succession, one of which pierced his heart. The assassin was immediately arrested and was with difficulty saved from the fury of the people. He said his name was Gaetano Bresci, and that he belonged in Prato, Tuscany, Investigations by the police led to the belief that the crime was the work of Anarchists, and a number of men suspected of complicity in the murder were arrested. Bresci, when transferred from the local police station to the jail, maintained an air of the utmost cynicism. In the course of his examination he declared himself to be a revolutionary Anarchist, and said he was ready to resume operations if he were released. The assassination caused great excitement among Anarchists in this country, especially in Paterson, N. J., where Bresci had worked. His home was in West Hoboken, N. J., and there his wife, who is a skilled factory hand, lived with their little daughter when Bresci sailed for Europe, ostensibly to perfect himself as a designer by study in Paris. She said she did not know that her husband was an Anarchist. King Humbert was succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel, who assumed the title of Victor Emmanuel III, the troops taking the oath of allegiance on July 31, and the Ministers on August 2. The body of King Humbert was placed in the Pantheon, at Rome, Thursday, August 9. An enormous crowd filled the streets through which the procession passed, and several panics occurred, in one of which twenty persons received slight wounds and thirty others were bruised. Italian societies in various parts of the United States held funeral services in honor of the dead King, and in some places bands of Anarchists expressed joy over the crime. Bresci's trial resulted in a sentence of life imprisonment, a number of years being in solitary confinement. RULERS ATTACKED BY ASSASSINS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Paul I, Czar of Russia, was assassinated on the night of March 23, 1801, at the instigation of certain members of the royal family. George III of England, attacked twice, May, 1800. Napoleon I, attacked while First Consul, December, 1800; twenty killed and fiftytwo wounded. Louis Philippe, King of France, shot at while driving along the Boulevard du Temple; forty killed. Queen Isabella of Spain, stabbed, February 2, 1852. King Victor Emmanuel of Italy, shot at, 1853. Ferdinand Charles II, Duke of Parma, shot at, March 27, 1854. King Ferdinand of Naples, stabbed by a soldier, December 8, 1856. Napoleon III, attacked by Orsini and others, many killed, January 14, 1858. Prince Daniel of Montenegro, killed, August 13, 1860. King Otho of Greece, shot at by a student, 1862. President Lincoln, mortally shot in Ford's Theatre, Washington, April 14, 1865. Prince Michael of Servia, shot and killed, June 10, 1868. Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey, killed with scissors, June 4, 1876. King Alfonso of Spain, shot at, October 25, 1878, and December 30, 1879. Emperor William I of Germany, shot at by Hoedel, May 11, and by Dr. Nobeling, June 2, 1878. Alexander II, Czar of Russia, blown to pieces with nitro-glycerine while driving through St. Petersburg, March 13, 1881. President Garfield, shot and killed by Guiteau in Washington, July 2, 1881. President Carnot of France, stabbed to death by Cæsario, or Pietro, Santo, June 24, 1894. Nasr-ed-Din, Shah of Persia, killed, May 1, 1896. King Humbert of Italy, attacked by Pietro Acciarito, April 22, 1897. Prime Minister Canovas del Castillo of Spain, stabbed and killed by Rinaldi, August 8, 1897. General Borda, President of Uruguay, killed, August 26, 1897. Empress Elizabeth of Austria, fatally stabbed while walking from her hotel in Geneva to the lake boat, September 10, 1898. King Humbert of Italy, shot three times and killed at Monza, by Gaetano Bresci, July 29, 1900. Muzaffer-ed-Din, Shah of Persia, was attacked in Paris on August 2, 1900, by a man named Salson, who tried to shoot him, but failed. Emperor William II of Germany was attacked while driving on November 16, 1900, by a woman who threw an ax at the carriage. No one was injured. Three attempts were made to kill Queen Victoria and two to kill the Prince of Wales, but in no instance was any one injured. THE COLOMBIAN REVOLUTION. State affairs in Colombia at the beginning of the century were as seriously mixed as they were at the end of 1899. The Liberals started a revolution October 18, 1899, and the fighting is still going on. There were a number of important battles, and the losses all told up to date aggregate 30,000 killed and wounded. On the Isthmus of Panama, where some of the most desperate fighting ensued, the rebels were compelled to surrender July 26. Dr. Mendoza, representing the Liberals, and Dr. Alban, the Government, arranged at a conference for a cessation of hostilities, the Liberals being pledged to surrender their arms, and being guaranteed their freedom from prosecution and the retention of all political rights. Fully 600 lives were sacrificed in the fighting that took place before the surrender and the streets of Panama were strewn with dead. Many non-combatants were killed. In addition to the Liberal revolution another crisis in Colombian affairs occurred July 31, when Vice-President Marroquin seized the reins of government and placed President Sanclemente and General Palacio, Secretary of State, in prison in Villeta, a small Andean village forty miles from Bogota. On September 15 the Marroquin government was recognized by all the foreign governments. The uprising in the republic so depleted the national treasury that the most rigid economy became necessary. One of the first efforts to reduce the Government's expenses was made in July, when President Sanclemente issued a decree abolishing all the legations abroad, except those at Paris and Quito, Ecuador. The decree went into effect August 15. SANTO DOMINGO. After the assassination of President Ulysses Heureaux of the Republic of Santo Domingo, July 26, 1899, a provisional government was organized with General Horatio Vasquez at its head, and an election was ordered to fill the unexpired term and to choose a chief magistrate for the full term of four years ensuing. Juan Isador Jimenez, who was chosen for both terms, without opposition, in March, began his term of four years and was inaugurated with much ceremony. Marked reforms followed his accession. Political executions without trial were abolished; liberty of speech was granted; American gold was adopted as the basis of the currency; the silver and copper coin of the republic was made receivable at a ratio of five for one American gold, and the paper money, four millions of which was in existence at no circulating value, was purchased at auction at the rate of $10,000 gold per month, no bid to exceed 20 cents on the dollar. A new contract was entered into with the San Domingo Improvement Company of New-York, an American corporation holding the foreign bonds and collecting the revenues under a previous contract. agreement 54 per cent of the revenues go to the government for its budget and the remainder for three years is to be applied to the cancellation of all interior and floating debt, the company agreeing to take interest bearing coupons in lieu of interest for three years, the debt, between $25,000,000 and $30,000,000, to be determined by agreement or arbitration within a prescribed time, which has not yet elapsed. This contract was considered quite a victory for the President in view of a strong repudiation party. Two revolutions have marked the year, but they have been insignificant and bloodless. The leaders were quickly arrested and punished. The disturbances would hardly deserve mention but for the fact that they disclose political methods in the republic. During the year President Jimenez made a seven weeks' tour of the republic, visiting every city and town, and received a great ovation. THE DELAGOA BAY AWARD. By this The award of the Swiss arbitral tribunal in the matter of the claim of the Delagoa Bay Railway Company was announced at Berne March 29, 1900. On March 10 it was known that judgment had been propounded, but the indemnity to be paid by Portugal was not announced until nineteen days later. The following is the text of the decision: First-The Portuguese Government, as the defending party, is condemned to pay to the Government of the United States and to Great Britain, the claimants, altogether, in addition to the £28,000 paid on account in 1890, the sum of 15,314,000 francs in legal Swiss money, with simple interest on this sum at the rate of 5 per cent per annum, from June 25, 1889, up to the date of payment of said sum, Second-This sum, after deducting what is necessary to defray the cost of arbitration falling on the claimants and in addition to the balance of £28,000 paid on account in 1890, shall be employed in the payment of bondholders and other creditors, if there is need, of the Delagoa Bay Railway Company, according to their standing. The claimants will draw up a scale of distribution for this purpose. The Portuguese Government will have to pay into the hands of the Government of the United States the sum which, according to said scale, shall accrue to McMurdo, represented by said Government in her quality of bondholding creditor of the first and second degree. It will pay the surplus to the Government of Great Britain for the benefit of all others having rights. Third-The delay of six months fixed by the last line of Clause IV, of the Arbitration Compromise, shall run from this day forth. Fourth-The costs of the arbitration, according to a scale to be drawn up in accordance with Clause V, of the Arbitration Compromise, will be borne in equal parts by the three parties to the suit, that is to say, a third part by each of them. Fifth-The conclusions of the parties in so far as they differ from the above award are set aside. Sixth-An authentic copy of the present award will be delivered through the intermediary of the Swiss Federal Council to each of the three parties to the case. The award was paid November 21, 1900. The Americans received their share through the Seligmans. The small amount awarded was surprising to those familiar with the case. The amount claimed by the widow of Colonel McMurdo, the American claimant, alone, was £760,000, with interest from the date of the seizure of the road. The amount of the British claim was about £1,000,000. The claim had its origin in the following state of facts: In 1883 Edward McMurdo, a citizen of the United States, obtained from the Portuguese Government an exclusive concession to construct and operate for a term of ninety-nine years a railway from Lourenço Marques to the frontier between the territory of Portugal and the Transvaal. The line to be followed by the road and its extent were defined by plans approved by the Government. McMurdo proceedd to form a company to construct the railway. The company was organized in Portugal, and was called the Lourenço Marques and Transvaal Railway Company. This company, however, being unable, notwithstanding several extensions of time, to procure funds with which to construct the railway, Colonel McMurdo sought to obtain the necessary capital in London. His efforts resulted in the formation of the Delagoa Bay and East Africa Railway Company and the securing of the funds required for the completion of the undertaking. The construction of the road proceeded in accordance with the plans which had been approved by the Portuguese Government in 1884. In July, 1887, the Government informed the company that it required the extension of the railway to a point some nine kilometres beyond the limit fixed in the original and approved plans. The company protested, and an extension of time for an examination of the subject was granted until January, 1888. In the mean time the railway was completed in accordance with the original plans and accepted by the Government, with a reservation of the question of the extension of the line. In October, 1888, the Portuguese Government issued a decree fixing the terminal point of the railroad eight kilometres beyond the terminus set in the original plans, and fixing a period of eight months for the completion of the extension. The company protested against this decree on the ground that it was physically impossible to complete the extension within the time prescribed. When the period fixed for the completion of the extension drew near the United States Government, having been informed of the intention of the Portuguese Government to seize the road, sent a cable dispatch to its diplomatic representative at Lisbon, on June 19, 1889, directing him to state to the Portuguese Government that it was earnestly hoped no decisive action would be taken until this Government had investigated the case and stated its objection. This was communicated to the Portuguese Government on the 19th. On the 22d the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs replied, expressing regret that the decree of seizure must be carried into effect. On June 24 the Portuguese Government annulled the concession and seized the road and its appurtenances. Secretary Blaine instructed the United States Minister at Lisbon to enter a formal protest against the seizure, reserving all rights which Colonel McMurdo's heirs (Colonel McMurdo having died in London) or other American citizens might have in the concession. In November, 1889, Mrs. McMurdo having, through her counsel, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll, made a formal claim against the Portuguese Government, Secretary Blaine transmitted the same to Lisbon, with instructions to the American Minister that this Government was forced to the conclusion that the violent seizure of the railway was an act of confiscation which rendered it the duty of the United States to ask that compensation should be made to the American citizens interested. The Portuguese Government finally agreed to submit the claim to arbitration, and a protocol was accordingly signed by the representatives of the three Governments at Berne, Switzerland, on June 13, 1891. The arbitrators were Joseph Blaesi, Vice-President of the Swiss Federal Court at Lausanne; Andres Heussler, professor of law in the University of Basle, and Charies Soldan, president of the Council of State of the Canton of Vaud. The arbitration had been pending for nearly nine years, and had attracted widespread attention. Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll represented the American claimant up to the date of his death. He was succeeded by John Trehane, an English lawyer, who has represented the British shareholders before the tribunal at Berne. THE COLOMBIAN-COSTA RICAN BOUNDARY DISPUTE SETTLED. On September 16 Señor Calvo, the Minister of Costa Rica at Washington, received a cable dispatch from the Costa Rican Minister to France conveying the information that President Loubet, the arbitrator appointed to decide the boundary question between Costa Rica and Colombia, had made his award, fixing the limit in the Atlantic side at Mona Point (or Point Carreta), and in the Pacific side at Punta Burica. In this long pending question the Republic of Colombia claimed that the limit should be fixed at Cape Gracias a Dios, in the Atlantic, ineluding the whole of Costa Rica and Nicaragua Atlantic coast, and that the limit on the Pacific side should be placed at Boruca River, to the northwest of Golfo Dulce, thus pretending a right to half the territory of Costa Rica and about two-thirds of that of Nicaragua. Costa Rica claimed the old limits between Central America and Colombia, placed at the island Escudo de Veragua, in the Atlantic, and the River Chiriquí Viejo (at the base of Punta Burica, to the southeast), in the Pacific. The award fixes the boundary line on the Pacific side at Punta Burica, as claimed by Costa Rica, and on the Atlantic dispels forever the claims of Colombia to any part of the territory of Nicaragua or of that of Costa Rica beyond Mona Point, THE GUIANA BOUNDARY DISPUTE. The award of the Swiss Government in the matter of the Guiana boundary dispute between France and Brazil was made December 2, 1900. It is decreed that the boundaries are to be the Oyapok River from its mouth to its source, and the watershed line in the Tumuc-Humac Mountains from the source of the Oyapok to the Dutch frontier. France had claimed the Araguary River as a parallel line to the Amazon and the left bank of the Rio Banco. The award allots to Brazil 147,000 square miles of the contested territory, and about 3,000 square miles on the north side of the Tumuc-Humac range to the French. The southern boundary of French Guiana has been in dispute for three centuries. Three years ago it was decided to submit the dispute to the Swiss Government for arbitration. The territory so long claimed by France originally comprised about 260,000 square kilometres, consisting of the district bounded on the south by the Amazon, on the west by the River Banco and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. This claim was, however, reduced to about 90,000 square kilometres. Negotiations between France and Brazil for the settlement of the question began in earnest in 1713, but though various treaties were drawn up the legislative bodies of one or the other of the respective countries could not be induced to ratify them. U. S. WARS AND TROUBLES SINCE THE REVOLUTION. War of the Revolution, April 19, 1775, to April 11, 1783. Shay's rebellion, Massachusetts. War with Northwest Indians, Miamis, Wyandots, Delawares, Pottawattamies, Shawnees, Chippewas and Ottawas, September, 1790, to August, 1795. Whiskey Insurrection in Pennsylvania. War with France, July 9, 1798, to September 30, 1800. Fries Insurrection in Pennsylvania, spring of 1799. War with Tripoli, June 10, 1801, to June 4, 1805. Burr Conspiracy. Sabine Expedition, Louisiana. Naval affair in Chesapeake Bay, July 9 to August 5, 1807. War with Northwest Indians, November, 1811, to October, 1813. Peoria Indian War, Illinois, September 19 to October 21, 1813. Seminole or Florida War, November 20, 1817, to October 31, 1818. Campaign against the Blackfeet and Arickaree Indians, on the Upper Mis- Winnebago Expedition, Wisconsin (no fighting), June to September, 1827, also called La Fevre Indian War. Sac and Fox Indian troubles in Illinois. Black Hawk War, April 26 to September 21, 1832. Nullification troubles in South Carolina, November, 1832, to February, 1833. Pawnee Expedition, Indian Territory, June to September, 1834. Toledo War, Ohio and Michigan boundary dispute. Seminole or Florida War, November 1, 1835, to August 14, 1842. Creek disturbances in Alabama, May 5, 1836, to September 30, 1837. Southwestern Frontier, Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas (Sabine disturbances), no fighting, April, 1836, to June, 1837. Osage Indian troubles in Missouri. Heatherly Indian disturbances on Missouri and Iowa line. Mormon disturbances in Missouri. New-York, Aroostook and Canada (Patriot War) frontier disturbances (no fighting). Doniphan's expedition from Santa Fé, N. M., to Chihuahua, Mexico, November, 1846, to February, 1817. Mexican War, April 24, 1846, to May 30, 1848. New-Mexico Expedition, June 30, 1846, to February 13, 1848. Cayuse War, Oregon, Oregon Voiunteers. Navajo troubles, New-Mexico. Continuous disturbances with Comanche, Cheyenne, Lipan and Kickapoo Pitt River Expedition, California, April 28 to September 13, 1850. Utah Indian disturbance. Rogue River, Yakima, Klikitat, Klamath and Salmon River Indian wars in Winnas Expedition against Snake Indians, Oregon, May 24 to September Sioux Expedition, Nebraska Territory, April 3, 1855, to July 27, 1856. Yakima Indian Expedition, Washington Territory, October 11 to November 24, 1855. Cheyenne and Arapahoe troubles. Seminole or Florida War, December 20, 1855, to May 8, 1858. Kansas Border troubles. Gila Expedition, New-Mexico, April 16 to September 16, 1857. Sioux Indian troubles in Minnesota and Iowa, March and April, 1857. Expedition against Northern Indians, Washington Territóry, July 17 to Puget Sound Expedition, Washington Territory, August 10 to September Spokane, Cœur D'Alene, Paloos and other Indian troubles in Washington Navajo Expedition, New-Mexico, September 9 to December 25, 1858. 1859 1859 1859 1859 1859 UNITED STATES WARS AND TROUBLES SINCE THE REVOLUTION. 229 1859-1860 1860 1860 1860 1860 1860-1861 1861-1890 1861-1866 1862 1862-1867 1863-1869 1865-1868 1865-1866 1867-1881 1868-1869 1871 1871 1872 1872-1873 1873 1874-1875 1874 1874 1874 1875 1876 1876 1876-1877 1876-1879 1877 1877 1878 1878 1879 1879-1894 1879-1880 1885 1890-1891 1891-1893 1892 1892-1896 1894 1894 1895 1898-1899 1898 1899 1899 Pecos Expedition, Texas, April 16 to August 17, 1859. Antelope Hills Expedition, Texas, June 10 to September 23, 1859. San Juan Imbroglio, Washington Territory, 1859. John Brown Raid, Virginia, November and December, 1859. Pah-Ute Expedition, California, April 12 to July 9, 1860. Kiowa and Comanche Expedition, Indian Territory, May 8 to October 11, 1860. Carson Valley Expedition, Utah, May 14 to July 15, 1860. Attack on and murder of emigrants by Bannock Indians at Salmon Fork, Navajo Indian Expedition, New-Mexico, September 12, 1860, to February Apache Indian War and troubles in Arizona and New-Mexico. War of the Rebellion, April 19, 1861, to August 20, 1866. Actual hostilities, however, began upon the firing on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, and ceased by the surrender of the Confederate forces under General Kirby Smith, May 26, 1865. Indian massacres at New Ulm and vicinity, Minnesota, August 17 to 23, 1862. Sioux Indian War in Minnesota and Dakota. War against the Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Kiowa and Comanche Indians in Indian War in Southern Oregon and Idaho, and Northern California and Fenian raid, New-York and Canada border disturbances. Campaign against Lipan, Kiowa, Kickapoo and Comanche Indians and Canadian River Expedition, New-Mexico, November 5, 1868, to February Yellowstone Expedition, August 28 to October 25, 1871. Fenian troubles on the Dakota and Manitoba frontier, September and Yellowstone Expedition, Dakota, July 26 to October 15, 1872. Modoc Campaign, November 28, 1872, to June 1, 1873. Campaign against Kiowa, Cheyenne and Comanche Indians in Indian Ter- Sioux Indian Expedition, Wyoming and Nebraska, February 13 to August 19, 1874. Black Hills Expedition, Dakota, June 20 to August 30, 1874. Big Horn Expedition, Wyoming, August 13 to October 10, 1874. Powder River Indian Expedition, Wyoming, November 1 to December 31, Big Horn and Yellowstone Expeditions, Wyoming and Montana, February 17, 1876, to June 13, 1877. War with Northern Cheyenne and Sioux Indians in Indian Territory, Kan- Labor strikes in Pennsylvania and Maryland, July to October, 1877. Bannock and Piute Campaign, May 30 to September 4, 1878. Ute Expedition, Colorado, April 3 to September 9, 1878. Snake or Sheepeater Indian troubles, Idaho, August to October, 1879. Disturbances of settlers in Indian and Oklahoma Territories, "Oklahoma Ute Indian Campaign in Colorado and Utah, September 21, 1879, to No- Chinese miner and labor troubles in Wyoming, September and October, 1885. Sioux Indian disturbances in South Dakota, November, 1890, to January, Garza troubles, Texas and Mexican border disturbances, the "Tin Horn Miner disturbances in Idaho, July to November, 1892. Troubles with renegade Apache Indians under Kid and Massai, on Arizona and Mexican Border. "Industrial Army,' "Commonwealers," "Coxeyites," and labor disturb ances. Railroad, Pullman and labor strikes extending from Illinois to Pacific Bannock Indian troubles, July and August, 1895. War with Spain, April 21, 1898, to April 11, 1899. Actual hostilities ceased Chippewa Indian disturbances at Leech Lake, Minn., October, 1898. Insurrection in Philippine Islands, February 4, 1899, to Miner disturbances in Idaho, April 29 to October 20, 1899. |