ment. Even where an individual Japanese claims the right to expatriate himself, he is subject to the requirement that though he might be naturalized by another nation, if he had not already served his term in the Japanese Army, he must respond, no matter where he might be. In the same way, all children born of Japanese anywhere are considered subjects of Japan; and she exercises in California and in Hawaii the same rigid discipline over them as to schooling and other matters as would be exercised in Japan itself.

Dr. Gulick says, in the pamphlet already quoted, at page 38:

"The Japanese alone, of all immigrants, educate their children most earnestly in their national language and customs.

The Japanese Parliament, some two years ago, passed what was called the nationality option bill, under which foreign-born Japanese children might declare at the age of 15 whether they wish to remain Japanese or to become citizens of the land in which they were born; but Japan reserves the right to grant or withhold permission. So that even in this bill Japan specifically calls attention to the fundamental principle that a child born of Japanese parents anywhere is a Japanese subject, with the duties and obligations thereof, and may not renounce those obligations save with permission. It should be noted, too, that this bill, like all bills passed by the Japanese Parliament, does not become operative unless and until promulgated by the Emperor; and so far as my knowledge goes, it has not yet been promulgated.

ARTICLE II.-PRESENT CONDITIONS AS TO ASIATIC IMMIGRATION-HAWAII HALF JAPANESE JAPANESE VOTES WILL SOON RULE WHERE JAPANESE INFLUENCE Now DOMINATES-JAPANESE IN UNITED STATES MULTIPLYING "PICTURE BRIDES"-WHITE INDUSTRIES AND WHITE COMMUNITIES DISPLACED-CALIFORNIA'S EXPERIENCE.

Explanation has been made of the indorsed plan of the Federal Council of the Churches of America and of the League for Constructive Immigration Legislation, as proposed and promoted by Sidney L. Gulick, "professor in Doskisha University and lecturer in the Imperial University of Kyoto, Japan," and as now presented by him on behalf of the organizations named, to the American public and to the Congress of the United States; the organization of the two associations has been gone into and some hint given as to the probable interest which their chief promoters have in the subject of "constructive immigration" legislation, so formulated as to carry out the “new oriental policy" of Dr. Gulick; the probability of making good American citizens out of Japanese, even if born here and educated in our public schools, has been considered; and, on the authority of Dr. Gulick himself, that probability appears to be so remote that, unless the Japanese change their present characteristics and customs, "the permanent maintenance in Hawaii of American democracy, American homes, and American liberty is impossible."

THE WHITE RACE OR THE YELLOW.

The admission of Japanese to this country under such conditions as would permit their increase means the ultimate surrender of the country to them, as Hawaii has already been surrendered, and as California will be unless protective measures are at once adopted. It would then be only a question of time before the desirable sections of the United States, one after another, are peopled and controlled by the Japanese, and the land of the free and the home of the brave becomes a province of Japan.

Dr. Gulick insists that his plan will effectually limit the influx of Japanese and other nationals to a number which can be readily assimilated. I do not attempt to discuss the application of the measure to European nationals whom we may invite

to come.

But so far as concerns Asiatics generally, and particularly Japanese, it is certain that this Nation can not with safety assume that any number, however small as compared to our population, can be admitted with hope of assimilation or without grave danger to some or many American communities.

It must be remembered that the Japanese are the most prolific nation with wnich we have to deal in immigration; that their births exceed their deaths annually by 700,000 or more, and that they are driven by necessity to find place for that excess population. No European nation faces any such condition. The Japanese naturally are looking for the most desirable location for their people. But do we wish to surrender this country to them? Or shall we insist that this country shall be preserved for the white race? The issue is squarely before us, and we can not afford to evade or compromise with it.

AN ECONOMIC, NOT A RACIAL QUESTION.

In this connection it must be remembered that the opposition to Japanese immigration on the part of those who have studied it is not based on racial prejudice, but on unanswerable economic grounds. Because of different standards of living, different tastes, and different discipline, the Japanese easily drive the whites out of any community in which the two civilizations meet in economic competition. It is for this reason that the Japanese is an undesirable immigrant, for it is assumed that the American Nation desires to retain this country for the white race.

The economic factor referred to is recognized by the Japanese in their own environment. They forbid by very stringent laws the immigration into Japan of Chinese and Korean labor. The reason which they assign for this policy is precisely that offered by the Pacific coast and by Canada and by Australia for excluding the Japanese. They say that the standards of living of Chinese and Koreans are very much lower than the Japanese, and they can not, therefore, in fairness to their own people, permit this cheap labor to come into Japan in competition. And because of the greater differences in various ways the American Nation needs more protection against Japanese immigration than Japan needs against Chinese or Koreans.

In December, 1918, 200 Chinese coolies were imported into the Prefecture of Hircshima, Japan, to work in a charcoal factory under contract for two years at 1 yen (50 cents) per day. Under instructions from the Government in Tokyo the Japanese provincial governor refused to sanction their stay. Early in January, 1919, the coolies were shipped home from Shimonseki, and the entire expense of the enterprise ($25,000) had to be paid by the Chugoku Iron Works of Hiroshima, which imported the coolies.

The Herald of Asia, of Tokyo, in commenting on the facts, said, in its issue of December 28, 1918:

"This is the first importation of Chinese labor into Japan. We hope that it will be the last experiment ever to be made. If it is brought into this country in any large force the welfare of our laborers will be seriously affected."

Japan's demand before the Paris conference for “racial equality" was simply for the purpose of establishing a principle under which she might force her excess population into the United States, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere on the same terms as might be accorded other nationals. That demand was made in charming disregard of her own stand against the Chinese and Koreans, but Japan has learned that it is not necessary for her to be consistent in her dealings with America. She has thus far been conceded what she demanded, regardless of its absurdity or impropriety.

CONDITIONS UNDER EXISTING LAWS.

Before consideration is given to the changes which will be made by the operation of the proposed legislation it is worth while to examine conditions as maintained under existing laws and regulations and consider the inevitable results therefrom if the present policy is continued. Afterwards it will be shown how this condition will be made worse and the end hastened by the so-called "constructive immigration" legislation.

Hawaii and California afford at present the most illuminating example of what Japan seeks for her people under the Stars and Stripes and what will be left for the white American if she succeeds. Remember, too, that the conditions to which attention will be called have been and are being brought about under a so-called "gentlemen's agreement," the theory of which, as carefully explained to the Pacific coast at the time, was that Japan was to restrict under her own regulations Japanese immigration to this country as effectually as Chinese immigration was restricted by our prohibitive laws.

THE LESSON OF HAWAII.

We commence with Hawaii; and in this matter we shall make Dr. Gulick our principal witness. In March, 1915, he made certain investigations in the Hawaiian Islands, the results of which were embodied in the pamphlet hereinbefore quoted, Hawaii's American-Japanese Problem," published in Honolulu by the Star-Bulletin. Unless otherwise stated, quotations credited to Dr. Gulick are from that publication.

Therein (p. 8) Dr. Gulick states that for the preceding seven years (1908-1915) under the "gentlemen's agreement" no fresh labor immigrants had come from Japan. In 1910, he says, out of a total population in the islands of 191,909, the Japanese numbered 79,674, of which 24,891 were females. In 1914 the total population was 213,000, of whom 89,715 were Japanese, 24,550 Hawaiian, 24,450 Caucasian, 23,299

Portuguese, 21,631 Chinese, 14,992 Filipinos, and 14,518 all other races. In that year the Japanese school enrollment in the territorial schools was 30 per cent of the total.

In 1918 (according to a statement of the superintendent of schools of Hawaii, San Francisco Examiner, May 18, 1919) the Japanese population had increased to 103,000 "nearly one-half the total population," while Japanese school children comprised 40 per cent of the entire enrollment, and of the increase in school children in 1917 and 1918 more than one-half was Japanese.

The 1918 report of Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane places the Japanese population of Hawaii in 1917 at 106,000, while the United States Bureau of Commerce estimates the total population at 219,000.

The American Yearbook for 1917 says, as of June 30 of that year: "The estimated population (Hawaii) was 250,627. The Japanese contributed more than half the increase."

Japanese newspapers in Honolulu tɔ-day have a large circulation, and one prints an English section.

In 1915 in Honolulu out of a total of 107 prostitutes 82 were Japanese (Gulick). In 1914 the official register of Hawaii shows that out of 3,149 marriages 1,806 were Japanese. In 1915 a large majority of the Japanese men-perhaps two-thirds-were married, women having been permitted to come from Japan to marry them (Gulick). The proportion has doubtless been increased since.

So in eight years the Japanese population of Hawaii has increased 24,000, or about 30 per cent, and now the total annual increase in population in this Territory is more than half Japanese, while in four years past the Japanese school children have increased 30 per cent, and they already comprise more than 50 per cent of the yearly increase of school enrollment.

In the absence of immigration from Japan, as claimed by Dr. Gulick, the increase in Japanese population of Hawaii can be accounted for only by the great birth rate, stimulated by the importation of "picture brides." In 1907, when the "gentlemen's agreement" went into effect, the Japanese in California were nearly all males; in Hawaii, while I have not the figures, there were probably nearly three males to one female. The "picture brides" have been coming from Japan in a steady stream since. The census of school children shows the result.

THE "PICTURE BRIDES.'

The "picture bride" plan was doubtless originated to get around the intent of the "gentlemen's agreement"; to increase as rapidly as possible the number of Japanese under our flag; and particularly to defeat the operation of the alien land laws passed by several States, including California. Apparently the plan could have had no value in Japan itself, where the average density of population is 389 per square mile, the highest in the world for a similar stretch of territory, and where, if all the available women were staked out at equal distances throughout the Empire they would be only 300 feet apart in any direction.

This is the plan: A Japanese male who has secured admission to the United States sends his photograph back to Japan; and his friends, or the officials, secure for him a complaisant bride who weds the picture. I can not say if any ceremony is required, but the Japanese Government recognizes the possession of the picture by the woman as a marriage, the United States is called upon to recognize it, and the woman and her picture are admitted under agreement obtained from our Government subsequent to adoption of the "gentlemen's agreement."

That woman promptly fulfills her duty by bearing children, as many as one a year, and each child is carefully registered as an American citizen, entitled to all privileges as such, including the right of possessing land through a guardian.

Incidentally the woman swells the labor market, for she works continually in the shop or store, or field, with her child near her. She does the work of a man wherever she may be placed.

The accusation has been made that the "picture bride" does not always confine her usefulness to one husband, or even to one State, but is available where her services will have most value; and that is in the States which have passed antialien land laws. Last year (1918) 2,045 Japanese "picture brides" were admitted to the United States.

The official figures by fiscal years, obtained at Washington, show that the total number of "picture brides" sent from Japan to the United States and Hawaii in less than five years past (July 1, 1914, to Apr. 30, 1919) is 20,323, of whom 6,864 landed in Hawaii.

JAPAN CONTROLS HAWAII.

Dr. Gulick says (p. 15): "Within a score of years the majority of voters in the Territory of Hawaii will be of Japanese and Chinese ancestry." As a matter of fact, the Chinese cut very little figure, and the Japanese already outnumber the Caucasian, or any other race in the islands, in the proportion of at least four to one.

In the English section of the Honolulu Japanese newspaper, the Daily Nippu Jiji, May 26, 1919, appears the statement that "10 or 15 years hence there will be a great hope for a dominating influence of the Japanese. That "hope" receives ample justification in these figures offered by the Nippu Jiji. The number of Japanese electors in Hawaii in 1910 was only 13; in 1912, 48; in 1914, 112; in 1916, 179. In 1919 there were 207 Japanese electors on the Island of Oahu alone (Honolulu is on this island), and many on the other islands. The Japanese children in the schools as they come of age will furnish in 1923, 897 male electors and 558 and 682 additional in the two years following. The total number of Japanese male electors in 1933 will be 7,934. If the vote be extended to women the number will be about doubled.

This situation induces the Japanese newspaper to proudly announce that in 1933 the Japanese vote in Hawaii will decide whether Republicans or Democrats shall win In Hawaii, therefore, it is only a question of a few years when, under existing laws and regulations, the Japanese born under the American flag will outvote any other race; and in a generation they will probably outvote all other races combined.

The Gulick plan, which makes every resident Japanese eligible for citizenship, would give the Japanese at once almost as large a voting strength as all other races combined.

A LOST TERRITORY.

The situation as outlined induces the belief on the part of many that Hawaii is already practically lost to Americans and to the United States, and that there is not any feasible plan by which she can be reclaimed.

Indeed, the Nippu Jiji in the issue above quoted declares that the Japanese now, to-day, "are in the position to exert dominant influence in the political and social affairs of Hawaii."

That this is no idle boast on the part of the leading Japanese daily of Honolulu is sufficiently attested by the following news item:

"HONOLULU, May 31, 1919.

"The foreign-language school bill, requiring teachers desiring certificates to show a knowledge of the English language, American history, and American civics, has been tabled by the upper house of the Territorial legislature. The bill was strongly opposed by Japanese educators and editors on the ground that it would force Japanese schools to close.

Consider in connection with this item the facts which have been stated before, as to the control of her people exercised by Japan in this country, the manner in which children are forced to attend Japanese schools, and imbibe Japanese principles and ideals. If a Territory of the United States may not refuse a teacher's certificate to one who can not speak English, and who knows nothing of American Government and American ideals; if a Territorial legislature is subject to Japan's views as to American principles before the resident Japanese have secured the necessary voting strength, what will be the result after they exercise the franchise in sufficient number?

CONTROL OF INDUSTRY.

The dominance of the Japanese in Hawaii has naturally given them exclusive control of various industries, such as shoemaking, which in years gone by employed only white labor. The Japanese is very adaptable and he reaches out, as soon as possible, for position and control in the most favorable locailities and in such occupations as offer least toil, shortest hours, and most compensation. While he came to Hawaii as a sugar-plantation laborer, he gets away from that toil when he can. The young generation particularly seek town occupations, and most of them wish to go to the mainland because of the greater opportunities there.

CALIFORNIA, THE NATION'S OUTPUT.

What has happened already in Hawaii is simply an indication of what is now happening in California. The Japanese does not waste his time on poor prospects when he can command good ones. California is to him the favored spot of the world, and in California he is carefully picking out the richest lands and choicest surroundings, and systematically driving the white race from them. His predilection for California is sufficiently attested by the fact that two-thirds, perhaps more, of all the

Japanese in the United States are living in California. California therefore offers the best and really the only opportunity for studying the problems and correctly estimating the results likely to follow the continued and increased immigration of Japanese into this country.

27

California is the outpost of American civilization, fighting against the "peaceful penetration" of the Japanese, and thus far she has had only abuse therefor from the States east of the Rockies, which she is defending. The present policy of the United States Government in permitting admissions under the "gentlemen's agreement,' in opening the gates to "picture brides" and in discouraging and preventing, when it can the passage of State laws, limiting the effects of the evil, has created a critical situation which makes remedial measures the more difficult.

OUR JAPANESE POPULATION.

It is very difficult to ascertain the number of Japanese now in the United States. There are no official Government figures since the census of 1910. The only figures available are those furnished by the six Japanese consulates in continental United States for their respective districts. According to these reports, the total Japanese population in continental United States in 1916 was 94,370, of which only 2,381 were in the Chicago district and 2,781 in the New York district. All the balance are credited to the four Pacific coast districts, and of these San Francisco and Los Angeles districts have 74,556, Seattle district 9,232, and Portland district 5,403. San Francisco and Los Angeles districts cover six States, but the greater portion of the population credited to those two districts is in California, to wit, 55,095.

In 1916, 1917, and 1918 the Japanese population must have been largely increased. Dr. Gulick says that Japanese immigration in 1918 alone amounted to 10,213, and that for 1919 it will probably be 12,000. In California alone in the three years named there were 12,000 Japanese births. It is not unreasonable to say that, on the basis of these estimates, the Japanese population of the United States is not far short of 150,000.

Again, the United States census of 1910 gives the number of Japanese in the United States as 72,157, of which 41,356 were in California. The Japanese births in California alone from 1910 to 1918 have been over 23,000. The official reports of the United States as quoted by the New York Evening Post in its Japanese number, March 16, 1918, show that the number of Japanese entering the United States, 1910 to 1917, exceeded the number departing by 54,317. Allowing for births elsewhere than in California and for immigration in 1918 as estimated by Dr. Gulick, and for deaths, the present Japanese population would be well over 150,000.

CALIFORNIA THE TEST GROUND.

It is safe to say that not less than two-thirds of the total, or 100,000, live in California. In California, too, the Japanese have concentrated to a great extent in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, where rich lands and agricultural advantages attract them. For instance, it is noted that of 4, 108 Japanese births in the State in 1917 over 3,000 are credited to 7 of the 58 counties. This concentration is one of the phases of their "peaceful penetration," and it enables us the better to judge of results when their number will have become sufficiently large to take possession of all the favored locations in the State instead of the few they now hold. It furnishes sufficient answer, too, to the argument that 150,000 Japanese distributed among 100,000,000 Americans can work no harm. The 150,000 are not distributed so as to make the weak solution referred to. They throw their entire force into a few communities where they can make their numbers, with their economic advantages, tell; and they choose those communities, those industries, and those conditions which will yield them most return for least effort.

THE INCREASE OF JAPANESE.

As to the increase in Japanese population in this country which may be looked for under present conditions, and without any contributory legislation of the "constructive" character suggested by Dr. Gulick, these facts are significant:

The United States census showed that in 1900 there were in the United States 24,326 Japanese, of which 985 were females a proportion of about 25 to 1. In 1910 the Japanese population had trebled, the figures showing 72,157, of which 9,087 were females a proportion of 7 to 1. The estimates already made above indicate that since 1910 the Japanese population has more than doubled, and it is known the proportion of females to males has very largely increased.