Bridges-continued.

Report, 1860-continued.

the several bridges, Bidder 1107. 1129-1134-Circumstance of witness's plan not contemplating direct communication with the bridges, Brooks 1661-1666—Óbjection to any embankment crossing Blackfriars Bridge on a level, Fowler 1737.

See also Blackfriars Bridge. Level of Embankment. Southwark Bridge. Brooks, William Alexander. (Analysis of his Evidence.)-Civil engineer; has had considerable experience in the execution of works on the Tyne, &c. 1646–1648— -Concurrence in Captain Maughan's views as to the importance of preserving the tidal water in the Thames, 1650-Opinion that the embankment of the river, in conjunction with the removal of the shoals, would, however, decidedly improve the navigation, 1650-1653. 1675-1679 Beneficial result of the works carried out on the Tyne upon the navigation, 1654-1656. 1675-1677.

Proposition for a plan of embankment at a much less cost than that of several schemes which have been brought forward, 1656 et seq.-Proposed use of the quay or embankment, so as to do away with the necessity of docks, 1658-1661. 1667-1674Circumstance of witness's plan not contemplating direct communication with the bridges, 1661-1666The low-level sewer might be laid down within two years, 1671Coffer dams should be dispensed with, ib.Strong objection to the sewer going along the streets, 1679-1681-Importance of removing the mud from the river, 1682. Building Sites. See Cost. Reclaimed Land. Warehouse Accommodation.

Burstal, Captain Edward, R. N. (Analysis of his Evidence.)-Secretary to the Thames Conservancy Board; has known the river since 1832, and has been engaged on several surveys of it, 421-427 Deepening of the bed of the river above London Bridge, in the interval between Mr. Telford's survey in 1823 and witness's survey in 1856; 428 -Less mud on the shores than formerly, 429-432-Result of observations by witness, with a view of ascertaining whether the high-water level of the river attained the same height at various places between Woolwich and Putney, 433-Result of observations as to the height in different places at low water, 433, 434.

Sundry observations, and result thereof, as to the rapidity of the current at wide and narrow parts of the river, 435-438--Slight effect of the embankment of the Thames upon the rise or depth of the tide, 439-442. 464-466– Approval generally of an embankment somewhat after Walker's line, 443, 444-Consideration of the effect of the embankment upon the velocity of the current, and upon the navigation; witness anticipates no objection on this score, 445 et seq. 543.

Necessity of measures being taken so as to prevent inconvenience to wharfingers, 453459. 518, 519-Sundry shoals in the river adverted to, and steps taken by the Conservancy Board to remove them by dredging; an increase of scour through the formation of the embankment would not remove them, 460, 461. 520-542- -Beneficial relief to the street traffic if an embankment be formed, 462, 463-As regards the quantity of fresh water coming down the river, the question of the embankment is not affected thereby, 476-483-Absence of prejudice to the south bank if an embankment be formed on the north bank only, that is, from Westminster Bridge to London Bridge, 484-496. 510-514 The shoals are mostly a natural formation, and are not affected by the current, 502.524-535

C.

Camberwell. Statement showing that the ratepayers in Camberwell have already very heavy liabilities and burdens on the score of sewers' rates, and that on this ground, as well as because they will derive no benefit from the work, they object strongly to be taxed for the embankment of the Thames on the north side, Godden 2614 et seq.

Cannon Street. Communication to be had with the city, from the terminus of witness's plan, by means of the street already commenced from Cannon-street to Blackfriars Bridge; progress made with this street, Fowler 1704-1710.

Carron Iron Company. The Carron Iron Ccmpany have premises near Queenhithe Dock, with a river frontage of 130 feet, White 3467, 3468. 3479, 3480--The proposed embank ment, even if made with open columns, will most likely be very obstructive to the ingress of barges to the company's premises, ib. 3469-3476.

Charing Cross Railway. The railway from London Bridge to Hungerford Market need not interfere in any way with the Thames Embankment, Hawkshaw 2004-2008. Cheapside to Lincoln's Inn. The embankment would obviate, for many years, the necessity of the proposed new street from Cheapside to Lincoln's Inn, Thwaites 125-127.

Report, 1860-continued.

Chelsea Embankment. The embankment between Chelsea and Vauxhall has not produced any ill result upon the river or its navigation, Thorp 406, 407-Doubt as to the Chelsea Embankment not being injurious to the amount of the tidal water in the river, Maughan 1618-1629--Advantage if the Chelsea Embankment were extended, so as to communicate with Cheyne Walk, Page 2315-2320.

Witness has been deputed by the vestry of Chelsea to attend before the Committee with reference to the embankment of the Thames at Chelsea, Perry 2828. 2886. 2890Complaint as to the embankment above Vauxhall Bridge stopping short in front of Chelsea Hospital, instead of being continued to Battersea Bridge, and as to a balance of about 38,000 /. out of the sum originally voted by Parliament not having been applied to this extension; examination hereon as to certain local contributions towards the extension not having been forthcoming, ib. 2830-2913.

City, The. Great interest taken for many years by the Corporation of the City in the question of an embankment; instances of their desire to undertake its formation, Scott 661-666Statement showing that the annual charges upon the Corporation property involve about 80,000l. a year, and that large payments are also made towards prisons, metropolitan improvements, &c. ib. 2698-2710. 2753-Further statement as to the City being favourable to the embankment of the Thames, and as to their willingness to assist in its formation, though not by any contribution from their funds, ib. 2754-2756.

See also Coal Duties.

Coal Duties. Statement of the gross and net produce of the coal duties, Thwaites 81Fallacy of the notion that the coal duties bear oppressively upon the poor, ib 83, 84Strong objection to granting a drawback in the case of large manufacturers, ib. 85-87. 115 Considerations as to the propriety or otherwise of the area within which the coal duties are levied; grounds for concluding that the present area is quite justifiable, ib. 88, 115-121. 180-189. 198, 199, 227-229. 248-263--About 20,000l. a-year might be appropriated out of the coal duties towards the embankment of the Thames, ib.

93. 105.

Particulars as to the produce and application of the duty of 8d. a ton upon coals brought into the City, Scott 545-574, and App. 254, 255-It is understood that by about March 1861 the 8 d. duty will be free from any charge that has been placed upon it, and will be available, if Parliament think fit, for the Thames embankment, ib. 563567. 654-Doubt whether, legally, 4d. out of the 8 d. duty may not survive beyond 1861, without any object to which it would be applicable, ib. 567–572.

Undoubted claim of the City to the 4 d. duty on coals as part of their general property, to be dealt with as they please, Scott 574, 575-581-585. 595, 596. 640-642. 651, 652 -Particulars as to produce, and modes of application of the 4d. duty; a vote of 200,000l. to the Metropolitan Railway does not come directly out of it, but out of the general revenue, ib. 574 et seq.The present charges upon this duty absorb the charges on it for some twenty years to come, ib. 577-597, 598. 604611 Liability of the general property of the Corporation, as a collateral security, for the charges on the 4d. duty, ib. 599, 600. 629-637. 647-651. 667–672.

Origin and amount of the 1 d. duty on coals; how appropriated; it ceases absolutely on the 5th July 1862, Scott 602, 603. 655.

Explanation as to the radius of twenty miles to which the 4 d. duty applies, and as to the substitution about 1850 of this limit for the previously very irregular limit, Scott 619-622. 638, 639. 643-646. 653-Loss by the Corporation on the score of drawback by the radius of twenty miles, ib. 639. 646. 653—Immaterial effect of the coal duties of 8 d. and 1 d. upon the price to the consumer, ib. 660-Way in which the coal-tax payers at Hertford, &c., within the radius of twenty miles, are benefited by the Metropolitan Railway and the Smithfield dead-meat market, ib. 673-689—The 4 d. tax could not be repealed without compensation, ib. 687.

Grounds for objecting strongly to a continuancs of the coal-tax as a means of paying for the embankment; serious burden of this tax upon witness, who is a papermaker, and other manufacturers, Saunders 1882, 1919 et seq.-A drawback should be allowed on steam coal, as distinct from Wallsend coal and gas coal, ib. 1957-1964.

Reference to certain Acts of Parliament, as showing the authority under which charges have been made upon the 4 d. coal tax; the coal duty is not, however, specifically mentioned, Scott 2672-2684- -Income of about 100,000l. a year, about 60,000 7. of which will expire in 1867, upon which, as well as upon the 4 d. coal duty, the debts of the Corporation might be charged; about whether they can be paid off in less than twenty years, ib. 2684-1691, 2735, 2736--Charge for pensions payable out of the 4 d. coal duty, ib. 2691-2697- -Further reference to the nature of the security given in the bonds issued by the Corporation, ib. 2730-2734-Further explanation relative to the amount contributed towards the Metropolitan Railway and towards a meat market; policy of the former investment, ib. 2737-2750.

Return of the produce of and charges upon the several coal dues of 8d., 4 d., and 1 d.,

App.

Coal Duties-continued.

Report, 1860-continued.

App. p. 252, 253- -Account of monies which have been raised for public works or street improvements out of the coal duties since the year 1766, distinguishing the works within the City from those without the City, ib. 254, 255-Evidence as to the distances from London of the places from which the supplies are brought to the London markets, ib. 256, 257.

Recommendation by the Committee that the 8 d. and 1d. duties upon coal be renewed for a limited period, and that the whole or part of the cost of the Thames embankment be made a first charge upon them, Rep. p. iii.

Coffer Dam. See Construction, Mode of.

Northern Low Level Sewer, 2.

Compensation. Loss of private Bills for the embankment, on account of the demands of wharfingers for compensation, Vetch 315, 316. 338- -Allowance in witness's estimate of twenty per cent. on the cost for contingencies and compensation, Hemans 978. 1037, 1038 The claims for compensation under witness's scheme could not be large; suggestion as to the mode of considering such claims, Bidder 1138. 1140. 1174. 1294, 1295. 1317 Claims to compensation should be referred to a commission, instead of going before a jury, Gisborne 1427-1443.

1

Question of compensation considered; this might be met by means of the reclaimed land, Fowler 1726. 1760-1762. 1796-1810. 1822-1826-Proposed mode of compensating the wharfingers where there is a solid embankment in front of the wharves, Bird 2185, 2186-Approval of all questions of compensation being settled after the work is completed, Page 2364-2370-Nature of the rights of parties along the foreshore to make claims for damages, Woolrych 3113-3116. 3132-2133.

Impossibility of compensating witness by any amount of dock accommodation within the line of embankment; large claim for compensation which he would have to make in the event of his frontage being taken away, Ledger 3186-3190. 3198-3210—The difficulties attending the landing and shipping of goods would form a very large item in the cost of compensation, Gould 3300- Whether the embankment be a solid one or upon columns the hindrance to trade will be great, and compensation must be given, Rose 3641-3643

Difficulty in estimating before the completion of the works the amount of damage that may be caused, Rep. p. iv-Power should be given to ascertain, after the completion of the works, the amount of compensation that may be due, ib.

See also Barges.

Reclaimed Land.

Docks.
Wharfingers.

Freeholders.

Northern Low Level Sewer, 1. 5.

Completion of Works. Practicability of hastening the construction by employing large numbers of men at different points along the line, Hemans 1050-1054- The low level sewer, if made with the embankment, might be completed in a much shorter time than the whole, ib. 1052-The embankment and sewer would take from three to four years to carry out; plan of construction in sections and without coffer dams adverted to hereon, Bidder 1135, 1136. 1152-1156. 1212-1214. 1241, 1242- Obligation upon the Board to complete the several sewers by a certain time; doubt as to any penalty attaching in the event of non-completion by that time, Woolrych 3134-3142.

See also Northern Low Level Sewer, 6.

Consolidated Fund. See Imperial Revenue.

Construction, Mode of. Outline of the plan of construction proposed by witness from Westminster Bridge to Hungerford, and from Hungerford to Queenhithe, Bazalgette 752756-Contemplated construction of the embankment with iron cylinders, and plates between, so as to avoid a regular coffer dam; precedents for this mode of construction, ib. 771-775. 849-851-Great importance of constructing the work by means of iron facing, and without the use of coffer dams, which alone would cost 200,000l., Hemans 960 Instances of the successful use of iron piers without coffer dams having been resorted to, ib. 1018-1027-Mode of construction of witness's plan explained, Bidder 1109.

Series of brick piers, or iron arches proposed by witness to be placed on the quay wall, Gisborne 1404-1409-Intention to found the quay wall and cross walls on the London clay, ib. 1410-1415-Grounds for proposing a facing of granite and brick rather than of iron, ib. 1541, 1542-Coffer dams should be dispensed with in the construction of the embankment, Brooks 1671-Doubt as to the expediency of making arches for the whole length of the embankment, Fowler 1763-1766-From Southwark Bridge to London Bridge the road, as proposed by witness, would pass upon iron coluinns so as not to interfere with the wharves, Edmeston 3025.

See also Docks. Plans.

Corporation of London. See City, The.

Cost.

Report, 1860-continued.

Reference to former Acts and Bills for the purpose of embanking the Thames, and to the modes in which the cost was proposed to be defrayed, Thwaites 74-77-Proposition that the coal duties, the hackney carriage duties, and the Consolidated Fund be resorted to; amount proposed to be raised from each of these sources, ib. 81 et seq.Assuming that the embankment on both sides of the river cost 2,000,000/., the amount might, under witness's proposition, be paid off in about twenty-three years, ib. 93-95 Witness's estimate of 2,000,000l. refers to a plan by Mr. Gisborne; several plans at much lower estimates have been put forth, 264-266, 269-271. 305.

Estimate of about 1,000,000l. as the cost of the embankment proposed by witness and Mr. Hemans, including a roadway 100 feet wide, docks, &c.; question of compensation adverted to hereon, Bazalgette 756-760. 783. 826-829-Estimate of the cost, under different heads, of the proposed embankment and sewer on the northern side, Hemans 976-978. 1049- -Total of 242,000l. as the estimated cost of the works on the south side, ib. 978-980.

Several sources such as reclaimed land, building sites, warehouse accommodation, &c. whence a large portion of the expense may be reimbursed; estimate of a return from these sources, equal to a capital of one million, Bidder 1109. 1112, 1113. 1123-1128. 1138-1140. 1147, 1148. 1185. 1293-1296. 1309, 1310-Estimate of one million and a half as the cost of the whole of the proposed works on the north side of the river, out of which only about a million is calculated to be borne by the public, ib. 1138-1149. 1293-1296. 1332, 1333.

Estimates of cost for the north side and for the south side; total of 1,900,000l. less 1,164,500l. to be derived from land and ground wharves, Gisborne 1385-1395. 1416-1422-Net cost of 735,500l. for which an embankment, new roads, and a low level sewer are given, ib. 1395. 1399. 1504-1512. 1523-1525. 1534- -The gross estimate for witness's amended scheme, excluding the railway, is 1,686,900l. as against 1,900,000l., including the railway, ib. 1534. 1540. 1553-1556.

Estimate of 146,760l. as the cost of the embankment proposed by witness between Westminster Bridge and Queenhithe, Brooks 1659.

Total of 700,000l. as the estimated cost of witness's plan, exclusive of compensation and of the cost of buildings, Fowler 1724, 1725-For 400,000l. a company would be found to carry out this plan, ib. 1725. 1809. 1821—For the road and the removal of the mud the public might be required to pay 300,000l. towards the entire cost, ib. 1725

Considerable contribution required towards the embankment, unless a railway be allowed, Hawkshaw 2010-2015.

Estimate of 733,000l. as the cost of witness's plan, including compensation, Bird 2155, 2160-2163.

Estimate of 366,000l. as the expense of the embankment proposed by witness, from Westminster Bridge to Blackfriars Bridge, Page 2221, 2222. 2253-2256-Means for making witness's plan self-sustaining; there might be a toll upon omnibuses, or a railway might be made, ib. 2349-2358. 2408-2412. 2423, 2424.

Economy in constructing the work near the shore; avoidance thereby of a cofferdam, Edmeston 3025. 3037, 3038. 3070-3072- Witness estimates that for 450,000l. a company would carry out his plan, and make compensation, ib. 3043-3062. 3069.

Estimate of 750,000l. as the cost of the scheme proposed by witness, Sewell 3081. The embankment would be a great public improvement, but the difficulties and expense are overlooked, Gould 3234-3236. 3300, 3301-Inaccurate calculation of Mr. Bazalgette as to the depth to which it would be necessary to go for the under-pinning of the warehouses where the docks are, ib. 3300-The difficulty in dealing with the underpinning of the wharves is much underrated, Rose 3623-3625.

Varying amounts of the estimates adverted to, Rep. p. iii-There is reason to believe that a large proportion of the total first cost would be repaid by works of a productive character, ib.Recommendation that the 8 d. and 1d. duties upon coal, and the d. duty upon wine be placed at the disposal of the Metropolitan Board of Works for carrying out the embankment, and that the guarantee of the Imperial Treasury be likewise afforded to them, according to the provisions contained in the Act 21 & 22 Vict. c. 104, s. 6, ib. iii, iv.

See also Coal Duties. Compensation. Hackney Carriages, &c. (Duties and
Licenses). Imperial Revenue. Northern Low Level Sewer, 4. Paris.
Private Enterprise.
Public Works. Rates. Wine Duties.

Current. Advantage in the bed of the river being narrowed, so as to increase the scour, Thorp 408-411. 416-Observations by witness, and result thereof, as to the rapidity of the current at wide and narrow parts of the river, Burstal 435-438- -Local effect of the bridges upon the velocity of the tide, ib. 497-500-Advantage of the more regular flow of the tide, and slight increase of velocity by means of the embankment, Hemans 988, 989-On account of the velocity of the tide being increased by the embankment,

there

Current-continued.

Report, 1860-continued.

there would be great difficulty in bringing the barges to a stop, and getting them through the entrances, Ledger 3145. 3159-3168. 3183-3185; Rathbone 3534-3541; Berridge 3550 et seg..See also Navigation.

D.

Depth of River. Importance of a uniform, or nearly uniform, depth of the river, Gisborne 1375. 1490.--See also Dredging. Shoals.

Docks. Particulars in connexion with the proposed docks inside the embankments, and the entrances thereto; belief that there would, on the whole, be an increase of accommodation to wharfingers and bargeowners, Bazalgette 785-799. 830-841; Hemans 961. 969972. 980-987. 1028-1036--Modes of dealing with the mud, or the deposit which will take place in the docks, Bazalgette 797; Hemans 982-984; Bidder 1181, 1182. 1308

-Objection to the plan proposed by Mr. Page as regards the communication with the docks, Hemans 959--Estimate of 100,000 l. for the docks, including a concrete bottom; question of using a gravel bottom adverted to hereon, ib. 980. 1056-1603--Total of 21 acres of dock area under the plan of Mr. Bazalgette and witness, ib. 986.

Nature of the arrangements proposed by witness in regard to docks, and the entrances thereto; convenience rather than inconvenience to wharfingers, &c. as compared with the present system, Bidder 1108. 1117-1122. 1174-1180. 1200-1204. 1243. 1248, 1249. 1261, 1262. 1271-1279. 1288-1291. 1307. 1322-1343---Practicability of making the docks accessible at all times, Harrison 1342, 1343.

Proposed system of quay walls with entrances through them, and tidal basins at the back, Gisborne 1375-1377--Particulars relative to the proposed opening through the wall into the docks; depth of water in the openings at high-water mark, ib. 1454-1480 --Character of the headway or entrance allowed for billyboys, &c. into the tidal basin at Hungerford, ib. 1526-1533.

Inadequate depth of water proposed to be allowed for entrance to the docks, Maughan 1588-Great inconvenience in the barges being prevented from entering the docks, except at certain periods of the tide, Brooks 1658-Avoidance of all docks and tidal basins in witness's scheme, Brooks 1658-1661. 1667-1674; Edmeston 3025.

Particulars as to the accommodation, under witness's plan, for wharfingers; description of the docks, and of the entrances thereto; greater accommodation than at present, Fowler 1693-1702. 1726. 1738-1743. 1754-1759. 1827. 1845--Amount of headway allowed for billyboys, &c. in entering the docks; adequacy thereof, ib. 1728-1743.

Further evidence as to the width of the entrances to, and the amount of accommodation in, the docks proposed by witness, Bidder 1982-1993--Sufficient accommodation for barges provided by docks 100 feet wide, Hawkshaw 2027-2030.

Particulars as to the system of docks embraced in witness's plan, and as to the entrances thereto; scheme of a lock entrance as well as of a tidal entrance, Bird 20822104. 2123-2126. 2138-2143. 2149-2152--The floating docks, as proposed by witness, have been adopted from Mr. Page's scheme of 1843, ib. 2152-2154.

Character and extent of dock accommodation provided by witness's plan, Page 2227, 2228, 2257, 2258--Particulars as to the proposed openings into the docks; difficulty as regards straw barges; suggestion that these barges be bought up, ib. 2234-2249. 2392-2397. 2425-2429--There would be 26 acres for docks, besides the space in front of Somerset House, ib. 2258.

Anticipated accumulation of mud and refuse matter in the docks proposed to be formed within the embankment, so that they will be more unhealthy than the river, Ledger 31913196. 3211-3213-Deleterious character of the accumulation in the St. Katherine's Docks, Ledger 3193-3196; Rose 3644- -Absence of advantage, on the whole, if the barges were always afloat in docks, Gould 3269-3276-Serious injury through the barges not being able to come in and go out at all times of the tide, or so often as at present, Smith 3332 et seq.- In addition to other objections to the embankment, witness considers that, on account of the ice in the river, in winter, there would be difficulty of ingress through the dock gates, Rathbone 3529-3534- -An area of twelve acres of dock accommodation is altogether insufficient, Berridge 3558.

There will be a very rapid accumulation of mud in the docks within the proposed embankment, and the practical difficulties on this score are much greater than are anticipated, Rose 3600-3602. 3644-3649-Witness believes that docks and a solid wall are impracticable, on account of the vast hindrance thereby to trade, and values but lightly theoretical and professional opinions hereon, as compared with the views of practical lightermen, ib. 3608-3619-Disadvantage as well as advantage in the barges being always afloat in the docks, ib. 3639, 3640..