A Treatise on the Law of Bailments: Contracts Connected with Custody and Possession of Personal Property

Front Cover
Banks & brothers, 1878 - Bailments - 656 pages
 

Contents

Gilman
lii
Mich C R Co
liv
Adams Ex Co v Darnell
lviii
205 238
lxi
Lockwood
lxii
General definitions CHAPTER I
1
Variations in scope of the subject
2
Specific definitions
3
Degrees of liability 5 Degrees of diligence
5
Negative statement degrees of negligence
6
Discussion of slight ordinary and gross negligence
7
Use of terms
8
Reason of different rules
9
Definition of a deposit a contract Presumptions as to the nature of the bailment
10
Subject of the bailment
11
Money paid into court deposit with an officer
12
Parties competent to contract
13
Persons of unsound mind infants
14
Presumptions as to and proof
15
Intoxication effect
16
Fair dealings with incompetent parties
17
THE FINDER his rights and duty
18
He has a special property
19
His right to compensation estrays
20
When guilty of larceny
21
22 Wrecks and goods cast on shore
22
Saving property from sea perils salvage Consideration
23
Liability of sheriff for thefts
26
Must guard against special dangers
27
May leave goods with competent person
28
29 Receiptor when estopped
29
32 Reasonable use of property
32
Cannot set up title in another
33
34 His right to store the goods
34
Terms of receiptors contract force
35
GENERAL AND SPECIAL PROPERTY
36
General owners right of action
38
new forms
39
40 When right of action accrues against depositary
40
Where money is left on deposit
41
effect of a subsequent demand
42
RULE OF LIABILITY
43
Must act fairly special deposits in bank
45
Care required by good faith
46
Gross negligence not the same as fraud
47
Special agreement to keep safely
48
49 Sealed packages
50
A voluntary engagement
51
The natural increase
52
A second bailment
53
Interpleadergarnishment
55
A joint deposit
56
Duties of depositary under civil
57
58 Misconduct under common
58
Effect of a demand
59
Consequences of a conversion
60
Restoration after
61
Depositary must restore or account for the goods burden of proof
62
Bailee cannot resist true owner
63
Place of redelivery
64
65 RIGHT TO
65
66 Cost of preserving in an emergency
66
Sealed packages how kept
67
Special expenses no lien
68
Must not pledge the goods
69
Deposit by servant or agent stolen goods
70
A purchase from a fraudulent purchaser
71
Must be redelivered to the right party
72
Rights of true owners
73
Pacific Bank
75
Illustrations of the rule 80 Where bailee shows same neglect of his own goods
80
Mode of carrying money
81
Common care of such articles
82
Knowledge of bailees character
83
Mandatary holds as trustee or fiduciary
84
A letting of animals for their keep a delivery to keep or return at a price
85
86 Action of assumpsit for the money
86
THE CONTRACT
87
The consideration
88
Illustrations
89
Special cases no intentional delivery
90
91 A collection agent his liability
91
92 DUTIES OF DIRECTORS AND MANAGERS
92
93 In the care of funds
93
94 They act for the corporation
94
95 They are agents and trustees
95
CHAPTER III
96
Choice of remedy
97
Mandatary must perform or account for property
98
99 Miscarriage of a package
99
Accepting a trust for a third person
100
Election of remedies
101
Action of trover by bailor
102
Bailees right of action
103
104 When either may sue recovery
104
When owner cannot support trespass or trover
105
Burden of Proof
106
In suit against mandatary
107
Proof of conversion
108
When trover does not
109
Assumpsit
110
Effect of recovery in trover on the title
111
Damages recoverable
112
Old and new forms of action
113
The contract how determined death of bailee his representatives
114
Leaving a debt
115
116 Death of a joint mandatary
116
Death of the mandator
117
Contracts by letter
118
Ways of terminating the contract CHAPTER IV
119
NATURE OF THE CONTRACT
120
121 A loan of things to be returned in kind sales
121
A loan of commercial paper
122
Loan for use resembles a license
123
Not gratuitous when
124
125 The terms regarded as conditions of the loan failure to return
125
PARTIES CAPACITY
126
Incapacity of married women
127
THE BORROWERS INTEREST
128
possession under a loan
129
LENDERS INTEREST
130
Prima facie liable as a depositary
131
132 His special property
132
Under an indefinite loan
133
Countermand right
134
DEGREE OF CARE AND DILIGENCE
135
Answerable for exercise of skill
136
Personal character of borrower 137 a Liability in exceptional cases
137
75
138
Understanding implied notes and bills
139
The agreement
140
Terms of loan matter of fact
141
EXPENSES ordinary and extraordinary difference between
142
143 FRAUD IN PROCURING what
143
Effect of fraud illustrations
144
145 Larceny by a bailee
145
Liability of lender for defects
146
147 WHEN BORROWER EXEMPT FROM LIABILITY
147
148 Losses by inevitable accident
148
By violence or fire duty in saving goods from fire
149
Liability depends upon the general rule
150
Losses by public enemy
151
Liability after demand
152
Ordinary wear or decay
153
Valued loans
154
EVIDENCE BURDEN OF PROOF
155
156 Choice of action importance of conversion
156
Proof in assumpsit
157
Plaintiff must establish his cause of action mođe of doing this
158
The onus and how changed
159
160
160
ESTITUTIONimplied agreement
161
162 Must return to the lender misdelivery
162
Must return the increments
163
Place of return
164
Implications as
165
Under contract for specific articles
166
Intention of the parties
167
168 Analogies
168
169 Return under a joint bailment
169
right to recall
170
In cases of loss by irresistible foros
171
172 Or loss by theft
172
Borrower cannot set up title in himself transfers of property
173
174 Conversion of property title
174
Statute of limitations
175
Definition subject of pledge title
176
History and nature of the contract general likeness to a mortgage
177
Difference between a mortgage of real estate and one on personal pro perty
178
179 Effect of a chattel mortgage
179
Right of possession under
180
181 Mortgagors right of redemption
181
Mortgagee not obliged to foreclose
182
Mortgage how extinguished
183
Sale under mortgage
184
185 Mortgage follows debt as an incident
185
Difference between a pledge and a chattel mortgage
186
Difference between a deed and a mortgage of lands
187
188 Difference between a conditional sale and a mortgage of goods
188
PARTIES an infants contract
189
Married women capacity at common law and under statutes
190
RIGHT OR POWER TO CREATE A PLEDGE title
191
Pledge of anothers property
192
Transfers subject to all defences exceptions
193
194 Exceptions defined factors
194
The factors
195
196 Exception as to negotiable paper transferred before
196
197 Nature of negotiable paper
197
198 Pledge of a present interest limitation upon the right
198
Mere equities and liens dealings with
199
200 Pledges of property to be created
200
Lienholders power to deal with pledge
201
SUBJECT OF PLEDGE early use of contract and present
202
Pensions or salaries may not be pledged U S statutes
203
When capable of being pledged
204
Pledge of incorporeal things
205
Distinction between a mortgage and a pledge
206
An anticresis a living pledge
207
Hypothecation what and when allowed
208
209 MODE OF MAKING A PLEDGE
209
210 Of goods in store or in transit
210
211 By transfer of bill of lading by shipper
211
Shippers power advances on bill
212
Consignees power in possession of bill
213
Factors power at common law under statute
214
215 The bill of lading exhausted permit to land goods
215
Goods in bonded warehouse mode of completing pledge
216
217 Grain in warehouse receipts for transfer
217
Factor entrusted to sell may pledge
218
Mode of pledging shares of stock right to vote on stock under pledge
219
Choses in action pledge of policies of insurance
220
221 Pledge of residuary interest second pledge
221
222 Pledge of negotiable securities
222
223 Continued possession required exceptions
223
RELATION OF PLEDGE TO ORIGINAL CONTRACT Contract of pledge like a suretyship
224
225 Illegality of original contract
225
226 Exceptions from general rule
226
Pledges given on the creation of illegal debts On usurious loans
227
On void contracts
228
229 On conditional obligations
229
230 Effect of payment or tender of original debt
230
231 Right to sue on debt
231
Pledge to be treated as a security merely
232
233 Incipient contracts of pledge
233
PLEDGEES DUTY IN PRESERVING Pledgee bound for ordinary care
234
235 Not liable for loss by fire or theft
235
Pledgee must account for failure to restore
236
237 Rule of liability illustrated
237
Treatment of notes etc held as collateral
238
239 Right of pledgor over them
239
Pledgee must protest and notify indorsers
240
Pledge on a trust to collect
241
242 When pledgee must sue on security
242
Not bound to as a rule
243
Not obliged to sell stocks held as a pledge
244
245 WHAT PROPERTY IN PLEDGOR AND PLEDGEE
245
246 Difference between mortgage and pledge of goods
246
247 Where stocks are transferred as a security
247
248 The pledge and mortgage incident to the debt
248
The pledge does not confer a title on a condition
249
The law does not enforce a penalty stipulated damages
250
Lapse of time does not give pledgee title defence statute of limita tions
251
Right to redeem lost by laches barred by the statute
252
Operation of the statute different actions
253
Difference between a loan for use and a pledge
254
Shares of stock identity of pledgees duty
255
256 Demand of note secured by collaterals
256
Wrongful sale of collaterals effects of in suit on debt recoupment
257
Unauthorized sale with apparent authority
258
Sales of goods pledged on execution statutes
259
The sale does not affect contract of pledge
260
The statute recognizes the rights of both parties
261
262 Sheriffs duty to sell in one parcel
262
What property may be sold on execution
263
Pledgees interest may it be levied on and sold
264
265 Death of pledgor or pledgee effect of on pledge
265
The contract is not personal debt and pledge transferable
266
267 Actions for property after wrongful salo recovery
267
253 Sale of goods by pledgor to a third party mode and effect of 269 Possession by pledgee necessary to preserve the lien exceptions
269
Recovery in trover for a bond or note
270
Pledgee must keep the pledge separate liable like a trustee
271
272 His duty in applying the pledge towards a surety
272
Where pledge covers several debts
273
Where some of the debts are secured
274
Resemblance between a factor and a pledgee
275
276 Factor must resort to the fund
276
Relative rights of pledges and factor
277
278 Factors character as a commercial agent
278
SALE OR FORECLOSURE Pledgee may fill a bill or sell on notice right to sell implied
279
Rule of civil lawLouisiana
280
Pledgecs right to sell accrues on defaull
281
282 A prior demand necessary
282
Agreements regulating sale
283
The usual pledge on short loans stock 285 Demand and notice mode
285
Where the title is transferred
289
Factors right to sell
290
201 Trustees to sell cannot purchase rule 292 Pledgee cannot purchase may the mortgagee?
292
293 Pledgee cannot sell choses in action may sue on and collect
293
An assignment to indemnify a surety sales by assignee under a mortgage of a mortgage
294
Duty to sell where pledge covers several debts
295
296 Pledgee not bound to sell may sell from time to time
296
297 May foreclose in equity
297
RESTITUTION ground of duty duty not to be waived
298
Proceeds of pledge to be returned less costs and expenses of suit on collaterals
299
300 Pledgee must account for income from the pledge
300
Appropriation of property by pledgee or mortgagee
301
Pledge by one man for anothers debt owner to be treated as surety
302
Pledges to secure fulfillment of contracts
303
Right to redeem receiver
313
314 Ground of equity jurisdiction
314
Illustrations
315
317 Pledgees remedy in equity
317
Effect of a change in form of debt merger
318
Remedy for bailees negligence appropriation by
319
Pledgees engagement to collect
320
When does a right to redeem accrue
321
Effect of a long lapse of time
322
Effect of a bar of the debt on the pledge
323
Statute of limitations payment ineffectual foreclosure
324
BAILMENTS FOR HIRE 325 Contracts included
325
Sources of our law the principle of authority
326
Bailee liable for ordinary diligence
327
HIRE OF CUSTODY of horses
328
Care required right of property
329
Duty in an emergency
330
No lien for keeping orpasturing horses or cattle same given by statute
331
332 WAREHOUSEMEN business public
332
Bound for ordinary diligence thefts and accidental losses
333
A warehouseman and a forwarder instructions
334
A forwarder when a carrier express companies
335
Carrier and warehouseman holds in which capacity
336
Carriers right to deposit with may become a warehouseman
337
Carriers duty in delivering custom and course of business
338
Goods carried over successive lines
339
Double contract to carry and store
340
Course of business usage custom way stations
341
When warehousemans duties begin
342
In raising or lowering goods servants
343
344 His duty covers entire business warehouses
344
Duty in building
345
Injury and subsequent loss
346
Sales by owner effect
347
A misdelivery receipting to another
348
349 Goods to be returned or paid
349
Warehousemans lien origin
350
Right to receive goods and pay freight custom
351
Burden of proof rule with exceptions
354
WHARVES AND PIERS public and private
355
WHARFINGERS like and unlike warehousemen
356
When their duties begin and end delivery
357
Not liable as a carrier
358
Liable under same rule as warehousemen for losses by theft embezzlement fire
359
Where the goods are insured
360
Liable for their servants
361
Must return or deliver relation to the title
362
Contracts to forward goods effect
363
364 LIENnature and extent
364
Factors lien
365
When for general balai
366
An agent and more
367
Where he has no lien
368
HIRE OF THINGS HIRERS RIGHT OR INTEREST
369
Risk of loss under a sale under a bailment
370
Hirers special property
371
Under a hiring for a term with a farm
372
Lessors duty and liability livery horses
374
375 Right to hire ends when the goods perish
375
376 Hire of use where there is no bailment
376
Illegal bailments Sunday contracts
377
Hiring by an infant liability
378
379 The hirers engagements written contracts and special
379
Express contracts sense
380
Hirer confined to the use agreed on
382
383 When the purpose enters into contract
383
384 Hirers duty of care and diligence in hire of horses
385
Bailees right to recover when it exceeds his liability
386
387 Under a contract of hire or sale
387
Joint bailments remedies under
388
Pearson
389
Liability in respect to Servants ground of liability c
390
When liable for his unlawful act or his trespass
391
Question? Whose servant?
392
Separate branches of business carmen contractors 9394 Special servants on one occasion 395 Liability to servants fellowservants
395
Nonfeasance by servant
396
Who are servantsin legal sense 393 Servant liable to his master
397
399 Burden of Proof when changed
399
A refusal to return without excuse
400
Accession increase from sheep and cattle c or accession to real estate
403
Termination of the Contract modes
404
Duty time and place of return
405
To the owner effect of a misdelivery
406
407 Effect of a return after a conversion
407
Duty under agreement to restore on demand
408
Bailment terminated by the loss or destruction of the things bailed c or by loss of title
409
BAILMENTS FOR LABOR AND SERVICES
410
Contracts to make or to sell
411
Goods c made to order statute of frauds
412
Executory sales
413
Title under a bailment for services when a sale and when a bailment
414
Sales or leases of live stock
415
Agreements to manufacture on shares a cheese factory
416
Bailments for services illustrations
417
Subject continued border cases
418
Bailments for repair
419
Bailees Right of Property and Lien
420
Subject continued
421
Ground and extent of lien
422
How waived or defeated
423
Assertion and defence of lien
424
Losses by whom borne Insurance
425
HIRE OF LABOR AND Services generaLLY under a general retainer skill
426
Degres of Intelligence and Skill required of experts physicians
428
Skilled workmen engineers architects
431
Ministers and clergymen contracts
432
433 CONTRACTS FOR PERSONAL SERVICES Specific performance of not decreed
433
Not assignable
434
Breach of damages
435
Agreements to work for a term recovery of wages
437
438 Effect of sickness or death on contract
438
Delays caused by employer recision of contract 440 Damages for breachwhen waived
439
Voluntary services
441
Accepting goods made to order effect
442
443 Bailments for Labor and Services resumed
443
Care and skill required
444
Rule when not employed in his vocation
445
Diligence required losses by theft proof
446
Fulfillment of the Contract required to vest bailee with title
447
Bailees demand and lien
448
450 The business not a franchise
450
Licenses to retail liquors Civil Damage
451
License a trust disqualifications of licensee tavern bills
452
Hotels inns taverns character
453
Who are not innkeepers
454
Who are Guests? Actually and Constructively
455
At an inn also kept as a boardinghouse agreement for board effect
456
457 Entertained under a special contract
457
Taking refreshments
458
Delivery to an Innkeeper no form of delivery required placing baggage
459
460 Usages delivery of parcels or property
460
Recent statutes money jewels and ornaments
461
Responsibility of Innkeepers Ground
462
Application of the rule
463
Not liable for act of God or public enemy
464
465 Contributory negligence rule as
465
Illustrations of the rule
466
Statutes qualifying Liability
467
Construction
468
Common law right to limit liability
469
470 When liability begins and ends
470
Innkeepers duty to receive Guests
471
Private and public action against him for a refusal
472
Innkeepers Lien
473
Extent of the lien
474
Not specific waiver
475
How made available
476
Lien given to boardinghouse keeper liability of
477
Statute regulations common
478
Action against innkeeper presumptions
479
480 SPECIAL CARRIERS TOWING BOATS
481
Continued Character of the ship
482
POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT Liability of postmasters
483
Continued Local postmaster
484
485 Mail contractor liability
485
TELEGRAPH Nature of service
486
Liability of telegraphic companies
487
Right to make rules and regulations
488
489 Liability to the sender burden of proof
489
The companys contract sending beyond the line
490
What constitutes a common carrier
495
Proof to establish the character
496
Hire implied contract
497
Carrier of passengers liable for baggage
498
499 Enumeration of carriers
499
500 CARTMEN DRAYMEN PORTERS BAGGAGE EXPRESS COMPANIES
500
THE WAGONER OLD CUSTOMS
501
502 PROPRIETOR OF STAGECOACHES Baggage
502
General liability and when they carry parcels
503
504 HACKMEN AND CABMEN AS CARRIERS
504
505 FERRIES FERRYMEN AS CARRIERS
505
Character of the ferryman
506
Specific duties and rights
507
MASTERS OF VESSELS AS CARRIERS 509 Ground and form of liability
509
The master as an agent OWNERS OF VESSELS AS CARRIERS Their employment decides this masters power Evidence
515
516 EXPRESS COMPANIES AS CARRIERS
516
Private carriers
517
On a tender of reasonable freight
518
Reasonable charges legislation as
519
678
520
English statute equal charges
521
522 His rights in receiving
522
III DELIVERY TO THE CARRIER WHAT
523
Usage delivery to the ship carrier
524
Conventional delivery
525
526 Delivery actual custody
526
Mode and proof of delivery
527
When carriers liability attaches
528
Delivery in good faith
529
Without fraud or concealment
530
Of dangerous goods
531
RESPONSIBILITYRULE
532
Ground ofby Ch J Best
533
Defence of common law ruleby Ch J Bronson
535
Modern tendencies
536
Act of GodFreshetsStormsFrost
537
Delays and damage from snow and frost
538
539 Deviations act of God during
539
Carrier must obey instructions
541
The term excludes human agency obstructions in channel Losses by fire exceptions by statute
543
Violent act of nature sudden gusts of wind
545
546 Act of God not equivalent to perils of the sea
546
Public Enemy losses
547
548 Ground of the general rule
548
549 Character of insurer
549
550 Chargeable at law and under his contract
550
Implied minor stipulations
551
Carriers liability may be limited
552
Cannot impose his own terms
553
Public NoticesHistory and Effects
554
Contributory negligence
557
Standing on the platform statute
558
Effect of statute remedies under Receipts checks tickets notices
559
Freedom of contract exemptions from liability
562
Unlawful stipulations for exemption
563
Exemptions parcels
564
Impositions on carrier special acceptance
565
566 General words of exemption how construed contracts for negligence
566
Ground of liability mode of receiving parcels c by express compa nies
567
569 Actual notice effect
569
570 Baggage not delivered to carrier
570
571 Delivery of checks
571
Through contracts a continuous line 573 New York statute effect of through contracts
573
Tickets and checks evidence
574
Charge for extra weight and value
575
Implied contract agent son servant
576
Through contracts for freight not implied
577
English rule
578
579 Through lines
579
580 Goods specially addressed
580
Effect of circumstances
581
Goods addressed to distant points on connecting routes 582 Delivery from carrier to carrier
582
Throngh contracts proof
583
Verbal and written contracts bills of lading
584
Receipt in bill of lading
585
Exceptiousperils of the seas
586
Perils of seas rivers lakes
587
Effect of clean billcustom
589
590 Bill of lading definition and office
590
591 Consignment to meet advances
591
Consignee paying freight effect of a bill
592
Stipulation for demurrage
593
Masters acts and contracts
594
Charter partystrictly enforced
595
599 Losses from bad packing 000 Reshipping or transshipping 001 Implied warranty of vehicles used of roadworthiness of seaworthi ness
599
Roads bridges tracks c running trains
602
Water cariers skill in navigation
603
Duty to swer for all losses not excepted
604
305 Theftsrobberybarratryinsurance against C06 Where contracting carrier employs other carriers 007 Where carrier assumes special duties C08 Dela...
609
Damages on a total failurealso for delay
610
Proof of damagelossdelay G12 Jettisoncontribution for 613 Fraud and wrongful acts of third parties insurance by carrier
611
Eldridge
613
Actions by carriersrecovery in carriers relation to the title
614
Delivery the carriers duty mode
615
Delivery under a through contract by the auxiliary companies
616
Delivery to connecting carriers
617
Due delivery by land carriers by coach or by express
618
C13 Delivery mutual acts required by water carriers 620 Notice of landing when excused
620
Place of delivery
621
Duty in making delivery
622
When consignee is unknown or refuses the goods C O
624
Notice of arrival duty of railroads
625
627 Delivery and proof of delivery
627
Delivery within business hours
628
Duty of passenger carriers by water 733 Under State statutes 734 Rules of navigation origin of lights U S statute
630
738 Failure to comply with statute lights 739 Meeting of vessels rules of navigation 740 Law of road application of 741 Sources of rules of navigati...
631
Character how assumed duty to receive and carry
633
629 Delivery to party holding title 630 Stoppage in transitu 631 When the right exists 632 How exercised 633 Delivery due on payment of freight ...
634
Freight when
635
Receipts of grain in store on freight
636
637 Arresting voyage relanding goods
638
Freight and passage money paid in advance
639
Masters duty and authority
640
Insurance on freight
641
449 Mechanics lien by statute
642
Under the civil law 77 FEASANCE AND NONFEASANCE
643
Substitution of one for another carrier
644
Carriers lien specific
645
Not without owners consent
646
647 When lien attaches
647
Lien on baggage
648
649 How lien detached from part and continued
649
How preserved on storing or assigning goods
650
Released by delivery contract
652
Charterers right to freight
653
Enforcing lien or defeating it X REMEDIES AGAINST THE CARRIER
654
655 Action for refusal to receive and carry
655
Proceeding in admiralty 657 Actions at law 658 Action on the case 659 Considered an action of tort 660 Convenience of the action counts in trover...
656

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Page 598 - All vessels, whether steam-vessels or sail-vessels, when at anchor in roadsteads or fairways, shall, between sunset and sunrise, exhibit where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding twenty feet above the hull, a white light in a globular lantern of eight inches in diameter, and so constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and unbroken light, visible all around the horizon, and at a distance of at least one mile.
Page 539 - That all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theatres, and other places of public amusement...
Page 598 - ... on their respective sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side.
Page 150 - ... shall not be liable to attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable process whatever, either before or after receipt by the beneficiary.
Page 600 - When two steam vessels are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard so that each may pass on the port side of the other.
Page 409 - Every such company as aforesaid shall be liable for the loss of or for any injury done to any horses, cattle, or other animals, or to any articles, goods, or things, in the receiving, forwarding, or delivering thereof, occasioned by the neglect or default of such company or its servants...
Page 599 - Boats and other open boats shall not be required to carry the side lights required for other vessels ; but shall, if they do not carry such lights, carry a lantern having a Green Slide on the one side and a Red Slide on the other side ; and on the approach of or to other vessels, such lantern shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision...
Page 600 - Ship shall keep out of the way : but if they have the Wind on the same Side, or if one of them has the Wind aft, the Ship which is to windward shall keep out of the Way of the Ship which is to leeward.
Page 616 - Nothing in the five preceding sections shall be construed to take away or affect the remedy to which any party may be entitled, against the master, officers, or seamen, for or on account of any embezzlement, injury, loss, or destruction of merchandise, or property, put on board any vessel, or on account of any negligence, fraud, or other malversation of such master, officers, or seamen, respectively, nor to lessen or take away any responsibility to which any master or seaman of any vessel may by...
Page 600 - If two ships under steam are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, the helms of both shall be put to port, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

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