The Shadow Education System: Private Tutoring and Its Implications for PlannersPrivate tutoring is a phenomenon that has escaped the attention of researchers, educational planners, and decision makers. Very little is known about its scope, scale, and effects on pupils' achievement and equality of opportunities. Because of its size in a number of countries, and due to it nature--that of a private service oriented at improving academic performance--private tutoring has important implications for the educational system as a whole that cannot be ignored by educational policies. This work contributes to the debate through its systematization of available information and its analysis of this phenomenon. It asks the critical questions: "Who supplies and demands this service?""What effects does it have on the formal education system?" and "What are the policy options facing education planners?" The research draws on existing research conducted in different parts of the world, but primarily in Asia, where private tutoring is particularly widespread. (Contains 83 references.) (DFR) |
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academic achievement approach Asian Asian Development Bank Asiaweek booklet Busuttil Caillods Cambodia cent classroom competitive concerns consumers countries cramming cultures curriculum demand diploma disease dominant Dore economic educational planning Edusave English examinations exists factors Falzon families Fergany Foondun Grade 6 pupils higher Hong Kong IIEP impact implications for planners income individuals Japan Japanese juku learning mainstream education systems mainstream schools mainstream system mainstream teachers Malay Malaysia Malta Marimuthu Mark Bray mathematics Mauritius Myanmar parents policy-makers pressure primary level primary schools private supplementary tutoring private tuition proportion public schools pupils received tutoring receive supplementary tutoring receiving private tutoring reported Republic of Korea rural salaries secondary school secondary students sector senior secondary shadow system Silva Singapore social inequalities societies Sri Lanka standard students receiving tutoring subjects survey Taiwan teaching Tseng tutorial institutes tutoring provides UNICEF upper secondary urban Yangon