ness is to get rid of them rather than to receive any more, for the reasons I have stated.

see.

There is no palliation; there is no possible way around that I can Of course the labor people are very much concerned. But they have not been so much interested because the Japanese immigration has affected the farmer, and the poor farmer is not organized. But the poor farmer has quite a gift of greed and cupidity, like other mortals, and he always feels that if the Jap comes he can sell out to the Jap and then say good bye to California. He is not tied to the earth, so there is no organized body fighting for the life of the State. But labor is just awakening, and I know all the unions in California are of one mind. Here is something I received that will give you a side light on this situation. This is a letter from the International Federation of Mechanics, addressed to me, and it says: INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MACHINISTS, Richmond, Calif., March 31, 1919.

JAMES D. PHELAN, United States Senator,

San Francisco, Calif.

DEAR SIR: The A. T. & S. F. R. R. has at this point about 100 Japanese employed in the various crafts, machinists, painters, boiler makers, helpers, etc., whose wages range from 45 cents to 68 cents per hour and whose places we believe should be filled by men discharged from the United States Army and Navy.

Many of these Japanese took the jobs of men who either volunteered or were drafted into the Army or Navy and are holding these jobs permanently.

Will also state that these Japanese are living on Government property, getting their rent, also electric lights, water, and fuel all free; that they buy their goods from Jap merchants in San Francisco in carload lots, get the car deadheaded and spotted at their very doors free. Yet they receive the same pay per hour as the white employees in the various crafts.

We earnestly request that you take this matter up with the United States Railroad Administration to use any other means at your command.

Respectfully,

SHOP COMMITTEE I. A. M. AND BROTHERHOOD OF BOILERMAKERS.

P. S.-Would further state that this Jap camp is a refuge for Japs who are smuggled into this country.

They take boat from Japan to South America. Then take a coastwise boat from South America to Mexico. Are smuggled over the border and land in this camp. From here they go down into the valley and work on ranches until a certain period of time after which they are not asked regarding passports. For verification of this write Leon Michal, 523 North Fourth Street, Richmond, Calif.

Jos. H. EICHER.

That shows they are getting into the crafts. I have spoken of them only as agriculturists, but they are a wonderful people. They can build anything from a hairpin to a steam engine or a dreadnaught.

And that is a people who have just emerged from barbarism. They are the great factor in the world to be watched. The sore spot of the world is in the Orient, and I think our future war will be on the Pacific. When they leave the farm and invade the crafts, and show their ability, and they are not restrained, what is to become of the white mechanic? Is he going to give up his job? No; he will fight. So, unless we legislate in time we are going to have insurrections and violence and turbulence, because we are planting the seeds of those things. As you sow ye shall reap.

The Japanese people are enjoying all these facilities, getting equal wages to-day, but at the same time they are contributing nothing to the citizenship of the country. They are a menace to our life. Therefore it is the duty of the men in Congress to rigorously exclude them and provide means for doing it. They have made contracts with Brazil and with Carranza in Mexico, and they have taken over vast tracts of land, and have established great colonies. I helped last month to check the purchase of 800,000 acres of land for $50,000,000. The Japanese Steamship Co. was going to buy from a corporation that much land in Mexico on the border of California, in Imperial Valley, some of the most fertile land in the world. I took the matter up with the State Department, and that department notified the American owners that they could not countenance the sale. They could not stop it, but they looked upon it with disfavor, and the sale was not consummated. But this same Mexican minister who is here now as the confidential agent of Carranza notified the owners of the property that he was going to cancel their concession. Unchecked he will turn it over to the Japanese. I think probably the Japanese and the Mexican problems will come before us some morning and will smite us with double force. I was told by a man of the highest authority that Japanese are now in Mexican oil districts and buying up American oil claims. The Japanese are pro-German and always have been, and they were watching the issues of the war very closely, before taking a stand.

Here is a matter of interest I would like to present to the committee, from the Japanese paper called Dai Nippon, of Tokyo, of May 19. I will read this to you so you can see what their attitude is.

It goes on to tell the resentment which the Japanese feel toward the world for denying them racial equality, and there are chapters on the making of a separate peace with Germany. This does not relate directly to the subject in hand, but it may be interesting in view of the discussion in the Senate.

JAPANESE PRESS "SLEEPING ON FIREWOOD AGAIN"-READY TO WITHDRAW FROM LEAGUE.

These are the headlines of the leading editorial in the Dai Nippon magazine of Tokyo (May, 1919).

The word "Gwashin" in the Japanese headline is thus translated in Gubbins' Dictionary, "Literally 'sleeping on firewood'; used in the phrase taken from the Chinese classics gwa-shin shotan suyu mo, ada wo hozuru wo wasurezu, sleeping on firewood and eating gall, never for a moment forgets the duty of avenging himself on his enemy.' It is evident that the writer is convinced that Japan has an 'enemy" and that she must 'sleep on firewood and eat gall" until she can deal with that enemy. Who the enemy is and how Japan must prepare for him is shown in the article, a translation of which follows:

66

"Once three nations interfered with our country. and ate gall for 10 years. The Russian war followed.

“We are now again disliked by the Powers. Our people again have occasion to sleep on firewood and eat gall. How long will such things continue in the world? Heaven knows. Earth knows. All we shall do is to proceed as we believe.

The league of nations aims at equality and peace among all nations. Yet it refuses to abolish race discrimination. It dares not oppose bigotry and prejudice. Of course there is no reason why our country should wear such a mask of hypocrisy and injustice or submit to such arrogance and outrage. By all means it is necessary for us, if this proposition fails, to urge our representatives at Paris to withdraw, and to take up immediately as a people the duty of preparing for revenge (sleeping on firewood and eating gall).

“In withdrawing from the league there is a natural order of procedure. While we should urge the matter again in the committee and before the league, it is not likely we shall succeed. In that case all that remains is to make a great public declaration and withdraw from the league. But before that two things might be done, (1) determine the question of peace before determining that of the league; (2) defer the conclusion of the league for several years. Our envoys should insist strenuously on this program. Among the powers probably there will be some who will respond to this. But if this does not succeed, if they proceed to the immediate determination of the league, our country, though regretfully, should make its final decision as above and withdraw from the league.

"SEPARATE PEACE WITH GERMANY.

"Withdrawal from the league would naturally involve making a separate peace. Our plenipotentiaries would immediately conclude peace with Germany, and in future, according to circumstances, an alliance should be made (with Germany). The terms of the separate peace will be extremely simple, merely the occupation of Tsingtau and the South Sea islands and an indemnity. One difficulty probably will be encountered, viz: The restraints put upon Germany by the league in connection with the transfer of her colonial possessions and other general terms. In that case we shall be involved at once in complications with the league. Probably no agreement will be possible. Here the need of determination on the part of the people (of Japan) will first be developed.

"MUST FORTIFY ISLANDS.

'Supposing we were to adhere to the league and accept its conditions, we could not fortify the South Sea islands. We would also have to accept interference with regard to Tsingtau, receiving very little advantage. Indeed it would be equivalent to abandoning it (Tsingtau). On the contrary, if we boldly oppose the league and act decisively according to our own belief Tsingtau probably will be left for us to deal with as we think best, and we can fortify the islands too. In the end this will be more advantageous to Japan (than membership in the league)."

Then there is a chapter on fortifying the islands and preparing themselves for this world conflict, where the brown race will assert by its numerical strength and its borrowed civilization its superiority, and I believe the attitude of the Japanese toward this country is one of armed peace. I believe it is very apt to take some unexpected action at almost any time, and it is wholly unjustifiable, as I have told in my interview which has been placed in the record, because we are doing what Japan herself is doing in protecting her people against economic competition.

Mr. RAKER. Was this article you read published in a Japanese newspaper?

Senator PHELAN. That is the translation of an article from a Japanese paper supposed to come from a high official.

Mr. RAKER. You would like to have that in the record? Senator PHELAN. It does not bear very strongly on this discussion, but is in point. I call the Japanese the Huns of the East because they look ahead, have a-continuing policy and dream of empire. Mr. WELTY. Is that published in this country?

Senator PHELAN. No; it is a Tokyo paper.

Mr. WELTY. Have the Japanese any papers in this country?

Senator PHELAN. Yes; they have many papers in this country. I know of two published in San Francisco, and it is very interesting to follow them. I have excerpts from them from time to time. It was through that source that I learned the inside of the Colorado situation.

There is a large propaganda in this country whose headquarters are in the Woolworth Building in New York City, called the East and West Bureau, and they issue circulars from there for American consumption. But in the Japanese newspapers you get the advice of the Japanese to their own people and it is very illuminating.

The Japanese do not object to the sort of thing I have suggested because they are pursuing the same economic policy and protecting their people by denying foreigners ownership of land and excluding Chinese who work for less wages than do the Japanese themselves. I will answer them in this way: Let them put themselves in our place, and if a foreign race was about to invade their country and take the land from the people, precipitating economic ruin, they would object to it. Therefore if they put themselves in our place they can understand our attitude, which is not one of prejudice nor hostility, but based exclusively upon the inherent right of all people to self-preservation. If they deny the premises, of course they have reason to complain; but I contend exclusion of the Japanese is necessary for the preservation of American communities on the Pacific coast.

Mr. KNUTSON. Are we to understand that Japan has exclusion laws?

Senator PHELAN. Yes; they exclude the Chinese, and within the last two or three months I have the records to show how they found 200 Chinese working in one of the shipyards and immediately deported them. They were smuggled in by the shipbuilders so that they could get laborers at 10 or 15 cents a day as against laborers at $1 a day which was charged by the Japanese. Those Chinese were deported, and they were deported on economic grounds.

Mr. TAYLOR. Are you in favor of excluding the Japanese absolutely?

Senator PHELAN. Not only in favor of excluding the Japanese absolutely but of devising some scheme by which their number can be diminished in America, and in California, just as absolute exclusion has diminished practically the number of Chinese from year to year. I suppose there has been a shrinkage of 33 per cent of Chinese since

1879.

Somebody asked in regard to the expression of Japanese opinion. I have this from a Japanese paper published in this country. I got so much of this stuff I can not read it all, but I find something which will be of interest:

JAPANESE DEVELOPMENT BY CONCENTRATION OPPRESSED BY WHITES WHEN SEPARATED-SHOULD MAKE PERMANENT ABODES IN UNOCCUPIED PLACESRICH LANDS AWAITING OUR ACTIVITIES.

The above headlines of an article in the Japanese paper "Nichi-Bei” (JapaneseAmerican News) of San Francisco, June 3, are followed by an interesting statement to the effect that rich virgin lands in Stanislaus, Merced, and Madera Counties await the coming of Japanese farmers with spade and hoe. Mr. Watanabe, chief secretary of the Japanese Chamber of Commerce of San Francisco, who had just returned from a tour of investigation, reported that the territory in question contains 10,000 acres

in the center of California of the choicest land, waiting for Japanese farmers. He said that certain very influential persons (presumably Japanese) had recently bought 2,800 acres of this land and thus made a beginning for Japanese development there. Hitherto, according to the report, Japanese have been unable to expand their holdings with sufficient rapidity because of the oppression and opposition of white men, the Japanese being too much scattered. Hereafter, it is advised, they should choose unoccupied land and concentrate their energies, thus avoiding competition and securing opportunity for expansion.

USE CITIZENS AND PARTNERSHIPS.

In order to secure the land citizens should be employed and partnerships organized, in this way making programs more secure. Permanent success could be assured in this way.

VOTES OF JAPANESE CHILDREN.

The article goes on to point out that in such a large community, the American-born Japanese will be a powerful factor politically, electing their own representatives to the legislature. The secretary regarded the outlook as exceedingly hopeful from every point of view and urged that a policy be adopted looking to the establishment of rural Japanese villages.

They are evading the law like other people.

Gentlemen. I thank you very much. If you desire any more information I will be glad to bring it to you.

Mr. TAYLOR. How many Japanese have you in California at the present time?

Senator PHELAN. There is no accurate way of determining, but all sections have an increased number of Japanese, and they are smuggling them over the border in violation of the gentlemen's agreement, because the border is not protected. I heard from a river steamboat captain-I need not mention his name that a census was ordered a few years ago by the Japanese authorities, because that question had been raised, and they went up and down the river, in the river country where there are a great many Japanese near the State capital at Sacramento, where two-thirds of the students in the schools are Japanese. He said it was amusing to him because they had to hire his boat and his men went on shore and they went on islands where he knew there were two or three hundred Japanese, and he said they came out with a report that there were 6 or 8 or 10 there. He said they rang a bell and waited for the Japanese to come to the door, and there would be 6 or 8 of them who would make their appearance, and they would be put down as the number of Japanese at that place. He said it was very obvious they were not looking for the complete number, and it was a false census. They were trying to hold down the number so as not to cause any alarm.

I should say there would be between 80,000 and 90,000 in California.

Mr. TAYLOR. What per cent is that of your total population?
Senator PHELAN. Of our adult population?

Mr. TAYLOR. Yes.

Senator PHELAN. I think we have a registration out there of 1,200,000. The population of the State, men, women and children, is supposed to be about 3,200,000.

I can give you the area of the State, which is about 154,000 square miles. Take the whole population, and then take the area of the State; will we say that 80,000 people are not a menace? Certainly they are a menace, and they are progressively growing greater, and they are reproducing themselves, and they take the best lands. A