Classes.

Paris
Lyon

TABLE XI.-Showing for cities of more than 100,000 inhabitants the ratio of primary school enrollment to total population and the ratio of public school enrollment to total enrollment.

Cities.

Ratio of total en-
rollment to
population.

1891-92. 1896-97.

Ratio of public

school enrollment to total enrollment.

1891-92. 1896-97.

Marseille

Bordeaux

Lille

Toulouse

Roubaix

St. Etienne..

Nantes

Le Havre.

Rouen

Rheims..

The latest statistical annuaire of the city of Paris, published in 1902, gives the following educational information for that city covering the year 1900-1901: Enrollment in primary schools, 1900-1901.

Public

167 769 53,179 202 1,820

Private:
Secular.
Clerical..
Total

85,472 198 1,730 73,714 400 3,550 159,186 4,940 417 1.221 19,524 479 1,384 24,464 17,092 159 1,051 36,783 229 1,484 53,875 62, 194 334 2,416 107,504 774 4,002 120,021 1,108 6,418 237,525

The enrollment in the public classes for adults in Paris, corresponding to our city evening schools, was 4,094 (2,507 men, 1,587 women). The examination for the certificate of primary studies was attended by 28,197 day school pupils, of whom 21,377 passed, and by 1,353 from the adult classes, of whom 1,024 passed.

There are eight municipal high schools (écoles primaires supérieures) included in the foregoing table, six for boys and two for girls; the former enrolled 4,681 pupils, the latter 710, total 5,391. The seven municipal technical schools for boys, not included in the table, enrolled 1,419 pupils, and the six industrial schools for girls (for instruction in household arts, dress making, bookkeeping, etc.) enrolled 1,514 pupils.

There are also reported 138 workshops for iron and wood work connected with the public primary schools.

The public secondary schools for boys (lycées and colleges), which include primary divisions, enrolled 11,243 students, of whom 4,896 were in the classical course, 2,310 in the modern course, and 4,037 in mixed courses.

The five lycées for girls were attended by 1,574 pupils.

The total expenditure of the city for primary education (including infant schools, elementary and higher primary schools, and technical schools) was 28.256.345 francs ($5,651,269).

This included the State appropriation for the city schools of 2,704,373 francs ($540,874), which is turned over to the city authorities.

We complete our survey of primary education, which is intended to secure at least that all citizens shall master the elements of knowledge, by the latest statistics of illiteracy.

Status of conscripts with respect to illiteracy, 1899.

To the department of secondary instruction (director, M. Rabier) belong the lycées, or State classical colleges, for boys, the State lycées for girls, and the communal colleges established by the communal or local authorities and aided by the State. In 1901 the lycées for boys numbered 109 and enrolled 54,830 pupils. The communal colleges numbered 227, with an enrollment of 33,372. This gives a total of 88,202 boys in the public secondary schools. The church secondary schools for boys in 1899 enrolled 91,825 pupils (of these 23,000 in the petits séminaires for students intending to enter the priesthood) and private secular secondary establishments for boys, 10,182.

The public lycées and colleges for girls had an enrollment in 1901 of 14,162 students, and there were also 4,158 girls pursuing courses of secondary instruction in classes under public auspices. The attendance upon convent and private secondary schools for girls is not known.

The professors of secondary instruction (public) are appointed by the minister of public instruction. Their salaries, like those of the professors of superior instruction, are paid by the State, and they are also borne on the pension list.

The lycée is the typical secondary school; the local colleges have the same curriculum so far as circumstances permit; often students pass from a college to a lycée for the completion of their studies.

The following statistics present a comparative view of the enrollment and distribution of secondary students for specified years from 1887 to 1901:

a From Statistique de l'enseignement secondaire des garçons, 1897, pp. lvi, lxxviii, xcviii. Rapports faits au nom de la commission de budget, etc.-Service d l'instruction publice, par

M. Bouge, 1897, pp. 124, 125; also 1898, pp. 32, 33.

a Rapports faits au nom de la commission de budget, etc.-Service d l'instruction publique, par M. Bouge, 1897, pp. 124, 125; also 1898, pp. 32, 33.

The same, by M. Perreau, 1901, pp. 69, 70.

The same, by M. Maurice-Faure, 1902, pp. 443, 445.

Secondary education, as the term is technically used in France, comprises a complete scheme of education whose goal is the bachelor's degree. It is secondary, not in the sense of a second stage in a continuous process, as implied by the same term in the United States, but in the sense of a higher order of education than that technically termed primary. The distinction between the two arises from the notion that the learned classes, those who are destined for professional careers and for leadership in the State, should be educated from their earlier years in a different manner and in a different class of subjects from the laboring masses. Under this conception the term secondary education carries the idea both of social and of scholastic distinction. The men trained in the secondary schools lead the councils of the nation, shape its policies, and form the enlightened opinion which is essential to its stability; hence the Government is particularly concerned as to the influences which prevail in secondary education and as to its intellectual outIn both respects secondary education as organized in France has been unsatisfactory to the present Republic. As regards curriculum and methods of instruction this dissatisfaction is part of that general unrest in secondary education which is manifest in all countries and which in France as elsewhere has been of much longer duration than the Republic itself. This unrest, which is conveniently though inadequately summed up as the conflict between the classics and the sciences, is, in fact, an inheritance from the eighteenth century. The recent decree for the reorganization of the State secondary schools of France is the solution offered by the Republic for a problem which has occupied every successive government from the Revolution to the present time.

come.

But the existing Government has a cause of anxiety with respect to secondary education quite apart from the question of studies and methods of instruction. Side by side with the State-endowed secondary schools, i. e., lycées and local (communal) colleges, are the private secondary schools, of which the greater part are in the hands of the religious orders. The studies of these independent schools, like those of the State schools are regulated by the requirements for the degree examination, which is a State function, but the spirit and general conduct of the former schools are very different from those of the State schools and apparently more in consonance with feelings of the higher classes of the country.

The decade 1887 to 1897 showed for the private schools a steady annual increase in attendance, while the State schools suffered a proportional decline. The number of students affected was not large, but the importance of the transfer