mothers. That efforts be put forth by the men's clubs to form national centers to which the mothers may be gathered and where they will be addressed in their own language. That our national holidays be set aside especially for the education in American ideals. That special occasions of joy be participated in on the national holidays of that nationality. That we educate ourselves in the contributions that each nation has made to our literature and that we voice our appreciation of these contributions. That we see to it that the municipality is not lax in enforcing the health laws in the foreign community and that if any part of the municipality must suffer at the hands of the street cleaning department it shall be other than the foreign district where frequently the streets and alleys are often the only playgrounds or parks. Neighborliness on the part of the women of the community who have a recognized standing will do more to wipe out the injustices than any other one thing. When the exploiters find they have the club women of the community to deal with they will be more careful or at least more guarded in their approach. That the inferior courts, particularly the police courts, be dignified and organized upon a basis that will command for them the same respect as the superior courts, for it is in the police courts that the alien usually gets his introduction to the legal machinery of this country and his first impressions are the most lasting.

That in each locality the district attorney's office set aside a particular time, putting in charge one of his most efficient assistants with a good interpreter, to hear the complaints of alien women. That where there are juvenile courts, special probation officers are detailed to get in touch with the foreign districts and enlighten the mothers upon the scope and value of the juvenile court, in order that when necessary she can use the court unofficially. In this way the arrest of many children would be prevented and the court would assist in upholding parental authority.

Many things which make for national deterioration are laid at the door of the alien which do not rightly belong there. I was interested to note at a recent disgusting performance I attended there was not apparently a foreigner there. The audience was composed of well-dressed American boys and girls. I could not help but think that if such a performance had been

given by foreign element the whole city would have rung with the cry that our American institutions, our American Sunday, were being murdered by foreign influence.

The above suggestions are based upon the belief that it does not matter how much we may disagree upon the policy of immigration, that we are all agreed that after the alien has been admitted into this country he is entitled not only to be given his just right but also to have the best opportunity to become a good citizen./

V. EFFECTS

RACIAL EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION 1

LEON MARSHALL, PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

S

PEAKING in broad general terms, this country has experienced the inflow of three great sections of the human races European, African, and Asiatic. In the one we have a case of voluntary immigration, and in the second a case of forced immigration, and in the third a case of exclusion.

As the result of the forced immigration we have in the negro an element containing 11.6 per cent of our total population, or more than one in ten, that for some reason or group of reasons whether historical accident or inferior ability or the ban of race prejudice has failed to be assimilated and now forms a most serious problem in a democracy. We are far from the day when arguments of either industrial development or mistaken selfsacrifice would tempt us to repeat this particular experience.

In the case of the excluded element, the Chinese, we have a race with many estimable qualities, a race furnishing excellent material for self-sacrificing effort upon our part, a race anxious to aid our industrial development by coming in what would have been perhaps the largest tides of immigration we have ever experienced. Nevertheless they are a people that for racial, social, political, and economic reasons we have decided to exclude.

Between these two extremes, a race forced to immigrate and one forbidden to immigrate, stand, or rather come, the European races. Our prime concern is with them. With no other defense for my classification than that it serves well for discussion purposes and cannot be charged with inaccuracy or misrepresen、 tation, when its difficulties have been frankly acknowledged, and with the further defense that this classification is coming

1 Reprinted from the Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction, 1906.

to be accepted by many of the best scholars, I shall speak of three races of Europe, the Baltic, the Alpine, and the Mediterranean. J

The Baltic race occupies the British Isles, Scandinavia, the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic in Russia, the northern half of the German Empire, northeastern Holland, northern Belguim, and northeastern France. In short, as the name indicates, this race is concentrated around the Baltic sea and includes the peoples of northwestern Europe.

The Alpine race dwells in Switzerland, northern Italy, central France, southern Germany, and the greater part of Russia and of the Balkan Peninsula. In short, it occupies the great highland region of central Europe.

The Mediterranean race has as its habitat Spain, Portugal, the islands of the Mediterranean west of Italy, a strip of the southern shore of France, and southern Italy. In a badly mixed state it is to be found in Greece, and, mixed with Arab and Negroid strains, it is to be found in Africa north of the Sahara and west of Tunis. In brief, this race is concentrated in the subtropical region around the Mediterranean.

It is evident that in dealing with the effects of the immigration of these races we shall have to consider three matters: 1. The composition and quality of the population of this country before the great tides of immigration began.

2. The volume and character of the immigration.

3. The results, both present and future, of the interplay of these forces.

Taking up these matters in turn, what was the character of our population in 1790, the date of the first census? As we look back over our colonizing agencies, we might at first glance think of this population as being very heterogeneous. In New England there were the Puritans; in Virginia, the Cavaliers; in Maryland, the Catholics; in New York, a strong Dutch element, stronger than is generally supposed; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, one third of the population German or German descent; along the Delaware river, the descendants of the Swedes; in the Carolinas, many villages of Highlanders and Huguenots, -apparently a population varied in race, nationality, religion, tastes, and speech. And yet, a careful view of the evidence will cause a reconsideration of that opinion.

After all, this 1790 population was mainly of English descent.▾ The foreign element was a considerable portion in only a few of the colonies, while in New England, then comprising in itself about one third of the total 1790 population, there was perhaps the purest representation of the English people in the world. But whether of English descent or no, this 1790 population was emphatically of Baltic origin. It may almost be said to be exclusively Baltic, for the other elements are negligible, so much so that it is difficult to enumerate any non-Baltic elements of the whole population. Further, this population was, in the main, of most excellent stock. It is true that many of the early comers were mere adventurers and in some of the southern colonies worse than adventurers; it is true that in some of the colonies there were convicts and indentured servants. Nevertheless the fact of the excellent stock remains. The influence of the undesirables and adventurers was never dominant and diminished as time went on; the convicts were often merely political offenders men who had reserved the right to think for themselves and so were the very best of colonists; an important section of the indentured servant class was composed of thrifty, ambitious, progressive people who served out an indenture in order to better their condition, and these were excellent colonists. The rest of the population was well sifted indeed. It was composed of men who had left their European homes because their religious, social, political, or economic ideals were too large for their surroundings, men who were sufficiently sturdy in mind and body to overcome the perils and hardships of voyage and settlement. The evidence is clear that in mental capacity, physical qualities, and moral stamina these settlers were among the best of their race and that the 1790 population was, in the main, of excellent stock.

Finally, the conditions of life were such that this population was not merely assimilated, but fused. The frontier life with its dangers, hardships, and informal society; with its cultivation of the capacity for self-government and of the spirit of self-reliance; with its necessity for the breaking away from old world traditions and performing tasks under American conditions, took but a generation to weld the population into one people, and even in the more settled regions the same forces served as a strong fusing agent.

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