally from the manuscript of Father Maynard, Missionary at Miramichi during and at the end of the seven years' war. It was obtained in Canada, by the late Enoch Lincoln, Governor of Maine, who permitted me to take copious extracts; and the original has been placed in my hands by his brother. The words wanted have been chiefly supplied from another manuscript vocabulary in M. Duponceau's collection, taken by Mr. Walter Bromley, a resident of Nova Scotia.

When Father Maynard made his submission to the British in 1760, he stated the number of the Micmacs to be three thousand souls.*

The French adopted the names given by the Souriquois to the neighbouring Indian tribes. The Etchemins, or "Canoemen,' embraced the tribes of the St. John's River, called Ouygoudy by Champlain, and of Passamaquoddy Bay; and the name extended thence westwardly along the seashore as far at least as Mount Desert Island. The Island of St. Croix, where De Monts made a temporary settlement, has been recognised to be that now called Boon Island, which lies near the entrance of the Schoodick River above St. Andrew's. The river itself is always called River of the Etchemins by Champlain, who accompanied De Monts, and explored, in the year 1605, the seacoast from the Bay of Fundy to Martha's Vineyard.

The Indians west of Kennebec River, beginning at Chouacoet, and thence westwardly as far as Cape Cod, were called

* 1 Mass. Hist. Coll. Vol. x. p. 115. He is there called Manach.

Almouchiquois by the Souriquois. Chouacoet (probably Saco) is noticed by Champlain as being the first place along the seashore where there was any cultivation. The Indians of the mouth of the Kennebec planted nothing, and informed him, that those who cultivated maize lived far inland or up the river. These inland cultivating Indians were the well-known Abenakis, consisting of several tribes, the principal of which were the Penobscot, the Norridgewock, and the Ameriscoggins. And it is not improbable that the Indians at the mouth of both rivers, though. confounded by Champlain with the Etchemins, belonged to the same nation.

The two Etchemin tribes, viz. the Passamaquoddies in the United States, and the St. John Indians in New Brunswick, speaking, both the same language, are not yet extinct. The Vocabulary of the Passamaquoddies by Mr. Kellogg was obtained from the War Department.

The vocabulary of the Abenakis is extracted from the valuable manuscript of Father Rasle, (the Norridgewock Missionary,) lately published, at Boston, under the care of Mr. Pickering, by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The Penobscot tribe, consisting of about three hundred souls, still exists on the river of that name. The vocabulary of their language is extracted from two manuscripts, one taken by General Treat and obtained from Governor E. Lincoln, the other in M. Duponceau's collection, taken by Mr. R. Gardiner of Maine. The dialects of those three eastern nations, the Micmacs, the Etchemins, and the Abenakis, have great affinities with each other, but, though evidently belonging to the same stock, differ widely from the Algonkin language.

They were all early converted by the Jesuits, remained firmly attached to the French, and, till the conquest of Canada, were in an almost perpetual state of hostility with the British colonists. In the year 1754, all the Abenakis, with the exception of the Penobscots, withdrew to Canada; and that tribe was considered by the others as deserters from the common cause. They, as well as the Passamaquody and St. John Indians, remained neuter during the war of Independence.

The dividing line between the Abenakis and the New England Indians, which is also that of language, was at some place between the Kennebec and the River Piscataqua. Governor Sullivan placed it at the River Saco; and this is corroborated by the mention made by the French writers of a tribe called Sokokies, represented as being adjacent to New England and to the Abenakis, originally in alliance with the Iroquois, but

which appears to have been converted by the Jesuits, and to have ultimately withdrawn to Canada.*

EASTERN OR ATLANTIC.

Under this head will be included the New England Indians, meaning thereby those between the Abenakis and Hudson River; the Long Island Indians; the Delaware and Minsi of Pennsylvania and New Jersey; the Nanticockes of the eastern shore of Maryland; the Susquehannocks; the Powhatans of Virginia; and the Pamlicos of North Carolina.

Gookin, who wrote in 1674, enumerates as the five principal nations of New England, 1. The Pequods, who may be considered as making but one people with the Mohegans, and who occupied the eastern part of the State of Connecticut; 2. The Narragansets in the State of Rhode Island; 3. The Pawkunnawkuts or Wampanoags, chiefly within the jurisdiction of the Plymouth Colony; 3. The Massachusetts, in the Bay of that name and the adjacent parts. 5. The Pawtuckets, north and northeast of the Massachusetts. Under the designation of Pawtuckets he includes the Penacooks of New Hampshire, and probably all the more eastern tribes as far as the Abenakis, or Tarrateens, as they seem to have been called by the New England Indians. The Nipmucks are mentioned as living north of the Mohegans, and west of the Massachusetts, occupying the central parts of that State as far west as the Connecticut River, and acknowledging, to a certain extent, the supremacy of the Massachusetts, of the Narrangansets, or of the Mohegans. Those several nations appear, however, to have been divided into a number of tribes, each having its own Sachem, and in a great degree independent of each other.

The great similarity if not the identity of the languages from the Connecticut River eastwardly to the Piscataqua, seems to be admitted by all the early writers. Gookin states that the New England Indians, especially upon the seacoasts, use the same sort of speech and language, only with some difference in the expressions, as they differ in several counties in England, yet so as they can well understand each other. Roger Williams, speaking of his Key, as he calls his vocabulary, says that "he has entered into the secrets of those countries wherever

VOL. II.

* Relations, and Charlevoix, A. D. 1646, &c.

5

English dwelt about two hundred miles between the French and Dutch plantations; and that though their dialects do exceedingly differ within the said two hundred miles, yet not so, but within that compass a man by this help may converse with thousands of natives all over the country." Governor Hutchinson also states, that from Piscataqua to Connecticut River the different tribes could converse tolerably together.*

The Pequods and Mohegans claimed some authority over the Indians of the Connecticut River. But those, extending thence westwardly to the Hudson River, appear to have been divided into small and independent tribes, united, since they were known to the Europeans by no common government. Those within Connecticut were sometimes called "the Seven Tribes.” With respect to those along the Hudson and within the jurisdiction of New York, De Laet, who in Dutch affairs is an original authority, places the Manhattans and the Pachamins on the eastern bank of the river and below the Highlands; the Waroanekins on the eastern, and the Waranancongyns on the western bank, both in the vicinity of Esopus, which he mentions by that name; and above these, extending to Albany, the Manhikans on the eastern bank, and opposite to them the Mackwaes, their mortal enemies. Maquas," was the name given by the Atlantic-Lenape nations to the Mohawks. In the Manhikans we recognise the Mohicans, Mohikanders, or River Indians. The Waroanekins and Waranancongyns are clearly the people since known to us by the name of Wappings or Wappingers, who have left their name to a river in Dutchess County, and who extended across the Hudson, not only to Esopus, but also some distance below the Highlands, where they were bounded on the south by the Minsit But they are at a later date embraced under the generic appellation of Mohikanders,‡ which seems to indicate a community of language. And the identity of name, between the Mohikans of the Hudson and the Mohe ans of East Connecticut, induces the belief that all those tribes belonged to the same stock. We have however no ancient vocabularies of their respective languages, and must recur to those of the Stockbridge dialect.

*Hist. of Mass. Vol. I. p. 479.

See treaty of Easton, of 1758, in which the Wappings of Esopus are mentioned, and those south of the Highlands jointly with the Minsi, execute a deed of release for lands in New Jersey.

See treaty of Albany of 1746, abovementioned.

The Stockbridge Indians, were originally a part of the Housatannuck Tribe, to whom the Legislature of Massachusetts granted or secured a township in the year 1736.* Their num ber was increased by Wappingers and Mohikanders, and perhaps also by Indians belonging to several other tribes, both of New England and New York. Since their removal to New Stockbridge and Brotherton, in the western parts of New York, they have been joined by Mohegans and other Indians from East Connecticut and even from Rhode Island and Long Island; and the residue of the Seven Tribes of Connecticut is also mentioned, as being settled in the year 1791 at Brotherton.† They are called Mohicans, or Mohekanoks and appear to speak but one dialect. All our information respecting that language is derived from Old or New Stockbridge, or from Canada, where some Indians of that family have also migrated.

Jonathan Edwards, a divine and a scholar, was brought up at Old Stockbridge, and, whilst a child, acquired the knowledge of the language of the Indians of that place. "It had become more familiar to him than his mother tongue, and he had in a great measure retained his skill," in that respect, when he published, in 1788, his valuable observations on the language of the "Muhhekanew Indians."

He states that "the language which is the subject of his observations is that of the Muhhekanew or Stockbridge Indians. They, as well as the tribe in New London (the ancient Pequods or Mohegans), are by the Anglo-Americans called Mohegans, which is a corruption of Muhhekanew.

"This language is spoken by all the Indians throughout New England. Every tribe, as that of Stockbridge, that of Farmington, that of New London, has a different dialect; but the language is radically the same. Mr. Eliot's translation of the Bible is in a particular dialect of this language. The dialect followed in these observations is that of Stockbridge."

Mr. Edwards's vocabulary is unfortunately very short. The defect is partly supplied by two others; one obtained in 1804, by the Rev. William Jenks, from John Konkaput, a New Stockbridge Indian; the other in M. Duponceau's collection taken by Mr. Heckewelder in Canada from a Mohican chief. The appended vocabulary of that language has been extracted

*Holmes's Annals.

1 Mass. Hist. Coll. Vol. IX. p. 90, and Vol. V. pp. 12-32.