It

1867, and completed twenty years later. is 399 feet long and 286 feet wide, and has a massive dome 364 feet high. Other interesting structures are the old Capitol, now used as the county court-house, and the Lincoln residence, now under State supervision. The Lincoln Monument and Mausoleum of gray granite, the cost of which was borne by several States, is situated a little more than a mile from the heart of the city. There are the Bettie Stuart Institute (female), Concordia Seminary, Saint Agatha's School, and the Academy of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart. The State Library has 50,000 volumes, and the Public more than 42,000 volumes. There are also the State Historical Library, that of the Illinois State Museum of Natural History, and the Supreme Court Library. Other noteworthy features are the State Armory, the Supreme Court Building (1907), the City Hall, Post-Office, Governor's Mansion, the High School, and the Odd Fellows' Buildings, the Orphanage of the Holy Child, the Springfield and Saint John's Hospitals, and the David Prince Sanitarium.

Springfield is the centre of a rich farming and coal-mining region, which also has important horse-breeding interests. The census of manufac tures in 1905 showed an invested capital of $5,264,117, and an output of $5,796,637. The Illinois Watch Campany maintains a very large establishment here, and there are also engine works, boiler works, car shops, foundries and machine shops, lumber mills, woolen mills, breweries, and manufactories of soap, saddlery, flour, mattresses, brick, clothing, etc. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. For maintenance and operation, the city spends annually about $465,000, the principal items being: Schools, $131,000; interest on debt, $47,000; fire department, $63,000; police department, $43,552; municipal lighting, $26,000; and streets, $54,000. The waterworks are owned by the municipality. Popula tion, in 1890, 24,963; in 1900, 34,159; in 1907, including annexed suburbs (local estimate) 55,000. First settled in 1819, and laid out in 1823, Springfield was incorporated as a town in 1832, and was chartered as a city in 1840. In 1837 it was chosen as the State capital, and the State Legislature assembled here for the first time in 1839. For many years it was the home of Abraham Lincoln. Consult Power. History of Springfield (Springfield, 1871); Tower, Springfield Present and Prospective (ib., 1906).

SPRINGFIELD. The county-seat of Hampden County, Mass., 98 miles west-southwest of Boston; on the Connecticut River, and on the Boston and Albany, the Boston and Maine, and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads (Map: Massachusetts, B 3). Several bridges here span the river. There are 498 acres in the public park system. Forest Park, the largest of the pleasure grounds, contains 464 acres. In Court Square are the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument and a statue of Miles Morgan. "The Puritan," by Saint Gaudens, near the library, is a work of great merit. Among the prominent buildings of Springfield are some designed by H. H. Richardson, the most notable of which, perhaps, are the County CourtHouse and the Church of the Unity. The United States Arsenal is conspicuously situated within the extensive armory grounds. Some 1200 men are employed here in making rifles for the United

States Government. (See SMALL ARMS.) Other prominent structures are the railroad station, the Springfield Science Museum, Art Museum (containing the George Walter Vincent Smith collection, one of the best in the country), the City Hall, the Federal Government Building, the High School, and the Public Library. Springfield is the seat of the French-American College, opened in 1885, and of the International Y. M. C. A. Training School. The Public Library has more than 150,000 volumes. There are several other collections of books, among which is the Hampden County Law Library, dating from 1813. The most important charitable institutions include the State Almshouse, Springfield Hospital, Mercy Hospital, and the Hampden Homœopathic Hospital.

The Federal census bulletin of 1905 gave the capitalization of the industrial establishments as $24,081,099 and the value of the output as $25,860,250. The leading manufactures are foundry and machine-shop products, paper and envelopes, tobacco, cigars and cigarettes, brass castings, lumber and lumber products, buttons, electrical apparatus and supplies, confectionery, bicycles, automobiles, rubber and elastic goods, cotton and woolen goods, tools, etc. Springfield is a port of entry, and it has some foreign trade. The government is vested in a mayor, annually elected, and a bicameral council. Springfield spends annually for maintenance and operation about $2.426,203, the principal items being: Schools, $424,693; interest on debt, $86,503; streets, $204,238; fire department, $128,411; police department, $100,862; municipal lighting, $80,265; and charitable institutions, $46,464. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. The system has cost $2,231,249. The net debt of the city in 1906 was $1,454,267; the assessed valuation of real and personal property, $86,505,181. The population in 1800 was 2312; in 1850, 11,766; in is70, 26,703; in 1880, 33,340; in 1890, 44,179; in 1906, 75,836.

Springfield was first settled in 1636 by a party from Roxbury headed by William Pynchon. Until 1640, when it received its present name, it was known as Agawam. On October 4, 1675, during King Philip's War, it was attacked by Indians and burned. During Shays's Rebellion it was the scene (September, 1786) of a riot headed by Shays. Later (January 25, 1787) occurred a sharp skirmish between a small body of State militia and about 2000 insurgents led by Shays, the latter being easily defeated. In 1852 Springfield was chartered as a city. Consult: Green, Springfield, 1636-1886 (Springfield, 1888); Burt, The First Century of the History of Springfield, The Official Records from 1636-1736 (Springfield, (1898-99).

SPRINGFIELD. The county-seat of Greene County, Mo., 200 miles southeast of Kansas City; on the Saint Louis and San Francisco and the Kansas City, Clinton and Springfield railroads (Map: Missouri, C 4). The city is in the Ozark Mountains (altitude 1300 ft.), and is surrounded by beautiful forest and prairie scenery. It is the seat of Drury College (non-sectarian), opened in 1873, and of Loretto Academy. Other features include the United States Government building, the high school building, Saint John's Hospital, and the State Normal School. The national cemetery here has 1703 graves, of which 737 are of unknown dead. Situated in the mineral belt of southwest

Missouri, Springfield has also important agricultural, lumbering, and stock-raising interests. In manufacturing, it ranked fifth in the State by the census of 1905, its industries having an invested capital of $3,925,785, and an output valued at $5,293,315. The leading establishments are carriage and wagon factories, lumber mills, flouring mills, foundries, and shops of the Saint Louis and San Francisco railroad. Springfield is also the centre of an extensive wholesale trade. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. The school board is elected by popular vote. Population, in 1890, 21,850; in 1906, 24,119. Springfield was settled as an Indian trading post about 1819, and in 1838 was incorporated, having been laid out three years earlier.

SPRINGFIELD.

The county-seat of Clark County, O., 45 miles west of Columbus; at the confluence of Lagonda Creek and the Mad River, and on the Erie, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, and the Detroit, Toledo and Ironton railroads (Map: Ohio, C 6). It is the seat of Wittenberg College (Lutheran), opened in 1845, and has the Warder Public Library, with more than 18,000 volumes. Noteworthy are the city hall, the United States Government building, the buildings of three State fraternal homes, Masonic, Pythian, and Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and Snyder Park. Springfield is surrounded by a highly productive farming section. Excellent water power has aided in making an important industrial centre. The census of 1905 showed that there was invested in the various industries capital to the amount of $19,923,462. Their output was valued at $13,654,423. More than five-sevenths of the capital and nearly two-thirds of the output were represented by the manufactures of agricultural implements, and foundry and machine-shop products. The government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. For maintenance and operation the city spends annually about $400,000, the principal items being: Schools, $133,000; streets, $72,000; municipal lighting, $42,000; fire department, $40,000; interest on debt, $58,000, police department, $30,000. The water works, which represent an expenditure of $720,577, are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 31,895; in 1906, 42,069.

SPRING HILL COLLEGE. A Roman Catholic institution near Mobile, Ala., founded in 1830, under the direction of the Society of Jesus. Its courses are preparatory (one year), commercial (five years), and classical (six years). The students in 1906-7 numbered 236, and the faculty 26. The buildings and grounds were valued in that year at $250,000. The income was about $42,000 and the library contained 18,500 volumes.

SPRINGING USE. A use which is limited to take effect on the happening of a future event and not depending upon any preceding use or estate. This is a peculiar form of future estate and differs from a shifting use, which operates in derogation of some other estate, and from a remainder which must be limited upon some particular or preceding estate. It may be limited to rise either upon a certain or uncertain and contingent event. Consult Gilbert On Uses.

This

SPRINGTAIL. Any one of the very minute insects of the families Poduridæ, Smynthuridæ, Entomobryidæ, and Papiriidæ, of the thysanuran suborder Collembola. These little insects leap by the tail-like organ arising from the under side of the penultimate or antepenultimate seg. ment of the abdomen, reaching forward horizon. tally when at rest, nearly to the head. organ when suddenly drawn toward the perpendicular throws the insect high into the air and sometimes to a distance of several feet. springtails are found in great numbers on the surface of the ground or just beneath the surface in boreal and even arctic regions. They occur in the spring in the Northern United States on bright sunny days when the snow is melting, frequently in great numbers on the surface of the snow. One species (Achoreutes nivicola) is commonly known as the "snow-flea."

The

SPRING VALLEY. A city in Bureau County, Ill., 17 miles southeast of Princeton; on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, the Chicago and Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads (Map: Illinois, C 2). It is important as the shipping centre of a coal-mining and farming region. Population, in 1890, 3837; in 1900, 6214.

SPRINGVILLE. A city in Utah County, Utah, 4 miles south of Provo, on the Rio Grande Western, and the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake railroads (Map: Utah, C 2). Fruit raising and canning is the chief industry. The place was settled in 1850 and incorporated three years later. Population, in 1890, 2849; in 1900, 3422.

See FLOUR and WHEAT.

SPRING WHEAT. SPRIT (AS. spreot, pole, sprout, from sprčo tan, Ger. spriessen, to sprout). A light spar extending from the peak (see SAIL) to a sliding becket on the mast. In the early days of square-rigged ships, square sails set on yards under the head booms were called the sprit-sail, sprit-sail top-sail, and sprit-sail topgallant sail. When the square sprit-sails of the head booms were replaced by fore-and-aft jibs and staysails, the various sprit-sail yards were no longer used, but as a spreader was needed for the jib guys, whisker booms (see SHIP) were devised, and these are occasionally called sprit-sail yards, though they are in two parts, one on each side of the bowsprit cap.

SPRUCE (ME. Spruce, Pruce, from OF. Pruce, from ML. Prussia, Prussia), Picea. A genus of about twenty species of coniferous trees, indigenous to the Northern Hemisphere, nearly half being natives of North America. The genus was formerly combined with Abies (see FIR), from which it differs in having pendulous cones, leaves jointed on the twigs, keeled on both sides and not arranged in ranks, but scattered and pointing in every direction. The spruces occur as trees farther north than most others, forming forests within the Arctic Circle, and extending south, especially in the mountains as far as the Pyrenees in Europe, and North Carolina and Arizona in the United States. The white spruce and also the black spruce cover tensive areas in Canada to the almost total exclusion of other trees. In Europe the Norway spruce is similarly distributed. The species are pyramidal in habit of growth, the lower branches drooping when old. The Norway spruce (Picea

ex

etc.

It is

excelsa), the principal European species, is of rapid growth, attains a height of 150 feet or more, and is extensively planted both as a forest tree and as an ornamental. The timber is valuable for fuel and for house building, and is largely exported from Norway and Sweden for masts and spars of sailing vessels. The tree yields resin and turpentine; its bark is used in tanning and for basket-making, etc. The wood is used for wood pulp and paper manufacture. In North America the prevailing species over the greatest extent of territory are the white and the black spruce (Picea alba and Picea nigra), although in lumbering the two species are seldom recognized. The former is found from New York to British Columbia and northward to Newfound land, Hudson Bay, and Alaska. It is a handsome tree 50 to 150 feet high. The wood is light, soft, compact, nearly odorless, light yellow, and with scarcely distinguishable sap wood. largely used for general building, spars, flooring, It also yields some of the spruce gum of commerce. The latter has a distribution somewhat similar to the white spruce, except that it descends along the mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee and probably does not reach Alaska. It is a somewhat smaller tree, but is otherwise very similar to the white spruce. It forms immense forests in Maine, New York, Canada, and elsewhere, and is largely used for wood pulp and paper. These two species are the chief and best source for wood paper-making. The gum of the black spruce is used for chewing. The branches are used in the preparation of essence of spruce, and by adding sugar or molasses and slightly fermenting, spruce beer is obtained. The bark contains tannin and is used to some extent in tanning leather. The roots are often split into narrow strips and made into baskets, coarse mats, ropes, etc. The Sitka or tideland spruce (Picea sitchensis) is a large tree occurring abundantly from northern California to Alaska, following the coast as far as the island of Kadiak. It is one of the largest trees of North America, attaining in its lower regions a height of more than 300 feet and a diameter of 7 or 8 feet at 100 feet from the base. Specimens upon the islands in southeastern Alaska measured more than 200 feet in height and 25 feet in circumference 4 feet from the ground. The timber of this tree is very valuable, entering into all kinds of building operations. In the tree-planting operations in the West the spruces, especially the white and the Norway, have proved among the most adaptable of evergreen species. The black, being of slower growth, less ornamental, and not so well adapted to dry soils, is less frequently planted. For ornamental planting none excels the blue spruce, which is of rather slow growth. All are hardy and all have been extensively planted in Europe. Each of the American species has developed several well-known varieties, which vary principally in the character of their foliage, branching habits, etc. A tree known as Douglas spruce or Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Douglassi) is one of the important timber trees from the Rocky Mountain region to the Pacific and north to British Columbia. Upon the Pacific Coast it attains a height of more than 300 feet and a diameter of 10 to 12 feet. The timber is fine, straight-grained, heavy, and very strong, and is useful for all kinds of building, masts, etc. It

has been very successfully planted in Minnesota, where it is believed it will supersede the other species for general planting.

work is

SPRUNER VON MERZ, KARL (1803-92). A German chartographer, historian, and poet, born at Stuttgart. He entered the Corps of Cadets at Munich in 1814, became lieutenant in 1825 and had attained the rank of lieutenantcolonel in 1855, when King Maximilian II. appointed him his aid-de-camp. Favored with that monarch's special confidence, he was a steadfast advocate of Pan-German and liberal principles at the Bavarian court. In 1864 King Ludwig II. appointed him his adjutant-general and in 1883 general of infantry. He retired from service in 1886 and died in Munich. His principal Handatlas (118 maps, 1837-52; 4th ed. by Siegthe great Historisch-geographischer lin, 1893 et seq.); besides which he published a model Atlas zur Geschichte von Bayern (1838); Handatlas für die Geschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit (90 maps, new ed. by Menke, 1879); Historisch-geographischer Schulatlas (10th ed., 1880); and others. He wrote a Leitfaden zur Geschichte von Bayern (1853); Pfalzgraf Rupert der Kavalier (1854); Charakterseveral historical dramas and, anonymously, bilder aus der bayrischen Geschichte (1878); Jamben eines greisen Ghibellinen (1876), and Aus der Mappe des greisen Ghibellinen (1882), both strictly Christian, but anti-papal.

A

SPULLER, spu̟'lâr', EUGÈNE (1835-96). French publicist and political leader, born at Seurre (Côte d'Or). He was educated at the college at Dijon and studied law at the University of Paris, but in 1863 became identified with journalism. After the proclamation of the Republic in 1870 he became Gambetta's secretary and one of his most trusted supporters, and with him escaped from Paris in a balloon on October 7, 1870, in order to assist him in reorganizing the provincial governments. He was elected by a Paris constituency to the Chamber in 1876, and became one of the most influential leaders of the Union Republic group. Upon the formation of Gambetta's short-lived Cabinet, in November, 1881, Spuller was made Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He returned to the Chamber in the following year, and in 1884 was chosen one of the vice-presidents of the body. He was Minister of Public Instruction in the Rouvier Cabinet in 1887, and Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Tirard Cabinet in 1889-90. In 1892 he was elected Senator, and in 1893-94 held the portfolio of Public Instruction in the Cabinet of Casimir-Périer. He published: Petite histoire du second empire (1870); Ignace de Loyola et la compagnie de Jésus (1876); Michelet, sa vie et ses œuvres (1876).

SPUNGING-HOUSES. In the law of Eng land, the private houses of the bailiffs, who may detain there a debtor who has been arrested for debt for 24 hours, to admit him or his friends to arrange to settle the debt. The name is derived from the extortion often practiced on the debtor. The name is not used in the United States.

SPUR (AS. spora, OHG. sporo, Ger. Sporn, spur, from AS. speornan, OHG. spurnan, to kick, spurn; connected with Lat. spernere, to despise, Gk. oralpe, spaircin, to flounder, Lith. spirti, to tread, Skt. sphur, to thrust with the foot).